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This research aimed to compare some physicochemical and antioxidant properties in vegetables (chard, beet, coriander, spinach, lettuce, radish, carrot, and tomato) of ecological and commercial production. The ecological products were cultivated and obtained from three harvests in an ecology garden with standardized methodologies for implementation while the commercial samples were obtained from a local supplier. On the same purchase or harvest day, the color, texture, moisture, and ashes parameters were measured in the fresh produce without unpeeling. In the lyophilized samples, bioactive compounds (total phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll a and b, β-carotenes, anthocyanins, betalains, and lycopene) were determined, and antioxidant activity was found using the 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+), 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, and chelating activity. The ecological vegetables presented better color (high luminosity and intensity) than commercial samples, and, according to the value of ΔE, this is a difference that can be perceived by the human eye. In the same way, the ecological vegetables were more turgid than the commercial samples (p < 0.05). The content of bioactive compounds was found in higher concentrations in ecologically produced vegetables and this was correlated positively with antioxidant capacity. It is important to carry out more studies to determine the effect on health of these vegetables when they are integrated into the diet and thus to be able to recommend their inclusion in the diet as a sustainability strategy in the production of vegetables for self-consumption.

Traditionally, edible flowers have been used in alternative medicine by several cultures around the world. Recently, they have gained in popularity as a new trend in worldwide gastronomy because they have been added as ingredients in food and beverages since they have important organoleptic properties and beneficial health effects. In fact, edible flower consumption has increased in the last years, and many works have demonstrated that they are essential sources of macronutrients, vitamins, and antioxidant compounds, which give benefits like prevention against illness associated with oxidative stress, some cardiovascular illness, and cancers, among others. Nowadays, the main studies about edible flowers are focused on their nutritional, functional, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review summarizes relevant information about the properties and bioactive compounds content of edible flowers, likewise, the acceptance and security risks of their consumption, highlighting the importance of their incorporation in human nutrition and the main biological activities. According to the revision process, the consumer acceptability of edible flowers and their inclusion in the human diet have been increased due to their positive health effects.

Objective: To isolate and identify the exact species of the genus Mycobacterium from Didelphis (D.) virginiana, and the direct implications of this bacterium to public health and veterinary medicine. Methods: Thirty-one D. virginiana were captured and necropsied in Hidalgo, Mexico. Tissue samples were collected to culture mycobacteria present and examine individual specimens’ histopathology. Mycobacterium identification was obtained through the application of amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA techniques. Results: Three strains were isolated and identified as Mycobacterium (M.) avium subsp. hominissuis by utilizing M. avium complex- specific primers. Granulomatous lesions were observed in the subpleural zone (granuloma grade Π ) and bronchial (granuloma grade I ) of the lungs of D. virginiana with positive isolation. Conclusions: Three strains of M. avium subsp. hominissuis, from lung tissue samples of D. virginiana were identified. This subspecies of M. avium has important implications in public health and veterinary medicine.

Sea urchins are a group of benthic invertebrates characterized by having rigid globose bodies, covered in spines, and have an innate immune system that has allowed them to survive in the environment and defend against many pathogens that affect them. They are consumed for their unique flavor, but also for possessing a rich source of bioactive compounds which make them a source for a wide array of medicinal properties. Thus, these may be used to discover and develop new drugs such as anti-bacterials, anti-carcinogenics and anti-virals. Precisely for those reasons, this revision is centered on the known biological activities in various sea urchin species. Recently, the potential pharmacological benefits of nine sea urchin species [Diadema antillarum (Philippi 1845), Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville), Evechinus chloroticus (Valenciennes), Mesocentrotus nudus (Agassiz, 1863), Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816), Scaphechinus mirabilis (Agazzis, 1863), Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816), Tripneustes depressus (Agassiz, 1863), and Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck, 1816)] have been evaluated. Our work includes a comprehensive review of the anti-fungal, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-lipidemic, gastro-protective and anti-cardiotoxic effects. Furthermore, we revised the compounds responsible of these pharmacological effects. This work was intended for a broad readership in the fields of pharmacology, drugs and devices, marine biology and aquaculture, fisheries and fish science. Our results suggest that organic extracts, as well as pure compounds obtained from several parts of sea urchin bodies are effective in vitro and in vivo pharmacological models. As such, these properties manifest the potential use of sea urchins to develop emergent active ingredients.

