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Police organizations have conducted operational activities to reduce the opportunity for would-be criminals to commit crimes. This operational activity includes patrol, traffic management, and investigation. In this study, the extent of police operational activities in Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines, was evaluated to determine the extent of police operational activities and to test the association between the crime rate and the extent of police operation activities. This study utilized a quantitative descriptive research method. The respondents were 142 active police officers who were chosen purposively by employing total enumeration. The gathering of data was done using a self-made questionnaire, which underwent validation and reliability testing. The statistical tools used were frequency count, mean computation, percentage, and regression analysis. The results revealed that more respondents were 31-35 years old and above. Most of them were male, bachelor’s degree holders, attended training and seminars for 50 hours, and served the police force for 15 years and below. Patrolling and investigation were found to be much observable while traffic management was observable. As for index crime, there were more crimes against the person committed than crimes against property. As for non-index crimes, there were more other non-index crimes compared to the violation of special laws. Patrolling has a positive influence on the commission and non-commission of both index and non-index crimes. This study also recommends intensive patrolling on hot-spot areas for criminal presence and activity, strengthening traffic management practices, procurement of traffic lights, improving traffic signs, and intensive implementation of traffic laws and regulations. Keywords: Police Function, Operational Activities, Crime Prevention, Police Core Functions

Background The role of imaging in the staging, treatment planning, and ongoing surveillance of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) continues to evolve. Changes in patient demographics, treatment paradigms, and technology present opportunities and challenges for the management of HNSCC. Methods The general indications and usage of standard and multimodal cross-sectional imaging in the evaluation and management of HNSCC are reviewed, with an emphasis on incorporating them into treatment pathways. Emerging imaging technologies and methods with a potential near-term impact on HNSCC are discussed. Results In general, the complex, multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of advanced HNSCC requires multimodal imaging for adequate treatment planning and follow up. Early-stage disease can often be managed with clinical and endoscopic examinations and a single, cross-sectional imaging modality (eg, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging). Conclusions Although generalized treatment pathways and guidelines do exist, the literature is rapidly advancing and new radiotracers and evaluation methods are expected to alter both imaging and treatment recommendations in the years to come.

Background Immunotherapeutic agents, especially checkpoint inhibitors, have emerged as the mainstay of therapy for several solid and hematological malignancies. These therapies are under investigation for the treatment of high-grade gliomas and brain metastases. Methods This article reviews the unique challenges encountered when evaluating changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of glioblastomas seen in response to immunotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors and how to effectively incorporate MRI findings into the response assessment of high-grade gliomas to these emerging therapies. Results An increase in tumor size or the appearance of new lesions on MRI may represent either an immune-mediated inflammatory response or true tumor progression, which may precede the subsequent stabilization or response of high-grade gliomas to immunotherapy. These MRI findings should not result in the mandatory cessation of immunotherapy in patients with high-grade glioma. Conclusions Although immunotherapy Response Assessment for Neuro-Oncology criteria have been developed to assist with response assessment of high-grade gliomas to immunotherapy and to provide guidance with treatment decisions, these criteria have not been validated in prospective clinical trials. In patients with brain tumors who are receiving immunotherapy, MRI findings suggestive of disease progression should be evaluated with caution to prevent premature discontinuation of potentially beneficial therapies. Close, clinical monitoring with appropriate short-term, follow-up imaging is often necessary, and histopathological analysis may be required in some cases to confirm disease progression before a decision on continuation of these novel therapies can accurately be made.

A new RuIIRhIII structural motif [(bpy)2Ru(dpp)RhCl(tpy)]4+ with one halide on the RhIII center demonstrates light-driven proton reduction ability, establishing that two halide ligands are not mandatory despite all prior systems containing a cis-RhCl2 catalytic site. This new design provides a novel approach to modulate RhIII redox behavior and catalytic activity with insight into catalytic intermediates. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences Division Contains supplementary information file 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry Open Access Gold Article

The activity of arsenic in liquid Cu–Fe base alloys was determined by isopiestic and Knudsen cell-mass spectrometer methods. Based on the activity data, the volatilization of arsenic in the extraction and recycling of copper was thermodynamically evaluated.

