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This study aims to determine consumer segmentation using KMeans Clustering in the case of SDTQ Cita Mulia elementary school students. The results of the study can be useful for preparing marketing strategies and sharpening the school's competitive advantages. The process consists of grouping consumer data based on several variables, which are student's gender, distance from home to school, age of student parents, parents' occupation and income, parents' education and the curriculum used by the previous school. After grouping the data, the initialization stage is carried out by giving an initial number. Then the clustering process is carried out. The resulting cluster will be analyzed to see the current Student profile. By studying the clusters formed, it helps us to determine school development policies, especially how marketing strategies can attract consumers in the middle cluster, namely those who have not joined us much but have the potential to be interested in our products. The result of the process there are four clusters with each cluster has specific persona name as follows: The first Cluster is the reachable distance with 5-6 km distance from the school, the second cluster in The long distance with 6 up to 28 Km distance from the school, the third cluster is the neighbor with just 3-4 km from school, and the forth cluster is the have this cluster persona has the highest parents income with the distance from school is 5- 6 Km. The largest distribution of members is cluster 3 followed by cluster 4. Meanwhile, cluster 1 is not too big yet but still looks potential, and the lowest is cluster 2, so from this data the target persona is in cluster 3, the Neighbor persona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an increasingly complex and dynamic era, the capabilities of naval armaments become crucial aspects in ensuring a country's maritime sovereignty. State-owned Enterprises (SOEs) have significant potential to act as drivers in strengthening the capabilities of naval armaments. This paper aims to delve deeper into the role and contribution of SOEs in the development of the defense industry, particularly in the context of strengthening the capabilities of naval armaments. This approach includes conceptual analysis and case studies that allow researchers to explore various aspects of policies and practices related to SOE development in the defense industry. The experts were interviewed with a total of 12 expert panels. Several important findings resulting from this analysis reinforce awareness of the crucial role of SOEs in supporting maritime defense while highlighting the potential of specific strategies in achieving the goals of strengthening naval armaments, such as Variation of Strategies Adopted by SOEs in Developing the Defense Industry, consists of Product Diversification and Technological Innovation; Collaboration with Strategic Partners; Operational Efficiency Improvement. Besides that, the success of SOE development policies in the defense industry encompasses coordinated inter-agency cooperation, investment in research and development (R&D), and supportive regulations. Further improvement and development steps in the maritime defense industry include enhancing synergy with the government through the establishment of special teams and discussion forums, boosting R&D investment through fiscal incentive programs and the establishment of innovation centers, as well as improving responsive regulations through the formation of regulatory committees and independent audits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an increasingly complex and dynamic era, the capabilities of naval armaments become crucial aspects in ensuring a country's maritime sovereignty. State-owned Enterprises (SOEs) have significant potential to act as drivers in strengthening the capabilities of naval armaments. This paper aims to delve deeper into the role and contribution of SOEs in the development of the defense industry, particularly in the context of strengthening the capabilities of naval armaments. This approach includes conceptual analysis and case studies that allow researchers to explore various aspects of policies and practices related to SOE development in the defense industry. The experts were interviewed with a total of 12 expert panels. Several important findings resulting from this analysis reinforce awareness of the crucial role of SOEs in supporting maritime defense while highlighting the potential of specific strategies in achieving the goals of strengthening naval armaments, such as Variation of Strategies Adopted by SOEs in Developing the Defense Industry, consists of Product Diversification and Technological Innovation; Collaboration with Strategic Partners; Operational Efficiency Improvement. Besides that, the success of SOE development policies in the defense industry encompasses coordinated inter-agency cooperation, investment in research and development (R&D), and supportive regulations. Further improvement and development steps in the maritime defense industry include enhancing synergy with the government through the establishment of special teams and discussion forums, boosting R&D investment through fiscal incentive programs and the establishment of innovation centers, as well as improving responsive regulations through the formation of regulatory committees and independent audits.

