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In accordance with the inability of various hair artefacts subjected to dermoscopic medical images, undergoing illumination challenges that include chest-Xray featuring conditions of imaging acquisi-tion situations built with clinical segmentation. The study proposed a novel deep-convolutional neural network (CNN)-integrated methodology for applying medical image segmentation upon chest-Xray and dermoscopic clinical images. The study develops a novel technique of segmenting medical images merged with CNNs with an architectural comparison that incorporates neural networks of U-net and fully convolutional networks (FCN) schemas with loss functions associated with Jaccard distance and Binary-cross entropy under optimised stochastic gradient descent + Nesterov practices. Digital image over clinical approach significantly built the diagnosis and determination of the best treatment for a patient’s condition. Even though medical digital images are subjected to varied components clarified with the effect of noise, quality, disturbance, and precision depending on the enhanced version of images segmented with the optimised process. Ultimately, the threshold technique has been employed for the output reached under the pre- and post-processing stages to contrast the image technically being developed. The data source applied is well-known in PH2 Database for Melanoma lesion segmentation and chest X-ray images since it has variations in hair artefacts and illumination. Experiment outcomes outperform other U-net and FCN architectures of CNNs. The predictions produced from the model on test images were post-processed using the threshold technique to remove the blurry boundaries around the predicted lesions. Experimental results proved that the present model has better efficiency than the existing one, such as U-net and FCN, based on the image segmented in terms of sensitivity = 0.9913, accuracy = 0.9883, and dice coefficient = 0.0246.

This review article delves into the advancements in the realm of nanogrids and their potential in addressing energy challenges, particularly in regions with limited access to centralized power grids. The paper reviews the work in the areas of nanogrids as solutions for regions like sub-Saharan Africa, where a significant population lacks access to main grid electricity. The integration of multiple nanogrids within a community, coupled with an investor energy bank, is explored as a means to alleviate the economic burden of energy storage and to harness the full potential of solar energy. The article also examines the challenges faced by centralized power grids and the shift towards distributed generation (DG) as a remedy. The concept of nanogrids is further elaborated, discussing their control topologies, techniques, and the potential of interconnecting multiple nanogrids to form a microgrid. Lastly, the co-design of solar generationbased nano-grids and water treatment in remote areas is studied, emphasizing the importance of providing essential drinking water and electricity to underdeveloped regions. The integration of solar-powered electricity with water treatment processes offers a unique solution to address both electricity and water needs in such areas.

This paper offers a comprehensive review of grid-supportive inverter technologies aimed at enhancing power quality. One area of exploration presents a two-stage three-phase three-wire solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. This system utilises a boost converter for optimal power point tracking and a three-leg voltage source converter to channel the harnessed SPV energy. Distinctively, this approach provides harmonics elimination, grid current balancing, and compensation for the nonactive portion of load currents, going beyond traditional solar inverter functionalities. An innovative adjustable step adaptive neuron-based control method is employed to gauge the genuine power reflecting segment of the load current, ensuring swift dynamic adaptability to environmental shifts. Another focal point addresses the complexities introduced by the rising integration of microgrid systems within the AC distribution framework. Highlighting the imperative of maintaining voltage and frequency, the narrative accentuates the pivotal role of energy storage systems (ESS) for the proficient operation of sensitive loads. A grid adaptive power management strategy (GA-PMS) is proposed, orchestrating the current references for renewable energy sources, ESS, and microgridconnected converters. This strategy guarantees uninterrupted microgrid functionality, priority-driven load shedding, and the maintenance of power quality standards at the local bus. Both areas significantly contribute to the evolution of grid-supportive inverter technologies and their potential in power quality betterment.

This review focuses on Distributed Generation Planning within Multi-Energy Microgrids (MES), a transformative approach where various energy forms like electricity, heat, and cooling interact optimally. MES offers significant technical, economic, and environmental benefits, making it crucial to explore intricate modelling and assessment techniques for such systems, including microgrids, virtual power plants (VPPs), and energy hubs. Amid global energy challenges and environmental crises, renewable energy adoption is vital. Distributed Generation (DG) plays a pivotal role, but integrating it at scale poses challenges. Microgrids are a viable solution, and this review introduces their core concepts, emerging trends, and challenges, such as integrating more renewable energy sources, multienergy forms, complex architectures, demand-side management, and advanced storage. Furthermore, the paper delves into Multi-Energy Microgrid planning complexities, particularly in off-grid areas. It presents a stochastic investment model that minimizes costs and carbon emissions while optimizing the distributed energy resource mix, locations, and sizes. This model considers intricate energy flows and uncertainties associated with renewable generation and energy demands. Case studies confirm significant cost and emission reductions, establishing it as a promising multi-energy microgrid planning solution for the future.

This article reviews the progress in the realm of Hybrid Cloud Surveillance in Smart Grids Optimising Solar Power with Dual-Mode Control, delving into the amalgamation of smart grid systems with modern communication and information technology methodologies. A pronounced focus is given to the employment of hybrid or private clouds for bolstered security, data categorisation, and storage sourced from the power grid. The research accentuates the necessity to establish a robust wireless sensor network for overseeing pivotal parameters within the power system grid, enabling automated decision-making during system disruptions or fault current situations by scrutinising the processed data. This approach enhances the power system design and fortifies its integration with renewable energy sources, improving storage capacity and dependability. Moreover, the paper probes into the workings of a solar hybrid power system, utilising an innovative fuzzy control method. By embedding a supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) into the solar hybrid power generation framework, there’s a marked increase in energy consumption, storage space, and power output. The research underscores the challenges presented by the nonlinear behaviour of photovoltaic devices and the necessity for advanced maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques, with the integration of a dynamic power factor correction scheme and a conductance-fuzzy dual-mode control strategy emerging as a central solution for optimising the solar hybrid renewable energy system.

This review explores Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Energy Trading Platforms in Local Energy Markets, drawing insights from three key studies. These markets, using P2P trading, efficiently distribute electricity within communities. Research assesses P2P trading’s impact in a Norwegian neighbourhood, comparing it to scenarios without local markets. It also examines integrating PV systems, batteries, and electric vehicles on grid operations. Findings reveal minimal grid impacts with PVs alone, but adding batteries increases voltage fluctuations and losses. However, P2P trading benefits end-users with cost savings and supports Distribution System Operator operations. The paper surveys global P2P energy trading projects, emphasising communication and control networks within local Microgrids. It discusses the transition from passive consumers to prosumers in power networks and introduces the concept of a federated power plant, combining virtual power plants and P2P transactions among prosumers to address challenges and unlock additional value. This review fills research gaps, shedding light on P2P energy trading’s multifaceted aspects in local markets and its transformative potential for the energy sector.

This paper reviews sustainable business models for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems in developing countries. Firstly, it examines the global adoption of energy business models, noting the shift from customer-owned to community-shared initiatives in developing nations and the prominence of the virtual net metering and store-on grid schemes. Secondly, it identifies barriers to distributed energy solutions, exploring the evolution of PV business models and the advantages of community-shared models over other alternatives. Lastly, it investigates the deployment of customersited PV systems in Germany, Japan, and the USA, highlighting distinctive business models that have catalysed PV adoption. The review offers insights for decision-makers and solar firms navigating the PV sector in developing countries.