To analyze the behavior of antimony in the copper smelting process, the phase relations and the activity of antimony in the miscibility gap of Cu-Fe-S-Sb system with antimony as a minor element have been determined at 1473 K by the quenching method and the double Knudsen cell-mass spectrometric method, respectively. The experiments have been conducted for the charges in the miscibility gap with mass%Fe/mass%Cu ratios of 0, 0.023, 0.072 and 0.113 with varying antimony content. The activity measurements indicate that the antimony activities in both the metal and matte phases show extremely negative deviation from the ideal behavior. The Raoultian activity coefficients at infinite dilution in the metal and matte phases are found to be almost constant against the charges in the miscibility gap and they are 1.1 × 10 -2 and 2.5 × 10 -1 for the metal and matte phases, respectively. The vapor pressures of predominant species of Sb, Sb 2 and SbS in the gas phase equilibrated with the immiscible solutions have been calculated on the basis of the determined activity coefficients and they are very small at less than 1 Pa even when the antimony content in the metal phase is increased up to 10 mass%.

To analyze the arsenic behavior in the copper smelting process, the phase relations and the arsenic activity in the miscibility gap of Cu-Fe-S-As system with arsenic as a minor element have been determined at 1473 K by the quenching method and the double Knudsen cell-mass spectrometric method, respectively. The experiments have been conducted for the charges in the miscibility gap with mass%Fe/mass%Cu ratios of 0, 0.023, 0.059, 0.098 and 0.131 with varying arsenic content. The activity measurements indicate that the arsenic activities in both the metal and matte phases show extremely negative deviation from the ideal behavior. The Raoultian activity coefficients at infinite dilution in the metal and matte phases are found to be almost constant against the charges in the miscibility gap and they are 4.3 x 10 -3 and 5.5 x 10-2 for the metal and matte phases, respectively. The vapor pressures of predominant As, As 2 and AsS species in the gas phase equilibrated with the immiscible solutions have been calculated on the basis of the determined activity coefficients and they are very small at less than I Pa even when the arsenic content in the metal phase is increased up to 10 mass%.

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is presently diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided sextant needle biopsy. While echo texture of the tissue can prompt localization of tumor, it is presently imprecise. From 50–75% of men biopsied, based on an abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) or elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, have negative biopsy results. Improvements in tumor localization during TRUS-guided prostate biopsy are greatly needed. Bioimpedance is an electrical property of biologic tissue. Electric current is limited in living tissue by highly insulating cell membranes; however, different tissue architecture such as cancer may impede current differently and allow detection of differences between normal and abnormal or malignant prostate tissue. Our goal was to assess the utility of bioimpedance measurements in differentiating tumor from normal prostatic tissue in an ex vivo model. METHODS Bioimpedance was measured in six ex vivo prostates, which were removed for clinically localized prostate cancer. Two bioimpedance needles, 1 mm apart, were inserted 3 mm into the posterior surface of the prostate an average of 16 times per gland. Frequencies ranging from 100 kHz–4 MHz were used to obtain 594 bioimpedance measurements from the six glands. These measurements were then correlated with histology to determine the presence or absence of prostate cancer. RESULTS Prostate cancer was found to have a higher impedance, of 932 ± 170 ohms, compared to areas of no cancer within the same prostate, 751 ± 151 ohms, P < 0.0001, at 2 MHz. This phenomenon was observed across all frequencies tested. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time application of bioimpedance to distinguish areas of prostate cancer from areas of normal prostate. This technology may improve identification and localization of cancer within the prostate. Moreover, bioimpedance can potentially guide needle placement during prostate biopsy and thus improve sampling of tumors. Currently, our ex vivo model is limited by variables such as temperature and lack of blood flow. Further studies in an in vivo model will be needed to assess their effect. Prostate 39:213–218, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Traditional distributed architectures are not sufficient when developing an autonomous, distributed sensor network. In order to be truly autonomous, a distributed sensor network must be able to survive and reconfigure in the field without manual intervention. A limitation of traditional distributed architectures, such as client/server or peer-to-peer, within an autonomous network is that the distributed devices and applications are tightly coupled by their communication protocols prior to implementation and deployment. The introduction of new devices and applications in the field is difficult due to this coupling. Also, autonomous reconfiguration of the devices on the network due to faults or addition of new devices is extremely difficult unless the devices are homogeneous. A service-based architecture is proposed as an alternative architecture for creating autonomous, distributed sensor networks. The service-based approach provides the ability to create a scalable, self-configuring, and self-healing network for building and maintaining large, emerging and ad-hoc virtual networks of devices and applications. New devices can be automatically discovered by current devices on the network and automatically integrated into the system without manual intervention. This paper will explain the benefits and limitations of applying a service-based architecture to autonomous, distributed sensor networks and compare this approach with traditional architectures such as client/server and peer-to-peer. A description will be given of a prototype system developed using service-enabled seismic, acoustic, and visual sensors.

