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Background and Aim: Irradiated chitosan can be used as a matrix for slow-release urea (SRU) production. This study aimed to (1) determine the optimal formulation of irradiated chitosan matrix for controlling nitrogen release and (2) evaluate the characteristics of SRU in vitro fermentation based on irradiated chitosan as a feed supplement. Materials and Methods: In the first phase of the investigation, four chitosan-based SRU formulations with varying amounts of acrylamide (3 and 5 g) and gamma irradiation (5 and 10 kGy) were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy, and ammonia release characteristics were used to observe morphological, functional group, and ammonia release characteristics. In the second phase of research, the most effective SRU formulation was utilized as a supplement to ruminant rations based on rice straw, sorghum straw, and alfalfa. Gas production, rumen fermentation characteristics, and methane gas production were observed in vitro. Results: On the basis of surface image analysis, the four SRU formulas generate a similar appearance. Compared with untreated urea, the SRU3 formula reduced the percentage of ammonia emission by 12.85%–27.64% after 24 h of incubation (p = 0.05), as determined by the first phase study. SRU3 became the basis for the second testing phase. The addition of SRU3 did not affect the optimal gas production in vitro. SRU3 treatment produced less gas than Optigen® treatment (p = 0.05). With regard to rumen fermentation and digestibility, Optigen® yielded better results than SRU3 (p = 0.05). However, the treatment with SRU3 resulted in reduced methane production compared to that in the control (p = 0.05). Conclusion: Irradiated chitosan as an SRU matrix may control the release of ammonia in the rumen medium. The SRU3 formulation is the most effective. The addition of SRU to rice straw-based rations reduces methane production without affecting in vitro digestibility.

Food safety is essential for consumers. One of the compound that are prohibited from being used to preserve chicken meat is formalin. It demands a fast classification and sorting process for chicken meat, whether it is processed further or not. The main objective of this research is to develop a model that can predict the formalin content of chicken meat at room temperature using a portable NIR spectrometer. The NIRS method utilizes electromagnetic waves in infrared radiation with wavelengths ranging from 740-1070 nm. The method used to process the data is partial least square discriminative analysis (PLS-DA) to determine the presence of formalin in chicken meat. The results showed that the best pre-treatment was using the 1st derivative which had calibration results with an accuracy value of 92.86%, sensitivity 94.05%, specificity 91.67%, and FPR 8.33%. While the validation results obtained an accuracy value of 92.86%, sensitivity 92.86%, specificity 92.86%, and FPR 7.14%.

Background and Aim: Swamp buffaloes play an important role in the rural economy of Indonesia. They consume various forages during their grazing time, including those with anti-parasitic potential. However, the information about the type and quality of forages and their potential as a natural anthelmintic for swamp buffalo is very limited. This study aimed to identify the diversity, quality, and anthelmintic potency of forages consumed by swamp buffaloes reared in Bantarkawung Subdistrict, Brebes District, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Samples of forages were obtained during three observation periods of the study, with a 12-week interval between each period. Forage diversity was evaluated by identifying its consumption by swamp buffaloes during their grazing activity in the field and feeding time in their shed. The quality of forages was analyzed using proximate analysis to measure their dry matter (DM), crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CFat), and ash contents. This is followed by the calculation of their total digestible nutrient based on the proximate analysis results. Botanical composition analysis was then conducted to measure the predominance of forages consumed by the livestock during their grazing activity. Literature reviews were carried out to explore forage’s anthelmintic activity. Results: The results showed that swamp buffaloes consume nine species of forage in the shed and 47 in the grazing area, including nine legumes, 18 grass, and 20 others. Swamp buffaloes consumed forages of lower quality, which contained high CF contents and varying levels of other nutrients below their daily nutritional needs. The grazing activity allowed swamp buffaloes to consume a higher variety of forages with better nutritional quality, thereby enabling them to meet their nutritional needs. Legumes and other forages served as the major protein sources, providing CP of 20.03% DM and 11.53% DM, and CF levels of 17.01% DM and 20.35% DM, respectively. The results also showed that the consumption of these forages increased during the rainy season. The predominant species of legumes consumed were Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia spp., while Alternanthera sessilis and Merremia umbellata were the predominant species of other forages. A total of 13 of the 47 species could potentially be used as natural anthelmintic due to their secondary metabolites, namely, tannin, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, diterpenoid, and mimosine. These compounds exert anthelmintic effects by inhibiting egg-hatching and larval development, as well as damaging the surface structure of both larvae and adult worms, ultimately leading to the death of the parasites. Conclusion: Overall, swamp buffaloes consumed more variety of forages during grazing compared to when they were kept in sheds. While the low-variety and low-quality forages provisioned for swamp buffaloes in their shed resulted in a low nutrient intake below their daily requirement. Furthermore, daily grazing activities allowed swamp buffaloes to fulfill and supplement their need by consuming a variety of grasses, legumes, and other forages in their respective grazing areas. Some of these forages also have the potential to become natural anthelmintic because they contain secondary metabolites, such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, diterpenoids, and mimosine.

