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The marketing strategy needs serious attention because the marketing process with the right marketing channels can provide the best selling price because it has an impact on increasing farmers' income. In 1990, farmers implemented direct marketing channels. On the other hand, the last two decades have shown that farmers' dependence on belantik is higher compared to direct marketing channels. A study to identify the role of belantik needs to be carried out to determine the basis of livestock farmers' dependence on belantik as an intermediary in the marketing channel for Bali cattle in Bali Province. The method used is a literature review. The results of the study show that marketing of Bali cattle in Bali Province is still dominated by indirect marketing involving belantik to market livestock to inter-island traders and slaughterers. The high dependence of farmers on belantik is due to the farmers' weak bargaining power, such as small livestock ownership scale, high transportation costs, unavailability of capital, livestock as a side business, lack of entrepreneurial spirit, no livestock price standards, and farmers lack skills in estimating body weight which allows livestock not to be sold or sold at low prices. This condition shows that belantik has quite an important role in marketing bali cattle in Bali Province.

This study aims to analyze the effect of marketing strategy and marketing capability on marketing performance at the FIBA Basketball international event in Indonesia. The RBV theory explains that good use of resources will increase value. The effectiveness of resource utilization is reflected in marketing performance which can be determined by a good marketing strategy and marketing capabilities. This study shows that marketing strategy and marketing capability have a positive and significant effect on marketing performance at the FIBA Basketball international event held in Indonesia. The ability to market and determine strategies is an important indicator of the success of organizing basketball sporting events in Indonesia.

The Tinospora genus is widely utilized because of its numerous bioactive compounds. This work aimed to isolate the bioactive constituents and antibacterial activities of the T. cordifolia plant. Maceration, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography plates were utilized to identify and visualize the extracted and isolated compounds. Total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts and active fractions were also analysed. Substances were identified through their molecular structure and molecular mass. The names, molecular weights, and structures of the components of the test materials were verified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMQC, and HMBC). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 3294, 156, and 32 µg/mL for the crude extract, active fraction, and isolate of T. cordifolia, respectively. The total phenol active fraction was 38.44 mg GAE/g, while the total flavonoid content was 79.46 mg QE/g. N-trans-Feruloyltyramine or Moupinamide, a phenol group compound with a molecular ion weight of 314 m/z (M + H)+, was successfully isolated as the bioactive compound. The moupinamide isolate may be responsible for the antibacterial activity of T. cordifolia in this work. Our findings indicate that the bioactive isolate from T. cordifolia is a potential source of green material and exhibits the potential to inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm, which is responsible for microbial corrosion.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium that causes metal deterioration by forming biofilms on metal surfaces. This work was carried out to analyze the antibacterial activity and the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the Moringa oleifera leaf extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. M. oleifera leaves were extracted in a methanol solution at different concentrations. The M. oleifera leaf extract yields were 12.84%, 18.96%, and 19.64% for the 100%, 75%, and 50% methanol ratios, respectively. Extracts of M. oleifera leaves had a minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) of approximately 6144 μg/mL against P. aeruginosa for a ratio of 100% methanol. In addition, no antibacterial activity was found for the 75% and 50% methanol ratios. The total phenolic levels were 16.26%, 12.73%, and 12.33% for the 100%, 75%, and 50% methanol solvent ratios, respectively. The total amounts of flavonoids were 23.32%, 3.40%, and 0.64% for the 100%, 75%, and 50% methanol solvents, respectively. The chemical structure of M. oleifera consists of kaemferol-3-O-rutinoside, quercimeritrin, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, stearidonic acid, trichosanic acid, pyrophaeophorbide A, and stigmastan-3,6-dione. The concentration of the solvent is essential in the extraction of plant constituents. Different concentrations indicate differences in antibacterial activity, phenolic and flavonoid contents, and chemical structure.

Background: Increased lipase activity can increase the amount of monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed by the body, this is what affects obesity. If pancreatic lipase activity is inhibited, the production of fatty acids will decrease, consequently the level of fat in the blood will also decrease. Objective: To study anti obesity potential of a single herb or a mixture of green tea and other herbs (Syzygium polyanthum. Lv, Artocarpus communis.Lv, Cinnamomum verum..Lv, Manilkara zapota.Lv, Tectona grandis.Lv) by the in vitro inhibition assay of the lipase enzyme activity Method: A single (8 herbs) or a mixture of three herbs powder (12 formulas) was put into a tea bag with a total weight of 1.5 g to be brewed in 100 mL bottled mineral water at 70⁰-90⁰C for 10 minutes. In vitro lipase enzyme inhibition assay were conducted to measure the ability of these samples as lipase inhibitor. Orlistat used as positive lipase inhibitor. Results: There was a difference results of lipase inhibition activity between the sample of a single and a mixture of herbs. Interestingly, the results shows that formula 3 (mixture of green tea, Manilkara zapota and cinnamon). has 53.942 % inhibition, formula 9 (a mixture of green tea, Syzygium polyanthum and cinnamon) has 67.322 % inhibition and formula 12 (a mixture of green tea, Tectona grandis and cinnamon) has 56.612 % inhibition which close to lipase inhibitory activity by standard Orlistat. Conclusion: The mixture of green tea and two other herbs has a lipase inhibitory activity similar to Orlistat, when compared to the single herb. The highest lipase inhibitory activity is found in formula 9.

