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SUMMARY The Daliangshan area of Sichuan, China, is located on the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. It marks the central section of the left-lateral Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang Fault System (XXFS), which plays a crucial role in accommodating clockwise vertical-axis rotation of the expanding Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to the South China Block. The area is seismically and tectonically active, and three major active faults—the Anninghe fault (ANHF), Zemuhe fault (ZMHF) and Daliangshan fault (DLSF)—together accommodate a significant amount of left-lateral strike-slip motion. Here, we present a geodetic study of the Daliangshan area mainly based on satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). We processed Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS2) Phased-Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (PALSAR2) imagery to reconstruct the present-day interseismic deformation field. We developed an optimal atmospherics phase correction strategy to overcome the significant artefacts caused by ionospheric and tropospheric. By applying a multitemporal analysis on corrected interferograms, for the first time we generated a spatially continuous deformation rate field for the Daliangshan area. The satellite line-of-sight (LOS) rate field agrees with Global Positioning System (GPS) and levelling data to ∼2 mm yr–1, confirming that our processing approach is suitable for use in heavily vegetated areas. The InSAR rate map reveals displacements along the central and southern segments of the DLSF and ZMHF. By applying an inversion based on the Okada model, we quantitatively estimated the kinematic parameters of fault segments. Assuming a simple rectangular fault plane for each fault segment and constrained with the prior knowledge of the left-lateral slip, we determined that the ZMHF has a slip rate of 5.06$\pm 0.99{\rm{\ mm}}\,{\rm{yr}}^{-1}$ with a rake angle of ∼$38^\circ $ gently dipping to the SW. The southern section of the DLSF has a rake of $- 48^\circ \,\,{\rm to}\,\, - 41^\circ $ with the total slip rate of $4.93 \pm 0.4{\rm{\ mm}}\,{\rm{yr}}^{-1}$, dipping towards to the NE at $63.50^\circ \pm 2.31^\circ $. The modelled 3-D rate field has been validated with GPS and levelling measurements. Additionally, the inversion model and strain field suggest that the middle section of the DLSF undergoes strong deformation. We considered the implications of three factors—oblique convergence, gravity-driven movement, and the ELIP beneath the Sichuan–Yunnan area—for complex 3-D velocities in the transitional Daliangshan area.

Recent geodetic observations of shallow fault creep have illuminated increasingly complex, time-dependent slip behaviors, including quasi-steady creep and temporary accelerations, termed slow-slip events. We documented two decades of deformation on the Xidatan fault on the Tibetan Plateau measured by radar interferometry during 2003–2010 and 2015–2020 CE, to probe the temporal evolution of shallow creep and illuminate the underlying mechanisms. The geodetic observations reveal an ~80-km-long fault section with temporally decaying creep along the Xidatan fault, one of the current seismic gaps along the Kunlun fault. The transient creep is likely driven by postseismic deformation processes, dominated by viscoelastic relaxation after the 2001 Kokoxili earthquake, rather than triggered by the coseismic rupture. The transient creep behavior, indicating rate-strengthening frictional properties of the fault, contradicts the inference of locking along the Xidatan fault, based on geodetic imaging before the Kokoxili earthquake and on historical ruptures. We propose that, during the interseismic period, the frictionally unlocked shallow portions of the fault are located in the stress shadow cast by the deeper locked asperities, but they creep at resolvable rates when exposed to transient stress and stressing rate increases. We argue that stress interactions in the triple junction of the Kusai Hu, Xidatan, and Kunlun Pass faults promote complex slip behaviors throughout the earthquake cycle.