The in vitro study aimed to evaluate the utilization of maggot flour from selected substrates as a substitute for soybean meal in sheep rations on digestibility and rumen fermentation in vitro. Maggot were reared using three different substrates i.e., sheep feces, household waste and bread waste. The BSF maggot product with feces substrate showed the highest protein was used in this study. The treatments in this study were T1=100% soybean meal, T2=50% soybean meal + 50% maggot flour, T3=100% maggot flour. In vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility were conducted and the parameters were pH, NH3, volatile fatty acid (VFA), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD). Maggot rearing data were presented descriptively while the in vitro data were analyzed using analysis of variance. The result showed that the treatments had no significant effect (P>0.05) on pH, VFA, DMD and OMD, but replacement of soybean meal (100% maggot flour) affected NH3 production. The utilization of maggot as a substitute for soybean meal in sheep ration did not have a negative impact on in vitro fermentability and rumen digestibility.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise levels on the hematological and metabolical status, and carcass quality of Garut sheep. In total 24 of Garut sheep used in this study. The levels of exercise contain three treatments namely non exercise, semi exercise and exercise. Blood collection through the jugular vein of sheep samples was carried out at the end of the study, using a 5 mL EDTA tube to measure the haematological condition of the animal sample. Likewise, collecting muscle samples to determine the physical quality of meat.The data was analyzed by analysis of variance and continued by Duncan test for a post hoc test. The results showed that the models of exercise were not significantly (P0.05) affected to hematological level and also carccas quality including juiceness, tenderness, drip loss and water holding capacity. Organoleptic sensory using semiexercise was more favourable meat compare to exercise and non exercise. While for the colour of meat, non exercise treatment was significantly (P0.05) affected to the colour of meat compare to exercise and semi exercise. Furthermore the semi exercise was the best treatment to produce fresh taste meat with good sensory characteristic.

Background and Aim: Flushing with the manipulation of fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, like linoleic and α-linolenic acids in the ration, is a strategy to raise the nutritional status of the female mammals to improve ovarian function and follicle development. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of flushing supplementation with different types of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids in stimulating follicle growth and development during estrus in Ettawa Grade does with a low initial body condition score (BCS ≤2). Materials and Methods: Eighteen Ettawa Grade does in the second parity, with an average body weight of 32.11±2.19 kg, were divided into three groups according to the fatty acid supplemented to their ration: (i) About 2.8% lauric acid flushing (group); (ii) 2.8% linoleic acid flushing (LA group); and (iii) 2.8% a-linolenic acid flushing (ALA group). The ration was formulated to be isocaloric (total digestible nutrient = 77%) and isonitrogenous (crude protein = 15%). The experiment was conducted for 35 days; that is, 14 days for acclimatization and synchronization of the estrous cycle and 21 days for fatty acid flushing until the appearance of the next estrus. A completely randomized design was applied. Results: According to the results, none of the different fatty acids in the ration affected the nutrient intakes, BCSs, average daily gains, and plasma glucose, cholesterol, and progesterone concentrations of the three groups of does. However, the BCSs (by 0.8-0.9) and the plasma cholesterol concentrations were higher after fatty acid flushing for 21 days than before the flushing period. The ALA group had the highest number of large-sized preovulatory follicles, whereas the LAURIC group had the highest plasma estradiol concentration during estrus. All three groups had similar plasma progesterone concentrations during estrus after fatty acid flushing. Conclusion: Flushing supplementation with 2.8% ALA from flaxseed oil gave the best results in terms of stimulating the highest number of large-sized preovulatory follicles in Ettawa Grade does.

Objective:Osteoporosis could affect anyone, both men and women and young and old. This study aimed to analyse the morphology of ovariectomy (OVX) to the proximal cortical epiphysis bone using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) on ovariectomised rat models.Materials and Methods:The analysed bones were the cortical femur bones taken from ovariectomised female Rattus norvegicus. Characterisation was performed from the third week of OVX and continued at the fifth, seventh and ninth weeks. The analysis was focused on two levels of structure, including the microstructure level with a magnification of 100 μm, which was obtained from SEM images to analyse the shape and intensity of the bone cavity, and the nanostructure level with a magnification of 50 nm, which was obtained from TEM images to analyse the bone apatite crystals.Results:At the microstructure level, the cavity that appeared in 9-week-old ovariectomised rats was found to increase by 68.9% compared to that of the control group (non-OVX). In addition, at the nanostructure level, the plate, tablet and overlapping apatite crystals were present in both the non-OVX and OVX rats. However, a tendency of the tablet size of apatite crystals to decline was observed in the ovariectomised rats group.Conclusion:White female Rattus norvegicus showed osteoporosis conditions based on the morphology and percentage of cavities at 9 weeks of OVX. In addition, OVX lowered the size of apatite crystals.