The aim of the current review was to analyze primary studies about energy drink consumption patterns in adolescents and their relationship with mental health. PubMed, PLOS ONE, PsycINFO, and ScienceDirect databases were searched to identify articles related to adverse effects of energy drinks in adolescents and young adults aged 11 to 18 years. Psychological and behavioral measures were based on validated screening tools used in various contexts, and bias was detected in energy drink consumption patterns. In regard to sex, boys consumed more energy drinks than girls, and a strong, positive association was reported between consumption and probability of risky behaviors; tendency for anxiety, depression, and impulsivity; poor academic performance; and sleep disturbances. A progressive increase in consumption was also noted of 25% to 75% within 5 years. Findings suggest that standardized consumption pattern assessment be included in evaluations of mental health to determine potential causal relationships. [ Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 60 (2), 41–47.]

Human granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA), is a tick-borne infectious disease transmitted by ticks, resulting in acute feverish episodes. The etiological agent is the bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which is spread by ticks of the genus Ixodes spp. to complete its life cycle. In Mexico, there is only one case report. The primary challenge is understanding how other bacteria affect or overlap with the clinical manifestation of the disease. Sample collection occurred over the period September 2017 through October 2019. Blood samples from human subjects were obtained immediately after they signed consent forms. We analyzed for the presence for A. phagocytophilum by serological (IFA IgG two times) and PCR targeting 16SrRNA and groEL genes, followed by DNA sequencing. All patients with a history of travel abroad were dismissed for this project. In total, 1924 patients participated and of these, 1014 samples across the country were analyzed. Of these, 85 (8.38%) had IFA results that ranged from 1:384 to 1:896. Of the positive samples, 7.10% were used for PCR. Significant clinical manifestations included: dizziness, nausea, petechial, epistaxis, enlarged liver and/or spleen and thrombocytopenia. Hospitalization of at least 1.5 days was necessary for 3.2% of patients. None of the cases analyzed were lethal. This is the first clinical manifestations along with serological test results and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of A. phagocytophilum resulting in HGA in patients from Mexico. Health institutions and medical practitioners in general should include diagnostic testing for HGA among high risk populations and should recognize it as a vector-borne emerging infectious disease in Mexico.

Coccidiosis in rabbit production is responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. The use of natural antimicrobial substances in rabbits represents a promising way to improve their health and production. The aim of the present study was to assess the activity of Salix babylonica hydroalcoholic extract (SBHE) on the elimination of Eimeria spp. in rabbits. The phytochemical compounds and chemical composition of SBHE were determined. The cytotoxicity of SBHE was determined by a microwell assay using Artemia salina. Twenty-five New Zealand rabbits, 28 days old and 872 ± 171 g body weight (BW), were used in a completely randomized design. The rabbits were assigned to five groups of five rabbits, control group (A) received only basal diet (BD), B group received BD + 25 mg/kg BW of SBHE, C group received BD + 50 mg/kg BW of SBHE, D group received BD + 100 mg/kg BW of SBHE, and E group received BD + coccidiostat Baycox® (75 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. Feces samples were collected at days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28; morphological and morphometric identifications of Eimeria were carried out by the flotation technique and counting of oocysts by the McMaster technique. The rabbits were found naturally infected with Eimeria spp. The SBHE present phytochemicals with anticoccidial activity, and the cytotoxicity test indicate that this extract is nontoxic. This study demonstrates that oral administration of SBHE at 25 and 50 mg/kg BW reduced the release of oocysts per gram of feces. This effect was observed at day 14 and had the most significant effect at day 28 for both concentrations. The results indicate that SBHE could be a natural alternative for the control of coccidiosis in rabbit production.

The genus Porophyllum (family Asteraceae) is native to the western hemisphere, growing in tropical and subtropical North and South America. Mexico is an important center of diversification of the genus. Plants belong of genus Porophyllum have been used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat kidney and intestinal diseases, parasitic, bacterial, and fungal infections and anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. In this sense, several trials have been made on its chemical and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities. These studies were carried on the extracts and isolated compounds and support most of their reported uses in folk medicine as antifungal, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and burn repair activities, and as a potential source of new class of insecticides. Bio guided phytochemical studies showed the isolation of thiophenes, terpenes and phenolics compounds, which could be responsible for the pharmacological activities. However, more pre-clinical assays that highlight the mechanisms of action of the compounds involved in pharmacological function are lacking. This review discusses the current knowledge of their chemistry, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities carried out on the plants belonging to the Porophyllum genus.