Down syndrome candidate region 1 (DSCR1) is one of more than 50 genes located in a region of chromosome 21 that has been implicated in Down syndrome. DSCR1 can be expressed as four isoforms, one of which, isoform 4 (DSCR1-4), has recently been found to be strongly induced by vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A165) and to provide a negative feedback loop that inhibits VEGF-A165-induced endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. We report here that another DSCR1 isoform, DSCR1-1L, is also up-regulated by VEGF-A165 in cultured endothelial cells and is strongly expressed in several types of pathologic angiogenesis in vivo. In contrast to DSCR1-4, the overexpression of DSCR1-1L induced the proliferation and activation of the transcription factor NFAT in cultured endothelial cells and promoted angiogenesis in Matrigel assays in vivo, even in the absence of VEGF-A. Similarly, small interfering RNAs specific for DSCR1-1L and DSCR1-4 had opposing inhibitory and stimulatory effects, respectively, on these same functions. DSCR1-4 is thought to inhibit angiogenesis by inactivating calcineurin, thereby preventing activation and nuclear translocation of NFAT, a key transcription factor. In contrast, DSCR1-1L, regulated by a different promoter than DSCR1-4, activates NFAT and its proangiogenic activity is inhibited by cyclosporin, an inhibitor of calcineurin. In sum, DSCR1-1L, unlike DSCR1-4, potently activates angiogenesis and could be an attractive target for antiangiogenesis therapy. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(11):811–20)

Supplementary Figures S1-S4 from Down Syndrome Candidate Region 1 Isoform 1 Mediates Angiogenesis through the Calcineurin-NFAT Pathway

Supplementary Figure Legends from Down Syndrome Candidate Region 1 Isoform 1 Mediates Angiogenesis through the Calcineurin-NFAT Pathway

Identifying the location of fault creep, quantifying its rate and spatiotemporal variation are critical for seismic hazard assessment. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations have identified substantial shallow aseismic slip along the Kangding segment of the Xianshuihe fault, with rates reaching up to ~20 mm/yr. Due to the Kangding earthquake in 2014, whether the aseismic slip along the segment reflects the secular creep, afterslip effects, or their joint contribution remains unresolved. In this study, we characterize the temporal evolution of shallow creep rates on the fault plane, using both ascending and descending Sentinel-1A/B data spanning 2014-2021. The results indicate most of afterslip ends within two years following the 2014 Kangding earthquake. With the afterslip disappearing, the number of earthquakes distributed in the afterslip zone gradually decreases. We then identify a ~15 km-long creeping segment with a steady slip rate ~13 mm/yr between Huiyuan temple and Jinlong temple. In addition, a series of seismic clusters located within the creeping segment potentially bear the signature of repeating earthquakes, although we must confirm this hypothesis. Considering that the ruptures of historical strong earthquakes do not fully penetrate the creeping segment, it might act as a barrier to arrest the next earthquake rupture.

The semi-supervised learning(SSL) was proposed to deal with the situation that only a few samples were labeled, so how to make the most use of the existing samples is crucial. In general, we apply data augmentation methods, like Generative Adversarial Networks(GAN), to increase the number of data when facing unstructured data. However, things get totally different with structured data, the continuity of neural networks limits their use in category variables. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised Embedding GAN(EmGAN) to solve that problem. We add an embedding layer before the discriminator to better characterize category features and design a new loss function to further train our model. Moreover, the structures of the generator and discriminator are modified to match structured data. With the experiments of nonparametric statistical test, EmGAN shows its advantages in processing structured samples.

Supplemental details on data analysis, modeling methods, results, and interpretations, as well as supplemental figures and table.

SUMMARYWe investigate the coseismic and post-seismic deformation due to the 6 February 2018 Mw 6.4 Hualien earthquake to gain improved insights into the fault geometries and complex regional tectonics in this structural transition zone. We generate coseismic deformation fields using ascending and descending Sentinel-1A/B InSAR data and GPS data. Analysis of the aftershocks and InSAR measurements reveal complex multifault rupture during this event. We compare two fault model joint inversions of SAR, GPS and teleseismic body waves data to illuminate the involved seismogenic faults, coseismic slip distributions and rupture processes. Our preferred fault model suggests that both well-known active faults, the dominantly left-lateral Milun and Lingding faults, and previously unrecognized oblique-reverse west-dipping and north-dipping detachment faults, ruptured during this event. The maximum slip of ∼1.6 m occurred on the Milun fault at a depth of ∼2–5 km. We compute post-seismic displacement time series using the persistent scatterer method. The post-seismic range-change fields reveal large surface displacements mainly in the near-field of the Milun fault. Kinematic inversions constrained by cumulative InSAR displacements along two tracks indicate that the afterslip occurred on the Milun and Lingding faults and the west-dipping fault just to the east. The maximum cumulative afterslip of 0.4–0.6 m occurred along the Milun fault within ∼7 months of the main shock. The main shock-induced static Coulomb stress changes may have played an important role in driving the afterslip adjacent to coseismic high-slip zones on the Milun, Lingding and west-dipping faults.