Black Soldier Fly larvae are natural antibiotics. The use of methanol extract in BSF larvae has a dual function, namely high protein content and high antibiotic content to kill Gram-negative bacteria. The biological structure of BSF larvae with antimicrobial peptide (AMP) acts as an inhibitor of pathogenic microorganisms, has a high lauric acid function as a natural antimicrobial and chitin, the polysaccharide plays a role in enhancing the immune response of the animal. This study aims to gain the best type of BSF protein from feed treatments containing live BSF, dry BSF, and BSF extract to increase blood productivity and hematology. The results of this study show that the best P3 treatment for the productivity of laying hens at the age of 18 to 26 weeks with the use of BSF extract since it contains the highest protein compared to other treatments. Productivity variables show the best P3 treatment, each egg weight 57.17 g bird-1, daily egg production 90.88%, egg mass 2408.16 g bird-1 and ration conversion 2.0. The mean hematology of the blood showed the highest P3 treatment, each erythrocyte 2.91±0.13 x 106 mm-3, leucocytes 17.69±3.68 x 103 mm-3, hematocrit 27.8±1.14%, hemoglobin 9.96±1.12%, MCV 95.77±4.41 fl, MCHC 35.99±5.21%, MCH 34.38±4.53 pg, lymphocytes 61.2 ± 4.86%, heterophile 31.2±2%, monocytes 5±0.62% and ratio H/L 0.51±0.04.

Background and Aim: This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and intensity and to identify the associated risk factors and impact of trematode infection in swamp buffaloes reared under different agro-climatic conditions in Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 580 fecal samples were collected from swamp buffaloes in five different agro-climatic areas in Banten and Central Java Provinces, Indonesia. The fecal samples were examined using the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory Technique to determine the prevalence and intensity of trematode infection. The risk factors for infection were determined from an in-depth interview of owners/keepers, and the results were analyzed using Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression. The infection was also correlated with swamp buffalo production parameters (body weight and body condition score [BCS]). Results: From all fecal samples, the overall prevalence of trematode infection was 64.83%, which comprised Fasciola spp. (16.03%; mean eggs per gram [EPG]±SD: 1.02±0.43) and Paramphistomatidae (62.93%; mean EPG±SD: 1.01±0.66). The main risk factor for trematode infection was feeding animals with rice straw (odds ratio [OR]: 40.124); the risk of trematode infection was 40.142 times higher in buffaloes that consumed rice straw. Other risk factors included the frequency of anthelmintic treatment (OR: 4.666), age (OR: 0.449), and drinking water source (OR: 0.358). Trematode infection did not significantly affect the body weight or BCS of swamp buffaloes. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of trematode infection was high in swamp buffaloes, the intensity of infection was low, and the infection did not affect the animals' physical parameters.

ABSTRACT. Maggot Hermetia illucens (Maggot Black Soldier Fly, MBSF) is an alternative protein source besides soybean meal (SBM) which may be used as a feed for improving the quality of semen particularly in Garut rams to support prolific nature. The aims of this study were to analyzed and compare the impact of different protein sources in feed on semen quality of Garut rams, and to assess the prediction ability of Garut rams to serve ewe in small-scale breeders in West Java, Indonesia. This study was conducted using a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 4 replications, consisted of Brachiaria humidicola (BH) grass and T1 (concentrate contains 20% of SBM), T2 (concentrate contains 10% of SBM and 10% of MBSF), and T3 (concentrate contains 20% of MBSF). The parameters measured were feed consumption, semen quality (macroscopic and microscopic characteristics), also a potential ability of rams to serve ewe. The results showed there were no significant effect on protein consumption, semen volume, semen pH, semen color and consistency, sperm mass movement, sperm motility, sperm concentration, sperm morphology, and prediction potential ability to serve ewe. However, the result showed a significant effect (P0.05) on sperm viability and sperm plasma membrane integrity. Sperm plasma membrane integrity of ram feed with T3 was better than T1 and T2 (P0.05). The prediction potential ability rams to serve ewes on MBSF treatment was 38 heads, while in T1 and T2 were 43 and 57 heads, respectively. In conclusion, MBSF can be an alternative source of protein besides SBM to improve the semen quality of Garut rams. ABSTRAK. Maggot Hermetia illucens (Maggot Black Soldier Fly; MBSF) adalah sumber protein alternatif selain bungkil kedelai (SBM) yang dapat dipergunakan sebagai pakan untuk memperbaiki kualitas semen terutama pada domba Garut untuk mendukung sifat prolifik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis dan membandingkan dampak pemberian sumber protein berbeda terhadap kualitas semen domba Garut dan untuk menilai kemampuan domba Garut pejantan dalam melayani betina pada peternakan rakyat di Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan yang terdiri dari rumput Brachiaria humidicola (BH) dan T1 (konsentrat mengandung 20% SBM), T2 (konsentrat mengandung 10% SBM dan 10% MBSF), dan T3 (konsentrat mengandung 20% MBSF). Parameter yang diukur adalah konsumsi pakan, karakteristik semen (makroskopis dan mikroskopis) serta potensi domba jantan melayani betina. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada konsumsi protein pakan, volume semen, pH semen, warna dan konsistensi semen, gerakan massa sperma, motilitas sperma, konsentrasi sperma, morfologi sperma, dan prediksi potensi pejantan dalam melayani betina. Namun, hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan (P0.05) pada viabilitas sperma dan membran plasma utuh sperma. Membran plasma utuh pada perlakuan T3 lebih baik dibandingkan perlakuan T1 dan T2 (P0.05). Prediksi potensi betina terlayani dari pejantan yang diberi pakan MBSF adalah 38 ekor, sedangkan yang diberi SBM dan kombinasinya adalah 43 dan 57 ekor. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah MBSF dapat menjadi alternatif sumber protein selain bungkil kedelai dalam memperbaiki kualitas sperma domba Garut.