Fermented and/or protein-rich foods, the most widely consumed worldwide, are the most susceptible to the presence of high levels of biogenic amines (BAs). Many reviews have focused on BAs toxicity and presence in foods; however, technological strategies such as evaluation of physical parameters, the addition of natural or synthetic compounds or the use of specific starter cultures of BAs reduction, and quick detection methods have been scarcely approached. In current research, there has been a focus on fast detection of BAs through colorimetric methods that allow these compounds to be quickly and easily identified by consumers. To reduce BAs presence in food, several alternatives have been developed and investigated with the aim of preventing negative effects caused by their intake, which can be applied before, during, or after processing. Food safety is one of the most important concerns of consumer and sanitary authorities. Therefore, detecting toxins such as BAs in food has become a priority for research. Recent reports that focus on the development of rapid detection methods of BAs are reviewed in this analysis. These methods have been successfully applied to food matrices with little to no sample pretreatment. Several alternatives for BAs reduction in food was also summarized. These findings will help the food industry to improve its processes for developing safe food.

Caffeine is the most consumed psychostimulant worldwide. Its use among children is controversial. Although it produces an increase in brain activity, it could hamper growth and development in young consumers. Therefore, the aim of this review was to recognize changes produced by caffeine in children under 12 years of age and to identify the relevant alterations and the conditions of their occurrence. A systematic review of the literature was carried out using PRISMA. Initially, 5468 articles were found from the EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Clarivate Analytics databases. In this review, were retained 24 published articles that met the inclusion criteria. The results obtained showed that caffeine consumption hampers children’s growth and development. In contrast, it supports the activation of the central nervous system and brain energy management.

Antimicrobial resistance has been increasing in recent years and is most frequently found in pathogenic microorganisms resistant or multiresistant to drugs. The secondary metabolites of plants have been evaluated as alternatives for control and treatment of these microorganisms. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity from Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq) Willd fruit. Hydroalcoholic extract (CCHA), was subjected to a bipartition with ethyl acetate giving two fractions an aqueous (Aq-F) and an organic (EtOAc-F). The isolation of bioactive fraction (EtOAc-F) allowed obtain two important compounds, methyl gallate (1) and gallic acid (2). These compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The CCHA, both fractions and the isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro to determine their Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Gallic acid (2) showed the lowest MIC on S. typhi, (0.156 mg/mL), L. monocytogenes and S. aureus (1.25 mg/mL), while methyl gallate (1) had the best inhibitory effect against E. coli and P. aeruginosa (1.25 mg/mL). On the other hand, methyl gallate (1) showed the best MBC on P. aeruginosa (2.50 mg/mL), and gallic acid (2) had the lowest MBC on P. aeruginosa and L. monocytogenes. In conclusion, methyl gallate (1) and gallic acid (2) are the compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity of Caesalpinia coriaria fruit.

Rabbit breeding is an activity that is growing worldwide due to its easy handling, high reproduction rate and the possibility of generating profits from the sale of animals or the benefit of animal protein through self-consumption. The high feed costs in the production of rabbits through the use of commercial food, make that are looked for alternatives of feeding for this species, as it can be the "palo escrito" plant (Dalbergia palo-escrito sp). The leaves of this plant contain high amounts of protein, it is perhaps for this reason that this gender is part of their diet. The effect of replacing the proportion of alfalfa per "palo escrito" in the diet of rabbits for fattening on the quality of the carcass and the meat of rabbits was evaluated. The results showed that the use of "palo escrito" in the diet of rabbits is totally harmful, since, in the first week of treatment, all the animals died, even though some beneficial effect has been reported in some other animals. Regarding the use of alfalfa or maize in multinutritional diets, the rabbits treated with maize showed a significant difference in the productive parameters and in the quality of the channel with respect to those treated with alfalfa. It is necessary to continue studying the "palo escrito" because possibly its secondary metabolites may have the beneficial effect if they are included as additives. Palabras clave: Meat quality, rabbit production, Dalbergia palo-escrito.

