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Background: Depending on the duration, acute diarrhea is defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day lasting for 0.05). Conclusion: Both probiotic preparations were almost equally effective in achieving normal stool consistency and frequency in patients with acute diarrhea.

Background: The most important changes during puberty are secondary sexual characters. Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the mean testicular volume (MTV) by Prader orchidometer at different stages of pubertal development. Materials and Methods: Children between 10 and 18 years of age (sample size 525) from schools of Udaipur city were included in the study. Children, who underwent major surgery or having any systemic disorders, were excluded from the study. TV assessment was done by Prader’s orchidometer with Tanner staging and correlation was statistically analyzed. Results: The maximum boys belonged to 15–16 years of age group (14.7%), and 9.3% of boys were in 10–11 years of age group. The secondary sexual characters were observed to increase with the increase in MTV. The MTV for P1 was 4.46 ml, for P5 was 22.68 ml, and for G1 and G5, it was 4.69 ml and 23.27 ml, respectively (p

Background: Diarrhea is a public health problem globally, being the 2nd leading cause of death in children under 5 years. Dehydration as well as malnutrition are also serious consequences of diarrhea. This study was carried out with an aim to focus on the clinical and demographic profile of diarrheal patients of pediatric age.Methods: Infants and children aged 6 months to 5 years were analysed for age and gender distribution, chief complaints, feeding practices, nutritional status and assessment of dehydration; from January 2018 to June 2019 in the Department of Pediatrics of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital.Results: Total 150 patients were analysed. Almost 50.67% group A and 41.34% group B patients belonged to toddlerhood. Male preponderance was also noted. Along with diarrhea, vomiting was noted in 22 group A and 21 group B and fever in 19 group A and 29 group B patients. Approximately 41-45% patients had no malnutrition and 55-60% had no dehydration in both the study groups.Conclusions: There is lack of awareness regarding dog bite and its management among the rural people fever and vomiting were most frequently associated with diarrhea. A little less than half of the study participants had some-dehydration. Nearly half of the patients belonged to toddler age group. Majority of the patients were exclusively breast-fed for six months.

Background: The most obvious and important changes during puberty are secondary sexual characters. To check the correlation between testicular volumes with secondary sexual characters, nutritional status in Udaipur schoolboy’s assessment of testicular volume by prayer orchidometer is easy and reliable and accurate method in community. Aim of the study was to find out mean testicular volume by prader orchidometer at different stages of pubertal development.Methods: Children between 10 to 18 years of age (525 in numbers) from schools of Udaipur city were included. Children thoroughly examined for presence of any systemic disorders or major surgery was excluded. Informed consent with parents was taken Testicular volume assessment done by praders orchidometer with Tanner staging and correlation was statically analysed.Results: Maximum boys belonged to 15-16 years of age group (14.7%), and minimum belongs to 10-11 years age group (9.3%). Secondary sexual characters increases as mean testicular volume increases. The mean testicular volume for P1 (4.46 ml) and P5 (22.68 ml) and G1 (4.69 ml) and G5 (23.27 ml) with a p

Background: Worldwide 16% of death in children under the age 5 years is only due to pneumonia every year. Among the diagnostic modality x-ray chest is simple tool to diagnose the pneumonia especially in developing country like in India. Aims of study was to know the incidence of radiologically proven pneumonia and to see the correlation between x-rays findings and clinical severity of pneumonia, so as to predict the severity of pneumonia on the basis of x-ray chest done on first day of hospitalization.Methods: We did the study in department of pediatrics at tertiary care centre, total 150 patients of pneumonia (2 months to 5 years age) enrolled on clinical basis. X-ray chest done in all patients on first contact.Results: Out of 150 patients, 54% of patient having radiologically proven pneumonia while 46% were normal x-ray findings. We found that interstitial pneumonia were more common in younger children, but lobar pneumonia were more common in older children, but in severe and very severe pneumonia cases most common radiologically proven pneumonia were bronchopneumonia in all age group, which was statistically significant.Conclusions: So the basis of start of treatment should be on the clinical background and clinical severity, not only on the basis of x-ray chest findings. Late x-ray films give more chance of positive findings, multilobar infiltration or diffuse heterogeneous opacity in lungs positively correlated with clinical severity and gives idea about course and duration of hospitalization.

Background: is the Pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score which has been devised by Pollock et al, to predict the mortality in hospitalized children. PRISM score is a revised form of physiologic stability index of mortality score.Methods: A observational prospective study was conducted at tertiary care hospital, Udaipur Rajasthan over period of March 2017 to September 2018. Total 207 patient were enrolled in study as per inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: Total 29.92% had PRISM III score of 0 to 5, 25.45% had score of 6-10, 16.53% had score of 11-15, 13.12% had score of 16-20, 7.61% between 21 to 25, 4.72% between 26-30 and 2.62% had score of greater than 30. There was no mortality when the PRISM score of the child was between 0 to 5. The percentage of deaths increased progressively with increasing PRISM score.Conclusions: There was no significance difference in predicted from PRISM score and the actual death. The expected mortality was comparable to actual death, except in children who required mechanical ventilation and vasopressor drugs.