This research aims to determine the chemical composition of Garut lamb fed with bean sprout waste along with different feeding time. The subjects of this     research were 12 Garut sheep aged 6 to 7 months with the initial weight at 16.76 ± 2.09 kg (co-efficient of variation = 12.47%). Both of the given feed were consisted of 14% isopro-tein and 65% iso-total digestible nutrients (iso-TDN), which divided into R1 (40% for-age + 60% concentrate 1) and R2 (40% bean sprout waste + 60% concentrate 2). The research was conducted in a completely randomized design with 2x2 factorial and rep-licated 3 times. The first factor was two feed types (R1 and R2), while the     second factor was the feeding time (morning and afternoon). The obtained chemical composi-tion data of lamb were then analyzed with ANOVA. The results showed that the chem-ical composition of Garut lamb fed with bean sprout waste was similar to the lamb fed with forage. Moreover, the different feeding time did not show significant  differences as well (P>0.05), and there was no interaction between type of feed with feeding time to the chemical composition of Garut meat. The water, fat, protein, and ash content of Garut lamb fed with bean sprout waste were 77.09 ± 2.07%; 1.60 ± 0.69%; 16.66 ± 0.38%; and 0.42 ± 0.41%, while fed with forage were 73.25 ± 1.66%; 3.27 ± 2.02%; 17.68 ± 1.82%; and 0.48 ± 0.20%, respectively.

Background: One of the important minerals for growth is calcium to build new bone. Moringa oleifera has been known as high nutritional content and bioactive compound tree that could act as antioxidant and improved several diseases like diabetes, arthritis, cardiovascular. Phytochemical analyses have shown that Moringa oleifera contain of high macro minerals like calcium, potasium, magnesium, and phosphor. Several previous studies have shown that mineral nanoparticle have higher bioavailability than natural compounds.. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of moringa oleifera nanoparticle leaf on mineral serum and bone at growth stage of Sprague Dawley male rats. Methods: In this study, the pre and post controlled group design and complete random design was used. The subjects were 27 growing male Sprague dawley rats aged 2 month were devided into three group which received standard feed contain CaCO3 (control group), intervention feed contained 450nm and 750nm nano Moringa oleifera for 60 days. The data of the experiment was analyzed by paired T-test and Duncan test at 95% confidence level. Results: The result showed that there was no significance different for both of intervention group for mineral serum and fermur bone. While for the tibia bone, the result showed that the calcium, phosphor and magnesium were significantly increase (p

Etawah grade goat is a result of grading up line between Kacang and Etawah goats, which well adapted to Indonesia’s humid tropical climate. This goat is a dual-purpose goat breed for milk and meat production. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the polymorphism of fecundity genes through the investigation of four candidate genes for prolificacy, i.e., BMP15 (exon 1), BMPR1B (exon 1), KISS1 (exon 1), and KISS1 (intron 1) and their associations with the litter size of Etawah-Grade does. The diversity of BMP15 (exon 1), BMPR1B (exon 1), KISS1 (exon 1), and KISS1 (introns 1) genes were analyzed by the PCR-RFLP technique. A total of 106 of DNA samples were collected from Etawah-Grade does at BPTU-HPT Pelaihari in Pelaihari, South Kalimantan (51 heads) and Cordero Farm in Bogor, West Java (55 heads). Genetic polymorphisms between the two Etawah-Grade groups were calculated as well as their allele and genotype frequencies and the Polymorphic Informative Content (PIC). The Kruskal-Wallis one-factor ranked analysis of variance was used to determine whether there was any effect of genotype of the fecundity genes on litter size. The polymorphic information content (PIC) estimated at BPTU-HPT Pelaihari was 0.313, whereas at Cordero farm was 0.174, and overall PIC was 0.244. There was no association between genotypes of BMP15 (exon 1), BMPR1B (exon 1), KISS1 (exon 1), and KISS1 (intron 1) genes and litter size. Results indicated that BMP15 (exon 1) and KISS1 (exon 1) genes were monomorphic. However, the other two loci showed polymorphisms. The BMPR1B (exon 1) locus had two genotypes with the frequency for CC (96.23%) and for GG (3.77%), and KISS1 (intron 1) locus had three genotypes with the frequency for TT (80.19%), AT (17.92%), and AA (1.89%).

The atherosclerotic lesion is a principal hallmark of atherosclerotic animal models. This study aimed to assess lesions of the carotid artery in Indonesian cynomolgus monkeys exposed to an IPB-1 atherogenic diet. A total of 20 adult male cynomolgus monkeys received the local IPB-1 diet for two years. Blood lipid profiles, morphology, and carotid ultrasound of monkeys were measured. Nine of them were euthanized to confirm atherosclerotic lesions. Common carotid arteries (CCA) and carotid bifurcation (BIF) samples were collected and stained using Verhoef-van Giessen and CD68 immunohistochemistry. The results reveal the presence of severe atherosclerosis plaques in six out of nine animals (66.7%) corresponding to intermediately and hyper-responsive groups. The hyper-responsive group displayed the highest response in the developing intimal area (IA) at the CCA (0.821 mm2), whereas the hyporesponsive group had the smallest IA (0.045 mm2) (p = 0.0001). At the BIF, the hyporesponsive group showed the smallest IA (p = 0.001), but there was no difference between the intermediately and hyper-responsive groups (p = 0.312). The macrophage marker CD68 was also expressed on the cartotid of the intermediately and hyper-responsive groups. These results indicate that severe atherosclerotic lesions with high infiltration of macrophages were formed in the carotid arteries of intermediately and hyper-responsive Indonesian cynomolgus monkeys fed with the local atherogenic diet IPB-1 over two years, thus confirming atherosclerosis in a nonhuman primate model.