La cunicultura es una actividad que esta creciendo a nivel mundial en los ultimos tiempos, debido a su facil manejo, la rapidez con la que se reproducen y la posibilidad de generar animales para su venta o autoconsumo. El mantener un sistema digestivo del conejo bajo condiciones apropiadas de pH, hace que el alimento consumido se pueda digerir mejor y los nutrientes esten disponibles para su absorcion, ademas de que el pH puede ser un factor desencadenante que propicie el crecimiento de microorganismos que puedan afectar la salud del conejo. Aqui evaluamos la calidad de la canal y de la carne de conejo, en animales tratados con vinagre y agua fermentada en agua de bebida, con la finalidad de mejorar el funcionamiento del sistema digestivo, para obtener mejores caracteristicas de la calidad de la canal y de la carne. Los resultados encontrados mostraron que no existen diferencias significativas si se utiliza vinagre o agua fermentada en la calidad de carne y de la canal en conejos, solo se observo diferencia significativa en el color, en el valor de L (P

La cunicultura es una actividad que esta creciendo a nivel mundial en los ultimos tiempos, debido a su facil manejo, la rapidez con la que se reproducen y la posibilidad de generar animales para su venta o autoconsumo. Uno de los principales problemas a los que se enfrenta esta actividad, es que no hay opciones farmacologicas para el tratamiento de enfermedades en dichos animales, por tal motivo, se han buscado estrategias alternativas para proteger y/o prevenir contra estas enfermedades, una de las opciones es el uso de plantas medicinales. Aqui evaluamos el efecto de la utilizacion de infusion de epazote en la engorda de conejos, sobre la produccion animal y rendimiento de la canal. Los resultados encontrados mostraron que el uso de 10 g de epazote administrados como infusion en la engorda de conejos, aumento los parametros productivos y permitio que no hubiera mortalidad durante las 4 semanas de tratamiento, por lo que seria importante evaluar su efecto sobre la calidad de la carne y los productos carnicos derivados de la misma. Palabras clave: produccion de conejo, rendimiento de la canal, Chenopodium ambrosioides

La utilizacion de enzimas fibroliticas exogenas comerciales (celulasas y xilanasas) ha sido ampliamente empleada en produccion animal, con la finalidad de complementar la actividad de las enzimas endogenas, para lograr un incremento en la respuesta de produccion de leche. En esta investigacion se pretende utilizar como alternativa el uso de enzimas exogenas obtenidas del sustrato gastado de Pleurotus ostreatus con el fin de evaluar los parametros productivos de cabras. Los resultados mostraron que la inclusion en la dieta de este extracto enzimatico, tuvo efecto sobre la ganancia diaria de peso, produccion de leche y consumo de alimento. Lo que sugiere que el extracto enzimatico obtenido del sustrato gastado de Pleurotus ostreatus, puede ser una alternativa para mejorar los parametros productivos de las cabras. Palabras clave: leche, extracto enzimatico, cabras.

La cacería de subsistencia y la pérdida de hábitat son dos de las principales actividades humanas que tienen un efecto negativo sobre la fauna silvestre en las fronteras de colonización. En la presente investigación se estudió el uso consuntivo que se da a la fauna silvestre en varias comunidades de la Selva Zoque, México. Durante el año 2012 y principios del 2013 se realizó una serie de visitas a la región para conocer y listar la riqueza de especies y usos que los habitantes hacen de ella, describir los métodos de caza más utilizados, las especies preferidas y su frecuencia y/o aprovechamiento. En total se cazaron 202 animales por 13 cazadores participantes, el grupo biológico más utilizado es el de los mamíferos, N = 13 especies; las aves el segundo grupo, N = 4 especies y los reptiles el menos aprovechado, N = 1 especies. El aprovechamiento de esta última clase está orientado al uso alimenticio, y en menor grado, al artesanal, a diferencia de los otros dos grupos, que en su mayoría tienen uso alimentario, control, ornamental y medicinal. El total de biomasa obtenida durante el estudio fue de 1900 kg. La biomasa aprovechada varió significativamente entre especies (p > 0.001). La mayor producción de carne se obtuvo a partir de: Pecari tajacu, Cuniculus paca, Dasypus novemcinctus, Tapirus bairdii, Mazama temama y Tayassu pecari. La batida fue la técnica más usada, también se identificaron las técnicas de espía o acecho en sitios de alimentación, parcelas de trabajo y lampareo en áreas conservadas. Los tipos de armas más empleadas fueron las escopetas calibre 0.12, 0.16, 0.20 y rifle 0.22. La cacería de subsistencia es una actividad complementaria a las actividades agrícolas y ganaderas que las poblaciones campesinas realizan en la Selva Zoque; sin embargo, es necesario continuar realizando monitoreos para planear la sustentabilidad de ese recurso.