High-intensity underground mining generates considerable surface subsidence in mining areas, including ground cracks and collapse pits on roads and farmland, threatening the safety of buildings. Large-amplitude subsidence (e.g., >2 m) is usually characterized by a large phase gradient in interferograms, leading to severe phase decorrelation and unwrapping errors. Therefore, the subsidence on the surface cannot be well derived simply using conventional differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) or other geodetic measurements. We propose a new method that combines both DInSAR and subpixel offset-tracking technology to improve mine subsidence monitoring over large areas. We utilize their respective advantages to extract both the spatial boundaries and the amplitude of displacements. Using high-resolution RADARSAT-2 SAR images (5 m) acquired on February 13, 2012, and November 27, 2012, in the Shendong Coalfield located at the border between Shaanxi Province and Inner Mongolia Province, China, we obtain the subcentimetre-level subsidence of the mine boundary by DInSAR and resolve the metre-level mine subsidence centre based on subpixel offset tracking. The whole subsidence field is obtained by combining and analyzing the subcentimetre-level and the metre-level subsidence. We use the probability integral method (PIM) function model to fit the boundary and central mine subsidence to reconstruct the spatial distribution of the mine subsidence. Our results show that the maximum central subsidence reaches ~4.0 m (beyond the monitoring capabilities of DInSAR), which is generally in agreement with the maximum subsidence of ~4.0-5.0 m from field investigation. We also model the boundary and the central subsidence (the final fitting coefficient is 0.978). Our findings indicate that the offset-tracking method can compensate for the deficiency of DInSAR in large-amplitude subsidence extraction, and the inclusion of the PIM technique helps reconstruct the whole subsidence field in mining areas.

The coseismic interferograms, range offset measurements and the slip model used to study the 2021 Maduo (China) earthquake areincluded in thisrepository.

Pathological angiogenesis is a hallmark of many diseases. Previously, we reported that orphan nuclear receptor TR3/Nur77 was a critical mediator of angiogenesis to regulate tumor growth and skin wound healing via regulating the expression of the junctional proteins and integrins. However, the molecular mechanism, by which TR3/Nur77 regulates angiogenesis is not completely understood. Here, we were the first to find that TR3/Nur77, via its various amino acid fragments, regulated the expression of DLL4 and Jagged 1 in cultured endothelial cells. DLL4 and Jagged1 mediated TR3/Nur77-induced angiogenic responses and signaling molecules, but not the expression of integrins. Instead, integrins regulated the expressions of DLL4 and Jagged1 induced by TR3/Nur77. Further, DLL4, Jagged1 and integrins α1, α2, β3 and β5 were regulated by TR3/Nur77 in animal sepsis models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia, and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), in which, TR3/Nur77 expression was significantly and tranciently increased. Mouse survival rates were greatly increased in Nur77 knockout mice bearing both CLP and LPS models. The results elucidated a novel axis of VEGF / histamine → TR3/Nur77 → integrins → DLL4 / Jagged1 in angiogenesis, and demonstrated that TR3/Nur77 was an excellent target for sepsis. These studies supported our previous findings that TR3/Nur77 was an excellent therapeutic target, and further our understanding of the molecular mechanism, by which TR3/Nur77 regulated angiogenesis.