Latar belakang: Bandung memiliki daerah perkotaan dengan kualitas bangunan rumah yang memadai, namun masih memiliki kasus endemik Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik kejadian demam berdarah di tingkat rumah tangga. Metode: Data dianalisis dari 781 rumah tangga yang terdiri dari 261 kasus dan 522 kontrol. Pemilihan sampel menggunakan metode kasus kontrol berpasangan dengan rasio 1:2. Tahapan penelitian terdiri dari pengamatan status rumah menggunakan form ceklis pemeriksaan dan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner tertutup. Analisis data korelasi pairwise spearmen, kemudian regresi logistik biner digunakan untuk prediksi faktor risiko. Hasil: Faktor risiko usia produktif dan rendahnya tingkat pendidikan kepala keluarga, toilet yang kotor, dan status rumah tidak sehat memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan kasus demam berdarah di Kota Bandung ((p

The laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection comprises the informational cornerstone in the effort to contain the infections. Therefore, the ability to leverage laboratories' capacity in diagnostic testing and to increase the number of people being tested are critical. This paper reviews the readiness of Indonesian laboratories during the early months of the pandemic. It discusses the success of cross-sectoral collaboration among previously siloed national and sub-national government institutions, international development agencies, and private sector stakeholders. This collaboration managed to scale-up the COVID-19 referral laboratory network from one Ministry of Health NIHRD laboratory in the capital to 685 laboratories across 34 provinces. However, this rapid growth within 12 months since the first Indonesian case was discovered remained insufficient to cater for the constantly surging testing demands within the world's fourth most populous country. Reflecting on how other countries built their current pandemic preparedness from past emergencies, this paper highlights challenges and opportunities in workforce shortage, logistic distribution, and complex administration that need to be addressed.

Genome mining study showed that marine-derived Streptomyces sp. GMY01 is a potential actinobacteria with abundant of secondary metabolite and anticancer activity. The study aimed to evaluate bioassay guided fractionation for antiplasmodial screening of GMY01 extract and to predict compound on active fractions. Ethyl acetate fraction was obtained from 11 days fermentation product of GMY01 and then it was fractionated using n-hexane and methanol solvent. Refractionated was applied using flash chromatography and column chromatography. Antiplasmodial assay was performed on Plasmodium falciparum FCR3 by microscopic method using thin blood smear + Giemsa stain, and flow cytometry method using SYBR Green I stain. Toxicity assay was performed on Vero cells line. Main constituent of active fraction was analyzed using LCMS/MS. The result of the study showed that ethyl acetate-methanol fraction has high antiplasmodial activity (IC50=3.96 µg/mL) with very low toxicity on Vero cells (IC50=30,072 µg/mL). Bioassay guided fractionation resulted F4.7 as highest Plasmodium inhibition (94.3% at 5 µg/mL) and was confirmed by microscopic and flow cytometry assay. Main constituent analysis showed C10H13NO (163.09971 Da) as mayor compound and predicted as nonribosomal polyketide synthetase (NRPS) secondary metabolite.

The nosocomial persistence of multiple drug resistance organisms constitutes a global threat. Healthcare-setting acquired infections are subject to substantial selection pressure and are frequently associated with drug resistance. As part of the microbiological surveillance of the Sanglah tertiary referral hospital in the island province of Bali, the distribution of bacterial pathogen and their relative susceptibilities were recorded over a 30 months period. This is the first such detailed study benchmarking the type and sensitivity of bacterial pathogens in a major tertiary referral hospital within Indonesia and it is hoped that it will lead to similar reports in the near future, while informing local and national antimicrobial stewardship policies.