Background and Aim: This study was designed to determine the effects of a new atherogenic diet formulated at Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) (Bogor, Indonesia) on metabolic, morphometric, and carotid artery imaging of cynomolgus monkeys. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 adult male cynomolgus monkeys fed IPB-1 atherogenic diet for 1 year. Total plasma cholesterol (TPC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and morphometric measurements were evaluated at baseline and monthly during the study. Carotid plaques and intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured using ultrasonography at baseline and after 8 months of treatment. Results: This diet increased TPC, LDL, and TPC/HDL ratio and induced carotid atherosclerosis in this model. The TPC, LDL, and TPC/HDL ratio were positively associated; however, HDL was negatively associated with carotid plaques and IMT. Conclusion: The IPB-1 atherogenic diet formulated with locally and readily available ingredients provides an economically and scientifically feasible monkey model to study atherosclerosis in Indonesia and Southeast Asia.

The cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) is one of the most common nonhuman primates used as an animal model in biomedical research related to atherosclerosis. However, little is known about genetic variation in the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene, its effect on cholesterol levels, and associated risks of atherosclerosis. Therefore this study aimed to identify genetic polymorphisms, namely single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), within the promoter region of LDLR and their relationship with animal responsiveness to hypercholesterolemia due to an atherogenic diet. In this research, SNPs were studied using DNA isolated from 22 cynomolgus monkeys obtained from a previous study, consisting of two hyporesponders, 19 hyperresponders, and one extreme case. The result showed that two SNPs existed in the promoter region, namely g.−169T>C and g.−265G>A. SNP g.−265G>A showed linkages with extreme responsiveness and can be used as a potential genetic marker for extreme animals. The result of this study has extended our knowledge of polymorphism in the LDLR gene and its use in the selection of cynomolgus monkeys as animal models in research on hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet containing mung bean sprout waste (MBSW) and feeding times on the hematological profiles and metabolite status of garut lambs. Experimental design used in this study was a factorial randomized block design with two factors of diet and two feeding times. Two factors of diets were 60% concentrate 1+40% natural grass and 60% concentrate 2+40% MBSW. Feeding times were in the morning (6:00-7:00 am) or the evening (5:00-6:00 pm). The animals were reared in individual cages and fed with 5% DM/kg body weight/day. The hematological profiles of the goat were examined and analyzed with Anova. The results showed the treatment of rations significant effect on blood glucose, whereas feeding time very significant to glucose, erythrocytes and hemoglobin, and the interaction of both treatments significantly affect hemoglobin, hematocrit, and glucose level. Meanwhile,leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils/lymphocyte ratio (N/L), urea-N, and blood cholesterol were not affected by the treatments and their interactions. But overall the number of erythrocytes 8.72-12.78x106/mm3, hemoglobin 7.6-10.02 g/dL, leukocytes 8.94-12.27x103/mm3, neutrophils 33.00-52.20%, lymphocytes 38.80-52.40%, N/L 0.78-1.66, glucose 41.94-54.24 mg/dL, urea-N 29.91-35.87 mg/dL, and blood cholesterol 24.57-30.28 mg/dL. These results suggest that diets containing 40% MBSW together with a morning or an evening feeding time did not cause disturbances in haematological profile and blood metabolite status of garut lamb. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek ransum mengandung hijauan limbah tauge dan waktu pemberian yang berbeda terhadap profil hematologi dan status metabolit darah domba garut. Materi penelitian berupa 20 ekor domba garut berumur 6-7 bulan (bobot badan 15,42 ± 2,42 kg) dipelihara selama tiga bulan dan dikandangkan secara individu serta diberi pakan sebanyak 5% bahan kering/kg berat badan/hari. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok pola faktorial dengan dua perlakuan yaitu jenis ransum dan waktu pemberian pakan. Dua jenis ransum yang diformulasikan dengan basis bahan kering (BK) adalah Ransum 1 (60% konsentrat 1 + 40% rumput lapang) dan Ransum 2 (60% konsentrat 2 + 40% limbah tauge). Waktu pemberian pakan terdiri dari pemberian pakan pada pagi hari (06.00-07.00) dan sore hari (17.00-18.00). Pengambilan sampel darah dilakukan pada akhir bulan kedua setelah masa pemeliharaan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan sidik ragam. Perlakuan jenis ransum berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar glukosa darah. Waktu pemberian pakan berpengaruh nyata dan sangat nyata terhadap kadar glukosa, eritrosit dan hemoglobin. Interaksi kedua perlakuan tersebut berpengaruh nyata terhadap hemoglobin, hematokrit, dan glukosa darah. Leukosit, neutrofil, limfosit, rasio neutrofil/limfosit (N/L), urea-N, dan kolesterol darah tidak dipengaruhi oleh kedua perlakuan dan interaksinya. Secara keseluruhan jumlah eritrosit 8,72-12,78 x 106/mL, hemoglobin 7,6-10,02 g/dL, leukosit 8,94-12,27 x 103/mL, neutrofil 33,00-52,20%, limfosit 38,80-52,40%, N/L 0,78-1,66, glukosa 41,94-54,24 mg/dL, urea-N 29,91-35,87 mg/dL, dan kolesterol darah 24,57-30,28 mg/dL. Simpulan penelitian adalah ransum yang mengandung 40% limbah tauge dengan waktu pemberian pakan pagi atau sore hari tidak menyebabkan gangguan pada profil hematologis dan status metabolit darah domba garut.