• The consensus that manufacturing was the strategic road for development has recently been challenged. • We constructed an original and extensive database on the world manufacturing production, that provides information about value added and employment for 200 countries, of which 160 developing countries, for the 1970–2018 period. • The study does not reveal evidence of a recent decline of manufacturing in developing countries, including or not China. Rather we document a continuous expansion of manufacturing employment in the developing world, that accounts now for 82 % of the world employment, while the share of the developing economies in the world output has doubled over the period. • Since 2010, we observe and we quantify a new pattern. Manufacturing employment does not increase any more in China, while it has continued to grow at the same pace in the rest of the developing world. • Our findings show that manufacturing has continued to play a key role in economic development. Thus, low-income countries should not give up industrialization strategies and should learn from the recent experiences of rapid industrialization and growth. The "rise of the Rest" and almost all successes in economic development have relied on late industrialization. However, the consensus that manufacturing was the strategic road for development has recently been challenged. This paper addresses the issue of the status of manufacturing for economic development in the current period. To clarify whether the importance of manufacturing in developing countries has declined or not in the 21st Century, we constructed an original and extensive database on the world manufacturing production, that provides information about value added and employment for 200 countries, of which 160 Developing countries, for the 1970–2018 period. The study does not reveal evidence of a recent decline of manufacturing in developing countries, including or not China. Rather we document a continuous expansion of manufacturing employment in the developing world, that accounts now for 82 % of the world employment, while the share of the developing economies in the world output has doubled over the period. Since 2010, we observe and we quantify a new pattern. Manufacturing employment does not increase any more in China, while it has continued to grow at the same pace in the rest of the developing world. Our findings show that manufacturing has continued to play a key role in economic development. Thus, low-income countries should not give up industrialization strategies and should learn from the recent experiences of rapid industrialization and growth. In the near future, the upgrading of China's industrial structure will enlarge the windows of opportunities in manufacturing for late-comers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic waste (E-waste) is a global environmental issue and a contemporary challenge in developing countries, where implementing sustainable E-waste management policies is required to mitigate the adverse impacts of inappropriate treatment and disposal. This study assesses the environmental and human health impacts of the current E-waste management system in Yaoundé. The study then proposes an integrated E-waste management system (IEMS) with policy instruments for increased formal E-waste collection and reduced environmental impacts from informal E-waste treatment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was utilized to identify high-impact contributing processes within the current E-waste management system (EMS) and to determine the optimum scenario for an integrated system. The system dynamics model (SDM) analysis ascertained the efficiency of the E-waste policy under the IEMS. Results show that the IEMS can reduce global warming potential, fine particulate matter formation, and human carcinogenic toxicity from one ton of E-waste treatment by 27%, 16.3%, and 34%, respectively. Regarding the policy efficiency simulation for the IEMS, the policy instrument (Policy 1), with levies on electronic appliance producers, proved environmentally efficient in reducing the quantity of informal recycling. It was also more economically viable for the recycling fund to increase formal E-waste collection and subsidize formal treatment within the context of the IEMS. The study outcome is informative for E-waste management policy planning in developing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural development has increasingly become a key agenda in developing countries. Despite a plethora of rural development approaches being implemented in independent African countries, poverty, unemployment, and, most importantly, socio-economic conditions have remained unsatisfactory. Like other developing countries, the post-apartheid South African government has a well-defined rural development policy and strategy. Despite the existence of generic policy imperatives, rural development has stalled and, in some cases, declined. At the backdrop of this unprecedented trajectory, this review paper sought to critically assess global and national rural development approaches and identify their strengths and weaknesses as a precursor to suggesting an alternative rural development strategy suited to the local context (in the case of South Africa, former homelands) as opposed to the adoption of generic approaches. A desktop review of rural development approaches was conducted utilising literature from various databases. Results showed that distinct approaches have been utilised to enhance rural development in different regions and South Africa depending on prevailing socio-economic and geopolitical environments as well as local people's development aspirations. Therefore, the development of targeted rural development strategies will not only invoke local acceptance but also stimulate local resources and capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in land-use patterns are the main driving factors of ecosystem service values (ESVs). The quantitative evaluation of ESVs is significant for the sustainable development of ecologically fragile areas. In this study, the Chishui River Basin (CRB) in China was selected as the study