The Mw6.9 Yushu earthquake occurred on 14 April 2010, in Qinghai, China; the largest aftershock, a Mw5.8 event, occurred west of the mainshock on 29 May 2010 (˜40 days later). The aftershock had a different focal mechanism from the mainshock. Furthermore, seismicity after 29 May showed different spatial characteristics in terms of focal depth and distribution direction. To better understand the faulting and the relationship between these two events, we derived the whole displacement field caused by the Yushu mainshock and the Mw5.8 aftershock based on multi-perspective Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data. We then conducted a robust inversion of the slip distribution jointly constrained by InSAR and GPS data. The results indicate that the Mw5.8 aftershock produced a separated deformation field with significant displacement changes of up to ˜4–6 cm, which indicates another intersecting ruptured fault at the west end of the Yushu fault. The slip distribution shows a 75-km NW rupture with a maximum slip of ˜2.1 m at a depth of ˜0–10 km on the main Yushu fault, and a 20 km NE rupture with peak slip of ˜0.4 m at a depth of ˜5–15 km on a vertical hidden fault. Both events showed a dominant left-lateral component. The total rupture length associated with the 2010 Yushu earthquake sequence reached ˜95 km. By calculating Coulomb stress changes, we confirmed that the mainshock triggered the Mw5.8 aftershock. Our results imply that the increased stress at the western end of the Yushu fault caused by the mainshock rupture may have played an important role in transferring the rupture plane from the Yushu fault to the NE hidden fault.

Pathological angiogenesis is a hallmark of many diseases. Previously, we reported that orphan nuclear receptor TR3/Nur77 (human homolog, Nur77, mouse homolog) is a critical mediator of angiogenesis to regulate tumor growth and skin wound healing via down-regulating the expression of the junctional proteins and integrin β4. However, the molecular mechanism, by which TR3/Nur77 regulated angiogenesis, was still not completely understood. In this report by analyzing the integrin expression profile in endothelial cells, we found that the TR3/Nur77 expression highly increased the expression of integrins α1 and β5, decreased the expression of integrins α2 and β3, but had some or no effect on the expression of integrins αv, α3, α4, α5, α6, β1 and β7. In the angiogenic responses mediated by TR3/Nur77, integrin α1 regulated endothelial cell proliferation and adhesion, but not migration. Integrin β5 shRNA inhibited cell migration, but increased proliferation and adhesion. Integrin α2 regulated all of the endothelial cell proliferation, migration and adhesion. However, integrin β3 did not play any role in endothelial cell proliferation, migration and adhesion. TR3/Nur77 regulated the transcription of integrins α1, α2, β3 and β5, via various amino acid fragments within its transactivation domain and DNA binding domain. Furthermore, TR3/Nur77 regulated the integrin α1 promoter activity by directly interacting with a novel DNA element within the integrin α1 promoter. These studies furthered our understanding of the molecular mechanism by which TR3/Nur77 regulated angiogenesis, and supported our previous finding that TR3/Nur77 was an excellent therapeutic target for pathological angiogenesis. Therefore, targeting TR3/Nur77 inhibits several signaling pathways that are activated by various angiogenic factors.

Angiogenesis is critical for solid tumor growth beyond its minimal size. Previously, we reported that Down Syndrome Candidate Region 1 isoform 1L (DSCR1–1L) was one of the most up-regulated genes in endothelial cells induced by VEGF and histamine, and regulated endothelial cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. However, it was not known whether DSCR1–1L played a role in tumor growth. In this study, we found that DSCR1–1L shRNAs significantly inhibited the growth of transplanted melanoma in mice and its associated tumoral angiogenesis. In the gain of function assay, overexpression of DSCR1–1L cDNA in mouse endothelium is sufficient to significantly increase the tumor initiation induced by carcinogen, the growth of xenografted tumor, and the tumor metastasis in our endothelially-expressed DSCR1–1L transgenic mice, in which angiogenesis was induced. It was the first time to find that DSCR1–1L was also expressed in various tumor cells. DSCR1–1L shRNAs inhibited, but overexpression of DSCR1–1L cDNA increased, the tumor cell proliferation and migration. Most recently, we reported that DSCR1–1L modulated angiogenesis by down-regulation of VE-cadherin expression. Here, we found that DSCR1–1L down-regulated the expression of E-cadherin. Hence, DSCR1–1L is an excellent therapeutic target for cancers by regulation of both the endothelial and tumor cells through down-regulating (V)E-cadherin. DSCR1–1L shRNAs have the potential to be developed for clinical application.

