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Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising technology for wet manure treatment by converting animal manure into valuable fuels, materials, and chemicals. Among other HTC process parameters, the temperature influences HTC products the most. As various animal manures have different compositions, it is not certain how the HTC temperature influences the hydrochar and HTC process liquid. To evaluate the temperature's effect on HTC, three different manures (poultry, swine, and dairy) were hydrothermally carbonized at three different temperatures (180, 220, and 260 °C), and solid and liquid products were characterized for their morphology, elemental compositions, and ions. The carbon contents of the hydrochar reached as high as 38.98 ± 0.36% and 40.05 ± 0.57% for poultry and swine manure, respectively, when these manures were treated at 260 °C. Ammonium showed an around 30% increase in poultry manure hydrochar with the increase in the HTC temperature. In contrast, in swine manure, it decreased by around 80%, and in dairy manure, the HTC temperature did not have any remarkable effect on the ammonium content. The process liquids from HTC of dairy manure at 220 °C showed the most balanced distribution of different ions, with 4970 ± 673 ppm of sodium, 4354 ± 437 ppm of ammonium, 2766 ± 417 ppm of potassium, 978 ± 82 ppm of magnesium, 953 ± 143 ppm of calcium, 3607 ± 16 ppm of chloride, and 39 ± 7 ppm of phosphate. These results emphasize the manure-specific effects of the HTC temperature on both solid and liquid products, indicating the need for optimized strategies to enhance HTC processes for various types of animal manures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 9.8 billion heads of cattle and poultry raised in the US each year generate up to 1.4 billion tons of manure. Untreated Animal inanure from factory furms is produced at a rate about 13 times higher than that of the US population, degrading the environinent, emitting offensive scents, and posing health risks to the woi·kers and the surrounding community. Farmers are collecting and storing that manure iii retention ponds or composting it and using it as fertilizer. These practices are not good for the environinent 01· not enough for this volume of waste. Meanwhile. hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a chemical technology in which heat is applied to wet biomass feedstocks, and they convert to biochar. This process can be used to process wet manure derived from livestock farming and solve the environmental pollution from livestock fanning. Hence, this study aims to apply HTC on different inanures at different temperatures and determine the effect of temperature on Solid and liquid product characteristics from HTC. Manure was collected froin Poultry, Swine, and Dairy farms, Deionized water was added to Poultry Manure, and Swine manure and Dairy inanure were strained to make the solid-to-liquid ratio 1: 10. Hydrochar and Process Liquid were derived from liydrothermal Carbonization on animal manure at 180,220, and 260 00 to analyze the effect of temperature on solid and liquid product characteristics. Elemental analysis and surface morphology were done on hydrochar through CHNS analysis, Therinogravimetric analysis, FTIR, and SEM EDX. Ion analysis on processed liquid and digested hydrochar was done with ion chi·omatography. The thermal stability of hydrochar of animal manure was more than that of dried raw manure, and it increased with temperature. The distribution of essential elements with different temperatures was different for each manure. Hydrochar from Poultry and Swine manure produced chemically enriched solid products; for Dairy manure, process liquid was more enriched than hydrochar. pH. DO. and Conductivity measurements of different process liquids supported that distribution. In conclusion, 1-ITC can be used as an effective manure management technology for various manures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]