Immediate medical care can dramatically reduce the number of fatalities sustained during military operations. However, the shift from large-scale regional conflicts to smaller peacekeeping and humanitarian missions has reduced the military medical support infrastructure. In the civilian emergency medical services arena, there has long been an emphasis on the golden hour during which a patient must receive definitive medical attention. Without on-scene medical support, injured soldiers must be transported significant distances before receiving definitive medical care, and rapid transport to a medical facility is not always a viable option. We reported here three years ago on the development of an early prototype portable ventilator with basic functionality. Since that time, four new prototypes with varying capabilities and sizes have been developed. Each of these fits a particular role in military or civilian use. The design goals and tradeoffs for each unit will be discussed, as well as the design implementation used to achieve those goals.

The Far Forward Life Support System (FFLSS) is intended for US Army use in far forward, battlefield situations. The primary patient population is young, otherwise healthy, adult males. The FFLSS must provide stabilizing medical care in the far forward environment. The device must be easily operated, highly mobile, compact and rugged, and provide automated, definitive support for a minimum of one hour. This project design, fabricated and tested a prototype FFLSS.

We report development of the first all‐polyimide system (cladding/core/cladding) suitable for fabrication of electro‐optic waveguide devices on silicon substrates. The cladding layers are spun from a low optical loss, commercially available polyimide that is suitable for multilayer stacks. The electro‐optic material consists of this same polyimide as host to a commercially available guest chromophore and is based upon our prior work on thermoplastic polyimides [J. F. Valley, J. W. Wu, S. Ermer, M. Stiller, E. S. Binkley, J. T. Kenney, G. F. Lipscomb, and R. Lytel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 160 (1992)]. We present the materials and process development methodology with the results for this polymer system and demonstrate it by fabrication of an all‐polyimide Mach–Zehnder modulator operating at 830 nm.

The selection process leading to the development of a guest- host electro-optic material based on an amorphous polycarbonate is described. The optical loss at 1300 nm of this material system is under 2 dB/cm, which is the confidence limit of the slab measurement used. A Mach- Zehnder Modulator fabricated using the push-pull poling technique has a low switching voltage of 1.2V.

An electro‐optic (EO) polymer‐based integrated optic Mach–Zehnder modulator with a measured frequency response up to 20 GHz is reported. The device was fabricated with an EO polymer supplied by Akzo Research, bv, and utilized 50 Ω microstrip drive electrodes. A half‐wave voltage of Vπ=9 V and a modulation depth of 90% were measured at 2 kHz. Modulation was observed out to 8.0 GHz using direct detection and out to 20 GHz using a frequency mixing technique, limited by the drive and receiver electronics.