The effectiveness of atherogenic diet in raising plasma cholesterol level of cynomolgus macaques(Macaca fascicularis) can be predicted for population, but not for individuals.This study aimed to evaluatethe individual plasma cholesterol of cynomolgus macaques in response to IPB-1 atherogenic diet. Theanimals under study were 22 adult malemonkeys from the animal facility of Primate Research CenterBogor Agricultural University (PSSP IPB). All animals were intervened with the IPB-1 atherogenic diet forthree months and individual plasma cholesterol wasevaluated in a monthly basis.The results showedthat the monkeys’ plasma cholesterol had increased significantly (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of Black soldier fly (BSF) larva extract. The BSF larva was extracted using methanol and then tested for antibacterial activity using agar diffusion method (zone growth inhibition). The antibacterial activity was conducted against Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli, two important bacterial strains in poultry, using six dilution levels (10 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, 80 mg/ml, 160 mg/ml and 320 mg/ml). All the results were subjected analyze using t-test method. Based on the diameter of the inhibition zone, the BSF larva extract has a strong (P

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of heat stress on thermoregulation, haematology, and productivity of Holstein Friesian (HF) dairy cows raised in different elevations. A total of 63 HF in a normal lactation period were used in this study. The research was conducted for 3 months during dry season in three different areas, which were at Pondok Ranggon (97 m.a.s.l) which categorized as a lowland, Ciawi (576 m.a.s.l) which categorized as a lower-upland, and Lembang (1241 m.a.s.l) which categorized as an upland. Observation on microclimate aspects which includes environmental temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH) and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) was done by recording each variable for every 2 hours starting from 08.00 to 16.00 WIB. The thermoregulation analysis was done based on the given physiological responses which consisted of the skin temperature (Ts), rectal temperature (Tr), body temperature (Tb), heart rate (Hr), respiratory rate (Rr), Heat Tolerance Coefficient (HTC), plasma cortisol level and haematological profile observation. The Ta, Rr, and THI measurements showed that in the lowland and lower-upland, the HF experienced moderate heat stress, while the HF raised in the upland area experienced less heat stress. The results showed that the dairy cows which raised in lowland had the highest HTC, Tr, Ts and Tb (P

Dried yogurt is one of yogurt product development innovations. Beside increases the shelf life, dried yogurt is also ore practical because it reduces the volume to the easier distribution process. Dried yogurt enriched by Difructose Anhydride III as functional food in increasing calcium absorption is useful as osteoporosis prevention. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of dried yogurt enriched by DFA III from dahlia and chicory tubers as functional drink on physicochemical, microbiology, and organoleptic properties. The research stages include: (1) The production of dried yogurt without enrichment (Y), with DFA III enrichment from dahlia tubers (YD), and with DFA III commercial enrichment from chicory tubers (YC), (2) The test for physicochemical, microbiology, and organoleptic properties.The results showed that the purity level of DFA III from dahlia tubers was 96.0% and commercial DFA III from chicory tubers was 99.9%. The best results were obtained from the dried yogurt enriched by DFA III from dahlia which produced yield of 14.90±1.27% and dried yogurt enriched by DFA III from chicory tubers (YC) which produced yield of 14.71±1.69% (p

Tonkean macaques are one of seven endemic macaque species on Sulawesi Island. Feeding management in captivity should pay attention to the quality, palatability, and feeding behavior patterns of animals. The goal of this study was to compare the feeding behavior of two social groups of Tonkean macaques at Schmutzer Primates Center (SPC) and Ragunan Zoo (RZ) with different captive management, which was expected to affect feeding behavior. Ad libitum sampling was used to observe daily behavior and hierarchy, while focal animal sampling was used to observe feeding behavior and feed preference. Data were collected from September 2013 until March 2014 with a total of 495 hours of observations. There were significant differences between the daily behavior of two groups of Tonkean macaques. Resting behavior was dominant in RZ group with non-enrichment feed cage, while feeding behavior was more common in the SPC group with an enrichment feed cage. The SPC group spent most of their feeding time in searching for feed, while choosing, carrying and refusing were greater in the RZ group. Both Tonkean macaque groups showed individual dominance in their feeding behavior. Provisioned feed in both locations had different diversity and preference values. The selection of feed required was based on preference values with attention to Tonkean macaques’ feed in nature. Cage construction, such as the SPC cage, was able to reduce abnormal behavior exhibited by individuals.