The principle of animal wellbeing, which states that animals should be free from pain, injury, and disease, is difficult to maintain, because microorganisms are most frequently found to be resistant or multi-resistant to drugs. The secondary metabolites of plants are an alternative for the treatment of these microorganisms. The aim of this work was to determine the antibacterial effect of Salix babylonica L. hydroalcoholic extract (SBHE) against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, and identify the compounds associated with the activity. The SBHE showed activity against the three strains, and was subjected to a bipartition, obtaining aqueous fraction (ASB) with moderate activity and organic fraction (ACSB) with good activity against the three strains. The chromatographic separation of ACSB, allowed us to obtain ten fractions (F1AC to F10AC), and only three showed activity (F7AC, F8AC and F10AC). In F7AC, five compounds were identified preliminary by GC-MS, in F8AC and F10AC were identified luteolin (1) and luteolin 7-O-glucoside (2) by HPLC, respectively. The best antibacterial activity was obtained with F7AC (Listeria monocytogenes, MIC: 0.78 mg/mL, MBC: 0.78 mg/mL) and F8AC (Staphylococcus aureus, MIC: 0.39 mg/mL, MBC: 0.78 mg/mL). The results indicated that the compounds obtained from SBHE can be used as an alternative treatment against these microorganisms and, by this mechanism, contribute to animal and human health.

The recurrent use of antibiotics has given the guideline so that bacteria will develop resistance to drugs used in medicine, which is why recent investigations have been directed to evaluate natural sources such as plants or fungi, which can fight the bacteria. Here the antibacterial activity of spent substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus combined with medicinal plants was evaluated. We designed six mixtures (barley straw, barley straw/Chenopodium ambrosioides L., barley straw/Mentha piperita L., barley straw/Rosmarinus officinalis L., barley straw/Litsea glaucescens Kunth and barley straw/Tagetes lucid Cav) to be used as a substrate of cultivation of mushroom. These were recovered after the harvest. We obtained aqueous extracts from spent substrates and resuspended them to different concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg mL-1). These were tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli; as a positive control we used azithromycin, cephalexin and dicloxacillin. The protocol was a completely randomized assay with a factorial arrangement design. The data were analyzed with PROC GLM, SAS. The spent substrate from Pleurotus ostreatus that contained Mentha piperita L. presented the largest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus epidermidis (40.00 mm) which was similar to control antibiotics (40.00 mm). Second in toxicity was the spent substrate from barley straw extract (33.33 mm). In conclusion, the results suggest that it is possible to use the spent substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus as source of extracts with antibacterial activity, being the best option the combination of barley straw with Mentha piperita L.

El municipio de Tulancingo de Bravo, en el Estado de Hidalgo, México, tiene como principales actividades económicas la cría y explotación de ovinos, vacas productoras de leche y equinos, estos utilizan principalmente para su alimentación el pastoreo de praderas de temporal y en menor número con riego; sin embargo, la incidencia de parásitos gastrointestinales afectan el crecimiento, desarrollo, reproducción y la rentabilidad de estas unidades de producción, además de tener efecto residual en los suelos. Para el control de parásitos comúnmente se utilizan productos químicos, sin embargo, su uso indiscriminado ha generado la formación de poblaciones de nematodos resistentes, y por ende a utilizar distintos tipos de desparasitantes, se aumentan los costos de producción; lo anterior ha motivado la búsqueda de alternativas para el tratamiento y control de estos parásitos inocuos para animales y humanos. Existen diferentes antagonistas naturales de nematodos presentes en el suelo, como bacterias, virus, plantas, protozoarios, ácaros y hongos nematófagos, estos últimos utilizados como control biológico; se clasifican como hongos endoparásitos, que tienen estructuras adhesivas o de ingestión que infectan a los nematodos o parasitan huevos; y como depredadores, caracterizandose por producir una red hifal extensa, que pueden ser hifas adhesivas septadas, o redes adhesivas ramificadas, botones adhesivos y anillos constrictores. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar hongos con actividad nematófaga del Municipio de Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo. Para la obtención del hongo se tomaron muestras de 10 praderas de temporal del municipio de Tulancingo de Bravo, en el estado de Hidalgo.