region, and an intensity map (IM) was used to analyze the transformation of land use/land cover (LULC). The modified equivalent coefficient value method was used to evaluate the ESVs based on the 2000, 2010, and 2020 land use datasets. The spatial and temporal distributions of ESV and its response to changes in LULC were analyzed using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistical method and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. Moreover, spatial and temporal changes in LULC and ESV over the next 30 years in the four development scenarios were simulated using the Markov-PLUS model. The following results were obtained: 1) The farmland and forestland were the dominant LULC categories, and that the LULC pattern dramatically changed in the study area; 2) the total ESV of the CRB decreased significantly from 23.21 billion yuan in 2000 to 22.29 billion yuan in 2020; and 3) the ecological conservation scenario significantly promoted the total ESV, and the town development scenario was more conducive to the urbanization process. Therefore, although the ESV of the CRB showed a decreasing to slowly increasing trend in the context of a series of ecological restoration measures, scientific ecological protection and development policies must be continuously implemented to achieve harmony between ecological service improvement and urbanization development. Our results provide important information for making land-use decisions and facilitating sustainable development in ecologically protected basins.

Electronic waste (E-waste) is a global environmental issue and a contemporary challenge in developing countries, where implementing sustainable E-waste management policies is required to mitigate the adverse impacts of inappropriate treatment and disposal. This study assesses the environmental and human health impacts of the current E-waste management system in Yaoundé. The study then proposes an integrated E-waste management system (IEMS) with policy instruments for increased formal E-waste collection and reduced environmental impacts from informal E-waste treatment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was utilized to identify high-impact contributing processes within the current E-waste management system (EMS) and to determine the optimum scenario for an integrated system. The system dynamics model (SDM) analysis ascertained the efficiency of the E-waste policy under the IEMS. Results show that the IEMS can reduce global warming potential, fine particulate matter formation, and human carcinogenic toxicity from one ton of E-waste treatment by 27%, 16.3%, and 34%, respectively. Regarding the policy efficiency simulation for the IEMS, the policy instrument (Policy 1), with levies on electronic appliance producers, proved environmentally efficient in reducing the quantity of informal recycling. It was also more economically viable for the recycling fund to increase formal E-waste collection and subsidize formal treatment within the context of the IEMS. The study outcome is informative for E-waste management policy planning in developing economies.

By approaching the question of complexity in international development through governance lenses, this article proposes the use of complexity as an innovative and enabling framework for understanding how policy practices emerge in international development and how their use is consolidated by actors who learn in an adaptive way from their policy environment. To apply this conceptual framework, we discuss the case of Spanish international development. Thus, we aim to understand and explain the policy journey through which Spain has started to use new policy practices related to horizontal cooperation with emerging donors in Latin America. The article proceeds by first analysing the political discourse of the Spanish government on international development. Second, we triangulate the initial findings with information coming from peer reviews and survey data, analysing the impact and perceptions of Spanish international development policies. The analysis shows the relevance of a complexity approach when analysing international development governance mechanisms and emerging policy practices. This sheds light on the challenges of the related learning journey, with potential relevance across policy topics in international development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary food system pushes agriculture to a globalized value-chain, affecting landscapes, resource access, and institutional arrangements. Institutions operating in Africa adopt development corridors to integrate multisector investments and induce export-driven primary sector, leading to massive land deals, also known as land-grabbing. Organizations struggle to monitor land deals accurately, lacking spatial precision and contextual information for affected communities. This research examines Mozambique's Nacala Corridor, using geospatial data as a tool to detect spatial (re)configurations due to exported-oriented policies and infrastructure. Data from land conflicts databases (Land Matrix and Environmental Justice) were analyzed with remote sensing Landsat and MODIS imagery using multiple indexes, an EVI time series, and the application of the LandTrendr algorithm. The results show that the temporal and spatial analysis of remote-sensing data is in line with the major political and economic dynamics of the region. Hotspots of land cover changes were detected in the same areas where land grabbing were reported; however, reported and detected land areas did not coincide. Temporal analysis showed that institutional changes played a greater role in triggering land use changes than infrastructure implementation. We conclude that land cover modifications, conflicts, and spatial development initiatives follows policies and institutional arrangements targeting international investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTThe contemporary food system pushes agriculture to a globalized value-chain, affecting landscapes, resource access, and institutional arrangements. Institutions operating in Africa adopt development corridors to integrate multisector