Since it may rehabilitate phenol without creating secondary waste, the liquid membrane Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) technique has recently been the focus of several investigations. This study employed the PIM approach to phenol transport utilizing the carrier Poly-Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (Poly-BADGE) at 1:1 and 3:1 polyeugenol to BADGE ratios. Numerous phenol transport parameters were investigated, including the impact of pH on the phenol source phase, the concentration on the sodium hydroxide receiving phase, membrane thickness, and the time of the phenol transport process using the PIM technology. Dissolving the carrier, polyvinyl chloride, and dibenzyl ether in tetrahydrofuran solvent produced an elastic and porous PIM. UV-Vis Spectrophotometer was then used, along with the addition of a 4-amino antipyrine reagent, to ascertain the phenol content following transport. The wavelength at which absorbance was measured was 460 nm. The findings from the research suggest that, given optimal conditions such as a source phase 5.5 pH, a receiving phase concentration of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide, a membrane thickness of T54 type PIM membrane, and a transport time of 24 hours phenol can be effectively transported using PIM with Poly-BADGE carriers at ratios of 1:1 and 3:1, achieving transport efficiencies of 57.31% and 85.30%, respectively. The BADGE was examined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) before and after transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two flavonoid compounds, 5,7,3’,4’-tetrahydroxy-6-geranylflavonol (1) and kaempferol 7-O-β-glucose (2) have been isolated from the leaves of Macaranga hispida (Blume), Mull.Arg. Isolation and purification were conducted by chromatography methods and chemical structure characterization was carried out by spectroscopic methods. The 5,7,3’,4’-tetrahydrxyi-6-geranyl flavonol (1) and kaempferol 7-O-glucose (2) had moderate cytotoxic activity against murine leukemia P-388 cell lines with IC50 value of 0.22 and 101.5 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 for antioxidant activities of (1) and (2) were 2.83 and 13.95 μg/mL, respectively. The LC50 of (1) and (2) from BSLT were 350 and >1000 μg/mL, respectively.

One outcome of the globalization process is the growing influence and dominance of American popular culture. The speed with which American music, films, and goods have flooded the markets worldwide is remarkably high, thanks to the advancement of telecommunication technologies and the Internet. Increased cultural transfer or, more precisely, internationalization of American culture has posed both fear and fascination to other cultures. How do people in the academia respond to this conundrum of cross-cultural contacts? What do we teach when we teach popular culture? What viable research in American popular culture is encouraged so as to result in impartially beneficial impacts for society at large? This paper is to argue that one can become an avid learner or critic of a certain culture when s/he finds meaningful connections between that culture and life itself. The teaching of American popular culture in the English Department, for instance, has to be locally contextualized, learner-participant oriented, and socially self-actualized. In this way, American Studies outside the U. S. may in turn become less centralized as the interchange of cross-cultural understanding takes place concurrently.