The 2019 Ridgecrest, California earthquake sequence ruptured along a complex fault system and triggered seismic and aseismic slips on intersecting faults. To characterize the surface rupture kinematics and fault slip distribution, we used optical images and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations to reconstruct the displacement caused by the earthquake sequence. We further calculated curl and divergence from the north-south and east-west components, to effectively identify the surface rupture traces. The results show that the major seismogenic fault had a length of ~55 km and strike of 320° and consisted of five secondary faults. On the basis of the determined multiple-fault geometries, we inverted the coseismic slip distributions by InSAR measurements, which indicates that the Mw7.1 mainshock was dominated by the right-lateral strike-slip (maximum strike-slip of ~5.8 m at the depth of ~7.5 km), with a small dip-slip component (peaking at ~1.8 m) on an east-dipping fault. The Mw6.4 foreshock was dominated by the left-lateral strike-slip on a north-dipping fault. These earthquakes triggered obvious aseismic creep along the Garlock fault (117.3° W–117.5° W). These results are consistent with the rupture process of the earthquake sequence, which featured a complicated cascading rupture rather than a single continuous rupture front propagating along multiple faults.

We have generated a more than 500 km long postseismic deformation rate map and cumulative displacement time series in the central Bayankala Block of the Tibetan Plateau using ENVISAT/ASAR data from 2003 to 2010 by the π-RATE stacking algorithm. This rate map spans a period of ∼7.2 years and reveals that postseismic motion of 2001 Kokoxili earthquake exhibits a striking signal, dominating crustal deformation of the central Bayankala Block with a cross-fault magnitude ∼9–11 mm/yr in line of sight (LOS) (∼93.1°E). The southern and northern parts of the postseismic deformation field exhibit different patterns and variable magnitudes, reflecting asymmetry of the displacement distribution. Postseismic motion affects eastward extrusion of the central Bayankala Block, which reaches ∼15 km north of the Ganzi-Yushu fault. To further investigate viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust in this area after approximately two years, E-M, E-M-M and E-S models are constructed. The result shows that the best fit viscosity for the lower crust is about 1 × 1019 Pa·s. Comparison between cumulative displacements resolved by these three models shows that viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust makes the most significant contribution to postseismic stress relaxation after 2001 event.

On 8 August 2017, a Ms7.0 earthquake stroke the city of Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan, China. The Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred on a buried fault in the vicinity of three well-known active faults and this event offers a unique opportunity to study tectonic structures in the epicentral region and stress transferring. Here we present coseismic displacement field maps for this earthquake using descending and ascending Sentinel-1A Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data. Deformation covered an area of approximately 50 × 50 km, with a maximum line-of-sight (LOS) displacement of ~22 cm in ascending and ~14 cm in descending observations on the west side of the source fault. Based on InSAR and Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements, both separately and jointly, we constructed a one-segment model to invert the coseismic slip distribution and dip angle of this event. Our final fault slip model suggests that slip was concentrated at an upper depth of 15 km; there was a maximum slip of ~1.3 m and the rupture was dominated by a left-lateral strike-slip motion. The inverted geodetic moment was approximately 6.75 × 1018 Nm, corresponding to a moment magnitude of Mw6.5, consistent with seismological results. The calculated static Coulomb stress changes indicate that most aftershocks occurred in stress increasing zones caused by the mainshock rupture; the Jiuzhaigou earthquake has brought the western part of the Tazang fault 0.1–0.4 MPa closer to failure, indicating an increasing seismic hazard in this region. The Coulomb stress changes caused by the 2008 Mw7.8 Wenchuan earthquake suggest that stress loading from this event acted as a trigger for the Jiuzhaigou earthquake.

The Haiyuan fault zone is an important tectonic boundary and strong seismic activity belt in northeastern Tibet, but no major earthquake has occurred in the past ∼100 years, since the Haiyuan M8.5 event in 1920. The current state of strain accumulation and seismic potential along the fault zone have attracted significant attention. In this study, we obtained the interseismic deformation field along the Haiyuan fault zone using Envisat/ASAR data in the period 2003–2010, and inverted fault kinematic parameters including the long-term slip rate, locking degree and slip deficit distribution based on InSAR and GPS individually and jointly. The results show that there is near-surface creep in the Laohushan segment of about 19 km. The locking degree changes significantly along the strike with the western part reaching 17 km and the eastern part of 3–7 km. The long-term slip rate gradually decreases from west 4.7 mm/yr to east 2.0 mm/yr. As such, there is large strain accumulation along the western part of the fault and shallow creep along the Laohushan segment; while in the eastern section, the degree of strain accumulation is low, which suggests the rupture segments of the 1920 earthquake may have been not completely relocked.