investments and induce export-driven primary sector, leading to massive land deals, also known as land-grabbing. Organizations struggle to monitor land deals accurately, lacking spatial precision and contextual information for affected communities. This research examines Mozambique's Nacala Corridor, using geospatial data as a tool to detect spatial (re)configurations due to exported-oriented policies and infrastructure. Data from land conflicts databases (Land Matrix and Environmental Justice) were analyzed with remote sensing Landsat and MODIS imagery using multiple indexes, an EVI time series, and the application of the LandTrendr algorithm. The results show that the temporal and spatial analysis of remote-sensing data is in line with the major political and economic dynamics of the region. Hotspots of land cover changes were detected in the same areas where land grabbing were reported; however, reported and detected land areas did not coincide. Temporal analysis showed that institutional changes played a greater role in triggering land use changes than infrastructure implementation. We conclude that land cover modifications, conflicts, and spatial development initiatives follows policies and institutional arrangements targeting international investments.

The aim of the article is to confront the arrangements of official strategy papers concerning agricultural and rural development, including the performance indicators, with the data illustrating the real policy pursued in this area and the effects of this policy. The content of key strategy papersas well as relevant data from the Central Statistical Office and the Ministry of Finance were also analysed. As a result, it was found that: (1) the indicators of objectives focused on supporting agriculture and rural areas adopted in analysed strategies cannot be used to interpret a coherent concept of the policy towards rural areas and agriculture; (2) there are inconsistencies between the arrangements of different strategies; (3) public support was aimed primarily at improving the income situation of farmers, to the detriment of achieving such objectives as improvement of agrarian structure and efficiency of farms, improvement of living conditions in the countryside and more effective environmental protection.

This paper aims to characterize the main actors in the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry — national companies, foreign companies and public laboratories — and analyze how they were affected and how they reacted to changes over the last 30 years in the institutional framework. The results show that national companies have been gaining prominence in the Brazilian pharmaceutical market with their internationalization movement and their strengthening of innovation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wieś & Rolnictwo is the property of Instytut Rozwoju Wsi & Rolnictwa, Polska Akademia Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evaluation is a significant tool used for understanding what works and what does not, but more important why, and under what circumstances. In the context of the significant changes that now arise in European economies, but also the increasingly complex and dynamic environment, evaluation is necessary more than ever to help us learn from previous experiences. This paper uses methods of empirical analysis to assess the results of the implementation of the development policies of the European Union. The results obtained may be of interest to both researchers and decision makers. These results show the increased absorption rate for both programming periods but highlight significant differences between groups of countries.

This article discusses thesis exposed by Melania Nucifora in her last work published in 2021 about the problematic institutional coordination between ordinary State structures and extraordinary authorities engaged in South of Italy during the XX century. The review, starting from the considerations of the author, reconstructs evolutions of public policies for the South in connection with the long debate about the Italian regionalism, the relations between regions and central State, the processes of modernization of public administration until the most recent European policies for territorial development. Following Nucifora's reading of these phenomena, the analysis explains the historical reasons of the disaggregation of State and its difficulties to coordinate central and peripheral institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The «Molo polisettoriale» of Taranto has become fully operational in 2001, after one of the world's leading shipping companies -- Evergreen -- obtained a concession for its use. Several expectations are condensed around this step: those of the Italian government, which aims to transform the country into a «Mediterranean hub»; and those of the local community, which hopes for the start of a development process. However, these expectations must be confronted with the urgency of environmental remediation. The situation is further complicated by the increasing competition that followed the great crisis of 2008. Attempts by the central government and the local Port Authority to meet Evergreen's demands finally proved unsuccessful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal European Policies, Finance & Marketing / Polityki Europejskie, Finanse & Marketing is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a review of the literature regarding the State intervention in economic development, establishing a typology that identifies three basic forms: guardian, facilitator, and entrepreneur. These forms differ according to market levels and areas of intervention and in relation to how much they adapt or challenge their given comparative advantages. From this typology, two cases of economic growth guided by exportation and trade opening with different economic outcomes are analyzed (Finland and Chile from the sixties and seventies, respectively, until the mid-nineties). Thus, this paper traces the evolution of state intervention in the countries, and identifies the differences that led to such different economic performance.