Immediate medical provision substantially reduces the number of fatalities sustained during military operations. However, the shift from large-scale regional conflicts to smaller peacekeeping and humanitarian missions has reduced the military medical support infrastructure. Civilian emergency medical services have long emphasized the 'golden hour' during which a patient must receive definitive medical attention. Without on-scene medical support, injured soldiers must be transported significant distances before receiving advanced medical care, and rapid transport to a medical facility is not always a viable option. Technological solutions enable military medics to deliver advanced medical care on the battlefield. We report here on the development of a small lightweight portable respirator for the treatment of far- forward battlefield casualties. The Far Forward Life Support System (FFLSS) utilizes a combination of COTS (commercial off the shelf) components and custom designed systems to provide ventilatory support to injured combatants. It also incorporates a small IV fluid pump and IV fluids for resuscitation. A microcompressor control system monitors both system performance and patient parameters for system control. Telemetry to a pager-like device worn by the front line medic alerts of any anomalies in ventilator or patient parameters, which will add greatly to triage decisions and resource management. Novel elements of the FLSS design include oxygen generation, low-pressure air generation, available patient suction, and the absence of any high pressure air cylinders. A prototype developed for animal testing will be described in detail as well as further design requirements for the human rated prototype.

Terrestrial digital photonic technology development will not satisfy all of the aerospace requirements since RF links are often required. Organic electro-optic devices are readily adaptable to RF functions into the 100 GHz and above frequency range. In addition to lossless links, they can be utilized for RF signal processing functions such as mixing, efficient harmonic generation and filtering. Devices can be densely packed with negligible cross talk.In addition to the well known survivability requirements for space born applications (lifetime, reliability, thermal, shock, vibration and radiation hardness), issues of weight and power become dominant. Organic devices based on thin film technologies have an obvious potential advantage with respect to weight. However, integration with other optical and/or electronic components needs to be considered since connectors often dominated size and weight. Performance (when translated back into the electronic domain) scales as the optical power and device sensitivity squared. Thus, advances in device sensitivity can be nullified by increases in optical loss.

The electromagnetic bioimpedance method has successfully measured the very subtle conductivity changes associated with brain edema and prostate tumor. This method provides noninvasive measurements using non-ionizing magnetic fields applied with a small coil that avoids the use of contact electrodes. This paper introduces results from combining a holographic signal processing algorithm and a low power coil system that helps provide the 3D image of impedance contrast that should make the noninvasive electromagnetic bioimpedance method useful in health care.

Optoelectronic devices based on organic materials are uniquely suited to applications requiring high rf bandwidth. There have been significant advances in lithium niobate technology, but fundamental frequency-sensitivity tradeoffs are generally required in device design. Using a guest-host electro-optic polymer system, we have demonstrated a Mach- Zehnder modulator with a switching voltage of 3.5 V and interaction length of 2.6 cm. Anisotropic V-groove etching for fiber attachment provides a path to low-cost packaging of these devices. Materials and process optimization are expected to enhance device performance, allowing more compact, sensitive devices. Issues related to electro-optic device development are discussed in this paper, and an update on our development of new chromophores for use in electro-optic polymers is given.

Polymer photonic modulators and switches offer several attractive features for space systems, including rf bandwidth of 50 GHz or higher, and the potential for high sensitivity and low cost. We have shown that polymer modulators experience little if any degradation (less than 2%) in the half-wave voltage due to total dose exposure of up to 5 MRad from a Co-60 source. An outgassing test at 125 degrees Celsius in vacuum for 24 hr resulted in a mass loss of less than 0.2% of the polymer material.

High speed analog and digital switching has been demonstrated in a polymer Mach-Zehnder modulator with a voltage-length product of 13 V-cm. Materials and process optimization will enhance this performance. Anisotropic V-groove etching for fiber attachment provides a path to low-cost packaging of these improved devices.