The 21 May 2021 Maduo earthquake was the largest event to occur on a secondary fault in the interior of the active Bayanhar block on the north-central Tibetan plateau in the last twenty years. A detailed kinematic study of the Maduo earthquake helps us to better understand the seismogenic environments of the secondary faults within the block, and its relationship with the block-bounding faults. In this study, firstly, SAR images are used to obtain the coseismic deformation fields. Secondly, we use a strain model-based method and steepest descent method (SDM) to resolve the three-dimensional displacement components and to invert the coseismic slip distribution constrained by coseismic displacement fields, respectively. The three-dimensional displacement fields reveal a dominant left-lateral strike-slip motion, local horizontal displacement variations and widely distributed near-fault subsidence/uplift deformation. We prefer a five-segment fault slip model, with well constrained fault geometry featuring different dip angles and striking, constrained by InSAR observations. The peak coseismic slip is estimated to be ~5 m near longitude 98.9°E at a depth of ~4–7 km. Overall, the distribution of the coseismic slip on the fault is highly correlated to the measured surface displacement offsets along the entire rupture. We observe the moderate shallow slip deficit and limited afterslip deformation following the Maduo earthquake, it may indicate the effects of off-fault deformation during the earthquake and stable interseismic creep on the fault. The occurrence of the Maduo earthquake on a subsidiary fault updates the importance and the traditional estimate of the seismic hazards for the Kunlun fault.

The Mw 6.3 Jinghe earthquake struck Xingjiang Province, China, on 8 August 2017 (05:15:04 UTC); the epicenter was near the Kusongmuxieke Piedmont Fault (KPF) of the northern Tian Shan Mountains. We used multi-source and multi-track satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery and Interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques to reconstruct the coseismic displacement field from different line-of-sight geometries. To reduce the phase artifacts, we employed multi-temporal scenes acquired by Sentinel-1, and reconstructed the coseismic deformation through a temporal averaging strategy. Together with a single interferometric pair obtained using the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar 2 (PALSAR2) sensor aboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite 2 (ALOS2), we obtained five displacement maps with slightly different viewing geometries; all of which were used to constrain a geodetic inversion to retrieve the fault geometry parameters and slip distribution. Based on the focal mechanism and regional geology, we constructed multiple fault models that differ in dip direction (south and north dipping), and various striking angles. Both models fit the InSAR displacement maps, but have slip distributions of different depths. The slip depth of the south dipping model, with a dip of ~42°, is the most consistent with the relocated earthquake sequence and regional geological structure. Through the geodetic inversion, the maximum slip (0.25 m) occurred at 14.05 km and the associated rake was 89.56°. The result implies that the seismogenic fault is a blind thrust fault north of KPF (towards the foreland). Considering the relative locations of the suggested blind fault, the KPF, and the continuing north to south (N–S) shortening of the Tian Shan Mountains, this fault could be formed by the northward propagation of the regional fold-thrust belt.

Using the long-swath ENVISAT/ASAR acquisitions from 2003 to 2011, we researched evolution characteristics of the postseismic deformation of two strong earthquakes in the northern part of the Tibet Plateau in the past 20 years, namely the 1997 Mw7.6 Manyi Earthquake and the 2001 Ms8.1 Kokoxili earthquake. The results show that the post-earthquake deformation of the Ms8.1 earthquake in 2001 is quite significant. During the observation period, the average postseismic deformation rate of the fault is 10-16mm/yr, and shows the dynamic process of decay over time. However, the postseismic deformation of the Manyi earthquake in 1997 was relatively small, and the average deformation rate of the two faults was only 2-4 mm/yr. The main reason for this difference may be that the magnitude of the Manyi earthquake is relatively small. Moreover, the observation time in this paper is relatively long after the earthquake, which further indicates that the post-earthquake deformation decays faster in the early stage.