Recent national development plans in Thailand have incorporated concepts of sustainability, livelihood rights, and human dignity. Yet, development and urban expansion have unfolded in unexpected ways, complicating the socioeconomic and ecological integrity of peri-urban and rural spaces. This paper explores the ways in which urban expansion and state development within rural peripheries reshape political economies and, in so doing, the nature of vulnerability and precarity. Using ethnographic data collected among agrarian households in Samut Prakan province and among domestic migrant laborers in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), the research considers the socioeconomic and ecological effects of peripheral areas’ tighter integration into expanding urban geographies. In effect, to what degree does urban development unfolding in the BMR improve people’s lives and, simultaneously, rework the dynamics of vulnerability and precarity experienced among those laboring in marginal spaces of the economy? A broad array of ethnographic and Landsat data demonstrates that families and individuals must renegotiate livelihood strategies to mitigate the sociopolitical, economic, and environmental outcomes of development. The findings demonstrate how agrarian families manage the structural and stochastic shocks and pressures of development in urbanizing landscapes and what this means for the future of smallholders situated within changing national economies. 'Policy relevance' Bangkok’s urban expansion into peri-urban and rural areas is found to change the lives of existing residents. This outward movement of urbanization has negatively impacted smallholder agrarian families’ livelihoods and created new dynamics of vulnerability and precarity. Bangkok’s urban development into its peripheral greenfield areas has shifted political, economic, and environmental conditions that have led to a gradual but irreversible process of livelihood alteration. Agrarian families must pursue diversified livelihood portfolios in response to current policies that dispossess households of land and resources. To assist local people with this transformation, policymakers must address the fundamental transformations of agrarian economies within urbanizing landscapes. Positive actions could include the creation of productive high-paying jobs, training and education pathways into new labor markets, strengthening social safety nets, and considering alternative food production strategies.

The Beirut Port explosion brought to the world’s attention the long-term struggle of a population suffering from structural deficiencies due to the lack of efficient public policies and strong state institutions capable of fulfilling their primary roles. The weak Lebanese state is the victim of its rulers’ inability to ensure their population has access to its basic needs and rights. On the other hand, the population itself is stuck in a vicious circle due to the specificity of the Lebanese political culture that gives more power and allegiance to the community than the state itself, creating an atmosphere revolving around corruption, clientelism and violence, and leading to massive flow of educated young people who desperately want to but cannot help their country. In such circumstances, both the state and the population become a target for bigger regional powers that use the Lebanese territory as a battlefield for their own rivalries and interests. Consequently, and with an unprecedent economic crisis, building a resilient society in Lebanon is challenged by various obstacles that need to be addressed as a whole, by including the different actors involved in such processes and mostly the local population itself, whose role is indispensable in building lasting resilience and peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the dynamic linkages between tourism growth and economic growth in the African island nation of Mauritius using the spillover index framework based on the monthly data from 2003M11–2020M02. The Granger causality results reflect bidirectional static linkages between tourism-led economic growth (TLEG) and economic-driven tourism growth (EDTG). The dynamic spillover findings show a varying magnitude and direction of TLEG and EDTG hypotheses that are time-dependent. These relationships indicate distinct outcomes where tourism growth or economic growth is the net transmitter or recipient of shocks. The level of spillovers is influenced by economic events, climatic disasters and the coronavirus-19 pandemic crisis. Some inclusive and sustainable development policy implications are drawn for Mauritius and other tourism-dependent African countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coexistence of the need to improve economic conditions and the conscious use of environmental resources plays a central role in today's sustainable development challenge. In this study, a novel integrated framework to evaluate the impact of new technological interventions is presented and an application to smallholder coffee farms and their supply chains in Kenya is proposed. This methodology is able to