Studies have shown the antidiabetic effect of turmeric and garlic. However their mechanism of action remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of three turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and garlic extracts (Allium sativum L.), that are, hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract on blood glucose levels with glucose tolerance test. Furthermore the most effective extracts and its active compound (curcuminoid and S-methyl cysteine) tested with insulin tolerance test. Forty Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups that was normal group, group that treated with a high fat emulsion (control group) and remaining groups were treated with a high fat emulsion and turmeric extract 50 mg/kgBW, garlic extract 50 mg/kgBW, curcuminoid 25 mg/kgBW, S-methyl cysteine 25 mg/kgBW, turmeric-garlic extract combination each 25 mg/kgBW and curcuminoid-S-methyl cysteine combination each 12,5 mg/kgBW for 10 days. Insulin resistance was evaluated by insulin tolerance test. This study conducted from August–October 2010 at Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati (SITH) Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB). Results of this study showed that insulin tolerance test constanta (KITT) were bigger in animals that treated with garlic extract (7.2±0.84), curcuminoid (7.14±0.74) and combination of curcuminoid-S-methyl cysteine (7.46±0.64) compared with positive control group (3.2±1.92). In conclusions garlic extract, curcuminoid and combination of curcuminoid and S-methyl cysteine improve insulin sensitivity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) still exhibit dominant contribution to the economy. SMEs manage to absorb greater labor force and to survive the economic crisis. Various efforts to empower SMEs have been less successful. Financing constraint, low quality of human resources, and limited marketing competence have been the typical problems of SMEs that harm SMEs' performance. Despite these problems, SMEs still manage to survive. METHODS: Using the sampling method of stratified random sampling with area strata, this study generates 203 small business units as the sample. The research was conducted by using accidental sampling. The quantitative and qualitative data are from primary and secondary sources. The data was collected by using observation, interview, and in-depth interview. The variables in this research was analyzed by using path analysis. FINDINGS: Social capital positively affect SMEs' financing as indicated by the significance value of 0.000 (< α= 5%). The stronger social capital of SMEs implied greater access of external financing sources. Social capital, and SMEs' financing positively affect SMEs' performance with 1% confidence level, and human resources positively affect SMEs' performance with 6% confidence level. The finding shown the stronger social capital and human resources increases SMEs performance. CONCLUSION: The results show that social capital and SMEs' financing positively affect SMEs' performance, and human resources positively affect SMEs' performance. The results imply that stronger social capital and human resources increases SMEs performance. Social capital facilitates access to finance, marketing, production, and information. The results shows that human resources affect SMEs' performance. Social capital and human resources positively affect SMEs' financing. Similarly, social capital, human resources, and financing positively affect SMEs' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In thalassemia patients, routine transfusion is one of the given therapies, but this can lead to accumulation of iron which possibly leads to liver fibrosis. Serum ferritin levels are used to evaluate iron over load and correlate with liver iron concentration. Assessment of liver fibrosis, biopsy remains a gold standard, but the method is invasive. However, today many noninvasive methods are developed simple, one of which is the AST to platelet ratio index (APRI). Objectives: To analyze the association of serum ferritin levels and AST to platelet ratio index scores in thalassemia patients who received the chronic transfusion. Methods: Thalassemia patients who have had routine transfusions for more than 5 months or more than 10 bags regularly and no splenectomy has ever been performed. Serum ferritin levels were measured by the Enzyme-Linked Fluorescence Assay method, APRI scores were calculated using the formula (AST/threshold on normal AST value) x 100]/platelet count (109/L). Statistical analysis of the relationship between serum ferritin and APRI score by using Spearman correlation test (p <0.05). Results: Most of the subjects were male (66.67%) and gained thalassemia beta major (61.11%) by age 26.14 ± 7.39 years. The results of measurement of serum ferritin 5011.49 ± 2595.33 ng/ml and APRI score 1.16 ± 1.10. Statistical analysis showed that there was a weak and significant positive correlation between serum ferritin level and APRI score in thalassemia patients with chronic transfusion (r = 0.355; p = 0.033). Conclussion: In this study, APRI scores have not been used to assess the presence of liver fibrosis that caused by elevated serum ferritin level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tinospora genus is widely utilized because of its numerous bioactive compounds. This work aimed to isolate the bioactive constituents and antibacterial activities of the T. cordifolia plant. Maceration, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography plates were utilized to identify and visualize the extracted and isolated compounds. Total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts and active fractions were also analysed. Substances were identified through their molecular structure and molecular mass. The names, molecular weights, and structures of the components of the test materials were verified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMQC, and HMBC). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 3294, 156, and 32 µg/mL for the crude extract, active fraction, and isolate of T. cordifolia , respectively. The total phenol active fraction was 38.44 mg GAE/g, while the total flavonoid content was 79.46 mg QE/g. N- trans -Feruloyltyramine or Moupinamide, a phenol group compound with a molecular ion weight of 314 m / z (M + H)+, was successfully isolated as the bioactive compound. The moupinamide isolate may be responsible for the antibacterial activity of T. cordifolia in this work. Our findings indicate that the bioactive isolate from T. cordifolia is a potential source of green material and exhibits the potential to inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm, which is responsible for microbial corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of 2-allylphenyl cinnamate has been done via coupling reaction between cinnamic acid and 2-allyl phenol catalyzed by DCC/DMAP. Their preliminary toxicity activity evaluation was calculated using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Synthesis of the title compound was performed in 2 steps. Firstly, trans methyl cinnamate isolated from Alpinia malaccensis was hydrolyzed to cinnamic acid using 2 M ethanolic NaOH to gave trans cinnamic acid. Secondly coupling reaction of cinnamic acid and 2-allyl phenol was conducted using DCC as activator and DMAP as catalyst in cyclohexane. Structure elucidation was performed using LC-MS, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR. Spectroscopic data collected were confirmed that product obtained from coupling reaction is 2-allylphenyl cinnamate. Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) activity evaluation of this compound showed that 2-allylphenyl cinnamate with LC 50 100.796 μg/mL has higher activity compared to their starting material with LC 50 120.470 μg/mL [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new prenylated flavonoid compound 5,7,3’,4’-tetrahydroxy-3,6-diprenylflavone (1) has been isolated from methanol extract of the leaves of Macaranga gigantifolia Merr. Isolation was performed using chromatography methods and their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data. cytotoxic activity against murine leukemia P-388 cell line conducted using MTT method. Compound 1 showed strong cytotoxic activity with IC 50 value 6.19 μg/mL [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]