"La cacería de subsistencia y la pérdida de hábitat son dos de las principales actividades humanas que tienen un efecto negativo sobre la fauna silvestre en las fronteras de colonización. En la presente investigación se estudió el uso consuntivo que se da a la fauna silvestre en varias comunidades de la Selva Zoque, México. Durante el año 2012 y principios del 2013 se realizó una serie de visitas a la región para conocer y listar la riqueza de especies y usos que los habitantes hacen de ella, describir los métodos de caza más utilizados, las especies preferidas y su frecuencia y/o aprovechamiento. En total se cazaron 202 animales por 13 cazadores participantes, el grupo biológico más utilizado es el de los mamíferos, N = 13 especies; las aves el segundo grupo, N = 4 especies y los reptiles el menos aprovechado, N = 1 especies. El aprovechamiento de esta última clase está orientado al uso alimenticio, y en menor grado, al artesanal, a diferencia de los otros dos grupos, que en su mayoría tienen uso alimentario, control, ornamental y medicinal. El total de biomasa obtenida durante el estudio fue de 1900 kg. La biomasa aprovechada varió significativamente entre especies ( p > 0.001). La mayor producción de carne se obtuvo a partir de: Pecari tajacu, Cuniculus paca, Dasypus novemcinctus, Tapirus bairdii, Mazama temama y Tayassu pecari . La batida fue la técnica más usada, también se identificaron las técnicas de espía o acecho en sitios de alimentación, parcelas de trabajo y lampareo en áreas conservadas. Los tipos de armas más empleadas fueron las escopetas calibre 0.12, 0.16, 0.20 y rifle 0.22. La cacería de subsistencia es una actividad complementaria a las actividades agrícolas y ganaderas que las poblaciones campesinas realizan en la Selva Zoque; sin embargo, es necesario continuar realizando monitoreos para planear la sustentabilidad de ese recurso."

Nowadays, the uncontrolled use of antibiotics has created the problem of bacterial resistance to them, what has motivated the search for new alternatives of drug for the treatment of bacterial diseases. Here, we compare antimicrobial activity of spent substrate of mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes, against Escherichia coli, Salmonella tiphymorium, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus. We designed two mixtures, barley straw to be used as a substrate of cultivation of mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and oats or cedar for the cultivation of mushroom Lentinula edodes; and were obtained aqueous extracts from spent substrates; extracts were tested for antibacterial activity. The protocol was a completely randomized assay with a factorial arrangement design. The data were analyzed with PROC GLM, SAS. The results showed that in the case of Escherichia coli the greatest inhibition zone was of 12.66 mm at a concentration of 6 mg mL-1, with treatment of Lentinula edodes/Cedar; Salmonella tiphymorium showed a greatest inhibition zone of 31.10 mm to a concentration of 5.12 mg mL-1, with treatment of Pleurotus ostreatus/Barley straw; Staphylococcus aureus showed a greatest inhibition zone of 9.33 mm to a concentration of 100 mg mL-1, with the treatment of Lentinula edodes/Cedar and finaly, Micrococcus luteus showed a greatest inhibition zone of 15.00 mm to a concentration of 50 mg mL-1, with the treatment Lentinula edodes/Oats. In conclusion, the results suggest that it is possible to use indistinctly the spent substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes as source of extracts with antibacterial activity.

Aims: To evaluate the application of spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrates, enriched or not with medicinal herbs, as a source of anti-inflammatory compounds. Subjects and Methods: P. ostreatus was cultivated on five different substrates: Barley straw (BS) and BS combined 80:20 with medicinal herbs (Chenopodium ambrosioides L. [BS/CA], Rosmarinus officinalis L. [BS/RO], Litsea glaucescens Kunth [BS/LG], and Tagetes lucida Cav. [BS/TL]). The anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts of spent mushroom substrates (SMSs) (4 mg/ear) was studied using an acute inflammation model in the mouse ear induced with 2.5 μg/ear 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA). Results: Groups treated with BS/CA, BS/RO, and BS/LG aqueous extracts exhibited the best anti-inflammatory activity (94.0% ± 5.5%, 92.9% ± 0.6%, and 90.4% ± 5.0% inhibition of auricular edema [IAO], respectively), and these effects were significantly different (P < 0.05) from that of the positive control indomethacin (0.5 mg/ear). BS/TL and BS were also able to reduce TPA-induced inflammation but to a lesser extent (70.0% ± 6.7% and 43.5% ± 6.6% IAO, respectively). Conclusions: Spent P. ostreatus substrate of BS possesses a slight anti-inflammatory effect. The addition of CA L. to mushroom substrate showed a slightly synergistic effect while RO L. had an additive effect. In addition, LG Kunth and TL Cav. enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of SMS. However, to determine whether there is a synergistic or additive effect, it is necessary to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of each medicinal herb.

Discussion: This location record is new and is important in that it confirms and documents the presence of the Mexican hairy porcupine Sphiggurus mexicanus, with geographical coordinates, in the Eastern Sierra of Mexico. Habitat connection to the previously known locality 70 km away in the area of Tuzamapan de Galeana, Puebla is not clear.