This study was aimed to evaluate the physiological status, blood profiles and body composition of sheep fed with Ca-saponified lemuru oil coated by herbs. Twenty fat-tailed sheep (av. BW 23±1.2 kg) were used in this experiment by using Completely Randomized Design with five treatments ration and four replications of each. Sheep fed with concentrate containing 3% Ca-saponified lemuru oil and king grass (1:1) ad libitum. Treatments were control diet without herbs (R1); Ca-saponified lemuru oil coated by curcumae domestica (R2); coated by Zingiber officinale Rosc (R3); coated by Eugenia polyantha (R4) and coated by Pluchea indica Less (R5). Data of physiological parameters were measured three times a day, in the morning, at noon and afternoon. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment through jugular vein, together with zero sample for Urea Space measurement. The variables observed were physiological data (heart rate, respiration rate, and rectal temperature), blood profiles (erythrocyte, hemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), leucocytes) and body composition (water, protein and fat) measured using Urea Space technique. Results of the study showed that sheep fed with Ca-saponified lemuru oil coated by herbs was not significantly different on heart rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature among treatments. Meanwhile, total leucocytes, neutrophil cell, and lymphocytes significantly increased (P

The study aimed to identify genetic variation of cDNA sequence from low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene of hyporesponder cynomolgus macaques. The animal used in this study was one hyporesponder cynomolgus macaque obtained from selection result in Primate Research Center-Bogor Institute of Agriculture (PSSP IPB). Amplification of cDNA from LDLR gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with 4 pairs of walking primer. Alignment of amplification result sequence from 4 pairs of walking primer generated target sequence of 2353 bp which located on position 188-2540. Analysis of target sequence alignment on reference sequence in GenBank found 8 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), namely c408CT; c.1200CT; c.1497CT; c.1644TC; 1791TC; 1804AG; 2088CT; and 2377GA. Of 8 SNPs, c.1804AG and 2377GA. Two SNP (c.1804AG; dan 2377GA) caused changing of amino acids composition namely p.K602E (lysine → glutamate) and p.V793I (valine → isoleucine). This result proved the potential use of genetic variation of cDNA sequence from LDLR gene as genetic marker for selection of hyporesponder cynomolgus macaques.

Carrageenan is example of food with high content of fiber. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of carrageenan supplementations on blood lipid parameters of hypercholesterolemic male mice. The experiment were done at animal cages Departemen of Biology Education, Indonesia University of Education and Fisiology Laboratory Faculty of Veteriner Medicine, Bogor Agricultural Institute on August 2011 until March 2012. The experimental mice were assigned into a completely randomized design with 5 treatments i.e., negative control group; normocholesterolemic mice fed with a standard diet, positive control group; hypercholesterolemic mice fed with a standard diet without carrageenan supplementation, treatments group; hypercholesterolemic mice feds with supplemented with 15%, 30%, and 46% carrageenan. The nonsoluble content of dietary fiber in the experimental treatments were 6.92, 8.75, 10.48, 12.27, and 14.05%, respectively. The parameters measured were body weight, cholesterol levels of blood serum, liver and feces, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and glucose levels. Supplementation of carrageenan as a source of dietary fiber increased serum HDL concentrations, and decreased body weight, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL concentrations of hypercholesterolemic male mice without a significant effect on serum glucose consentrations. Hypercholesterolemic mice fed with a supplemented with 46% carrageenan decreased body weight by 7.99%, total serum cholesterol by 18.78%, triglyceride by 17.53%, LDL by 71.33%, and increased HDL by 15.59 - 20.47%. Carrageenan supplementation reduce liver cholesterol levels by 38.46% and increased cholesterol excretion through feces by 57.07%. Supplementation of 46% carrageenan in hipercholesterolemic fed is effective in improving blood lipid parameters of hypercholesterolemic male mice.

Dietary fiber is widely used as a functional food and recommended to reduce blood lipid level to prevent hypercholesterolemia. An experiment was conducted on the effects of rice bran that has high dietary fiber content on blood lipid parameters of hypercholesterolemic male mice, which was conducted at the Biology Education Department animal cages, Indonesia University of Education and the Veterinary Medicine Faculty Laboratory, Bogor Agricultural Institute from August 2011 to March 2012. The mice were randomly assigned into groups with 5 different treatments: negative control group i.e. normocholesterol mice with a standard diet without rice bran; positive control group i.e. hypercholesterolemic mice with a standard diet without rice bran; and groups with hypercholesterolemic mice with 16%, 38%, and 75% rice bran supplements. The parameters were body weight as well as blood serum, liver and feces cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) and glucose levels. Body weight, blood serum and liver cholesterol as well as triglyceride and LDL concentrations decreased while serum HDL-c and feces cholesterol increased without any significant effect on blood glucose concentration with rice bran supplement. Supplementation of rice bran by 57% (14.30% of nonsoluble dietary fiber content) decreased body weight, total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-c of 10.31%, 17.28%, 28.63%, and 79.35%, respectively, and increased HDL-c by 24.41%. Rice bran supplement reduced liver cholesterol levels by 57.76% and increased fecal cholesterol excretion by 39.68%. In conclusion, 57% rice bran supplementation is effective to improve blood lipid parameters of hypercholesterolemic male mice by increasing feces excretion and decreasing body weight with no change in blood glucose level.