Background: Infectious diseases are now the world’s biggest killer of children and young adults. Over the last three decades a lot of progress has been made globally as far as protection against six important vaccine preventable diseases is concerned. The major cause of non-immunization and partial immunization in most of the studies conducted in India and abroad suggest lack of knowledge and awareness about vaccination in the community.Methods: 400 children aged 12-24 months from urban and rural areas (200 each) of Udaipur in a randomized manner were included in this study. For coverage and evaluation of vaccination in this study, informants preferably mothers were interviewed using pre-coded and pretested questionnaire by door to door visit from 1st April 2017 to 31st March 2018, in urban and rural areas of Udaipur and if mother was not available then father or any other person >18 years belonging to the household was asked to respond to questionnaire.Results: The present study was undertaken to find out the vaccination coverage in eligible population in rural and urban blocks of Udaipur. Out of 400 children evaluated. More than half (60.25%) of children were completely immunized. 29.5% children were partially immunized and 10.25% were not immunized at all.Conclusions: Lack of knowledge and awareness were the main reason for non-immunization (44.4%) and partial immunization (29.4%) respectively.

Background: Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening respiratory disorder in infants born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF). Although anecdotal data concerning the efficacy of intrapartum oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning of MSAF are conflicting, the procedure is widely used. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of intrapartum suctioning for the prevention of MAS.Methods: A prospective quasi randomized control trial, assessor blind, single centre study was done at Department of neonatology, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan. Patients were enrolled over a total period of 16 months started from January 2016 to April 2017. 312 patients with MSAF of any consistency, gestational age at least 37 weeks, and cephalic presentation were randomly assigned to suctioning of the oropharynx and nasopharynx (including the hypopharynx) before delivery of the shoulders (n=127), or no suctioning before delivery (n=185). Postnatal delivery-room management followed Neonatal Resuscitation Program guidelines. The primary outcome was incidence of MAS. Clinicians diagnosing the syndrome and designating other study outcomes were masked to group assignment. An informed consent waiver was used.Results: No significant difference between treatment groups was seen in the incidence of MAS [36 (26.7%) suction versus 36 (19.5%) no suction; p = 0.167], mortality in suction [5 (3.91%) versus no suction 5 (2.74%); p = 0.779], or in the duration of ventilation, oxygen treatment, and hospital care. There was statistically significant difference in need for mechanical ventilation for MAS [13 (10.23%) vs 4 (2.2%); p = 0.005], any respiratory support for MAS 25 (19.7%) suction versus 18 (9.7) p = 0.019).Conclusions: Routine intrapartum suctioning of infants born through MSAF does not reduce the incidence of MAS. On the contrary, intrapartum suctioning might result in complications like more infant required neonatal resuscitation and respiratory support.

Street children, still remain an unsolved problem in the developing country like ours. They lag behind in their socio-cultural, psychological, physical and mental development in comparison to normal children. Hence, this study has been under taken to find out the socio-cultural background, ecological factors and various problems faced by these children. This cross sectional study conducted in and around Udaipur city included 200 street children chosen randomly. After obtaining a detailed history regarding their caste, profession of their parents, family and environmental history, a detailed assessment of child labour was done. Special emphasis was laid upon child abuse, factors responsible for compelling them to adopt child labour and life style of these children. All of them were subjected to physical examination and signs of occupational hazards. Data analysis was done. We concluded that the street children were subjected more frequently to child abuse, were addicted to gutakha and tobacco and were working at a remote place from their house and not getting adequate shelter. They were not well entertained and were not satisfied with their owner's attitude. They were exposed to occupational hazards, deficiency diseases and had ambition to become a good citizen of the country. So, these street children must be provided tender care and emotional support and we must empower their educational and co-curricular activities, so that they attain a secure future.

Background: Childhood under nutrition is a critical public health and development challenge in many developing countries including India. Nearly half of all deaths in children under-5 age group are attributable to under-nutrition. One of the key reasons for under-nutrition in early life is the faulty and sub-optimal infant and young child feeding practices. Methods: 295 children under the age of 5 years residing in rural areas of Udaipur were studied. Feeding pattern and various demographic factors were taken into account, considering age at which breastfeeding was initiated, practice of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months, colostrum given or not, any pre-lacteal feed given or not. Assessment of anthropometric measurements was done and children were categorized as per classification of malnutrition by the WHO . Results: Total of 295 children were studied, out of which 59% (174) children were malnourished. 23.2% of SAM children received exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months compared to 52.1% of control group, which was statistically significant. Difference between severely malnourished and control group children who received pre-lacteal feed was also significant. Only 21% of severely malnourished children were started with breastfeeding within 1st hour of birth. Conclusions: Most of the children who were not given breastfeeding up to 6 months, offered pre-lacteal feed, deprived of colostrum at birth, not started complementary feeding at appropriate time were severely malnourished.