Jatropha curcas meal (JCM) is very potential as protein source for poultry. The JCM contained high crude protein, i.e. 56,4-63,8% (without hull) and 22,39-31,41% (hulled JCM). JCM serves as a highly nutritious and economic protein supplement in animal feed, if the toxins and antinutrients contained in the JCM are removed. The toxic compounds isolated from jatropha seed include curcin, phorbolesters, and the antinutrients include antitrypsins, tannin, saponin, phytic acid, and high fiber. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of feeding fermented JCM on the performances of kampong chickens. In this study, tempeh fungi (fungi using in fermenting soybean) used to ferment the JCM. Two hundred kampung chickens were used in this experiment and reared from day old up to 10 weeks of age. The data analyzed with a Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatment diets and 4 replications, with 10 birds in each replicate. The experimental diets were: T0 (the control diet, without Jatropha curcas meal), T1 (the diet contained 5% untreated Jatropha curcas meal), T2 (the diet contained 5% fermented Jatropha curcas meal + cellulase 200 ml/ton of feed), T3 (the diet contained 5% fermented Jatropha curcas meal + 1000 FTU phytase), and T4 (the diet contained 5% fermented Jatropha curcas meal + cellulase 200 ml/ton + 1000 FTU phytase). The results showed that there were no significant difference on the parameters observed due to the treatments. Feeding fermented Jatropha curcas meal supplemented with cellulase + phytase(T4) yielded the final body weight and feed conversion ratio similar to those the control (T0) diet. There was no mortality observed in all treatments. Using JCM 5% in the diet is safe for the kampong chickens

High carbohydrate as obese diet is not yet available commercially for monkeys. Therefore, this preliminary study was to carry out nutrient intake and digestibility of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) fed with high soluble carbohydrate diet compared to monkey chow. Five adult female macaques (average body weight 2.67 kg) were made to consume freshly diet. Commercial monkey chows (contains 3500 cal/g energy and 35% starch) were fed to three adult females (average body weight 3.62 kg). Nutrient intakes and digestibility parameters were measured using modified metabolic cages. Result showed that average of protein, fat, starch, and energy intakes in treatment diet were higher than control diet (T-test). Fat intake in the treatment diet was three times higher, while starch and energy intakes were almost two times higher than monkey chow. Digestibility percentage of all nutrients were the same in both diets except for the protein. The study concludes that the freshly prepared high sugar diet was palatable and digestible for the cynomolgus monkeys. Further studies are in progress to develop obese diet high in energy content based on fat and source of starch treatments.

Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) has been used extensively as a drug, which is advertised with a varietyof benefits, such as can increase endurance, improve productivity. Those statements have not been provedscientifically. The results of this study, are expected to provide some information to the public regardingthe true benefits of Morinda citrifolia. The aims of this research were to study the effect of Noni (Morindacitrifolia) fruit extract given to broilers to their antibody titers and the counts of lymphocytes, basophils,eosinophils, monocytes, heterophils, and leukocytes. Production performance of these chickens was alsostudied. One hundred and sixty Cobb’s strain of broilers were used in this researh and were divided intofour groups of treatments which were divided into four experiment units which each comprised of tenchickens. Mengkudu fruit extract was given for 14 consecutive days orally using doses 0.0 g, 0.1 g , 0.5 g, and1.0 g per kilogram of body weight (kbw). The chickens utilized as control (0.0 g /gbw) were given only thesame plain water which was used to extract the fruits. The blood sampling were collected at the 3rd, 5th, 14th,and 21st days of the research. The study showed mengkudu fruit extract given at dose of 0.5 g/kbw was ableto elevate immune response (antibody) significantly if given in seven succesive days, and maintain toperform as an antiallergic when the extract given at dose 0.1, 0.5, dan 1.0 g/kww for 5 consecutive days. Butthe effect on the production performance had never been observed at all level of the dose and duration ofobservation.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of low dose nicotine on the profile of blood glucose and â-cell of pancreatic islets. Fourteen adult (aged 6 – 8 years) male cynomolgus monkeys grouped based ontheir Body Mass Index (BMI) into preobese (BMI=23.65 – 25.00) and obese (BMI e” 26.00) were used inthis study. Subsequently animals were grouped into four: (i) preobese monkeys with nicotine (pOb+), (ii)obese monkeys with nicotine (Ob+), (iii) preobese monkeys without nicotine (pOb-), and (iv) obese monkeyswithout nicotine (Ob-). Animals in the nicotine groups were fed with high fat diet mixed with nicotine dose0.5–0.75mg/kg body weight/day for three months and the others were fed Monkey Chow® only as thecontrol group. Blood samples were collected every month for glucose analysis and necropsy was performedat the end of study. Pancreas tissues were processed histologically and stained using immunohistochemicalmethod. The results showed that the blood glucose either preobese (28.37%) or obese (33.72%) animals inthe nicotine groups significantly decrease (p