combine multiple information through the joint use of three approaches: supply chain analysis, input-output analysis, and energy system modeling. Application to the context of the Kenyan coffee sector enables framework validation: shading management measures, the introduction of eco-pulpers, and the exploitation of coffee waste biomass for power generation were compared within a holistic high-level perspective. The implementation of shading practices, carried out with fruit trees, shows the most relevant effects from the economic point of view, providing farmers with an additional source of income and generating $903 of work for every million of local currency (about $9k) invested in this solution. The same investment would save up to 1.46 M m3 of water per year with the eco-pulpers technology. Investing the same amount in coffee-biomass power plants would displace a small portion of production from heavy-duty oil and avoid importing a portion of fertilizer, saving up to 11 tons of CO2 and around $4k per year. The results suggest the optimal allocation of a $100m budget, which can be affected by adding additional constraints on minimum environmental or social targets in line with sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work estimates the joint effect of the IoT and the levels of democracy on international corruption. For this, a database of 161 countries is used for the years 2010-2019, considering various sources of information for a set of variables supported by theory. The results indicate that the joint effect is important to combat corruption. Therefore, policies focused on increasing access to free information, social networks, and other factors associated with Internet access should be used as an effective strategy to reduce corruption in the countries studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 2000s, new concepts of developmentalism have emerged in Latin America. In such approaches, the state deliberately pushes the development to achieve structural change and income redistribution. We analyse these from the perspective of policy space constraints imposed by international economic asymmetries, which today are predominantly of a financial nature. Based on a broad overview, we identify and compare the most relevant recent approaches. 'New developmentalism' has its strength in formulating adequate macroeconomic policies shielding the economy from volatility, although it considers redistribution as rather an outcome of structural change. 'Social developmentalism' emphasises the links between redistribution, domestic growth and structural change but lacks a coherent formulation of macroeconomic policies. The same applies to the concept of buen vivir, as the only approach that considers environmental aspects. Thus, all of these concepts have their strength in addressing specific issues, but are incomplete insofar as they do not provide a consistent framework for achieving all goals of growth with structural change, income redistribution and ecological sustainability. We identify the need to debate the interdependencies between sustained economic growth, income distribution and ecological sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diverse socio-economic and geographical situation of Nepal contributes to the complexity of community development. In such varied contexts, holistic community development faces many challenges, addressing cross-cutting issues like health and education, which may be viewed differently by men and women, as well as different castes, ethnicities, economic status, political associations and religions. The community's well-being must be the central focus of every development intervention, yet there is no one opinion that reflects the diversity of opinions within every community. How can community development practitioners listen to all viewpoints and find an accepted method to achieve grassroots development in such a complex environment, when they themselves come from diverse backgrounds and education, and bring their own attitudes and opinions? The central focus of this study was to investigate the reflective practices of community development at the grassroots level of rural Nepal. The study investigates the practices and perceptions of community development practitioners and their reflexivity regarding their life experiences and efforts to adequately relate to diverse communities. For this, critical reflective inquiry has been used. Practitioners with extensive experiences were chosen as research participants for that purpose. The life experience of both authors and the practitioners is interpreted through the lens of actor perspective on community development. Additionally, we consider how the insider and outsider perspectives of development practitioners may influence their work. Three key elements with the potential to directly interference the process of community development in rural Nepal were explored: local people as subjective forms of beneficiary; community development practitioners as mediators of interventions; and development policies as a roadmap of community inclusion. The dynamic involvement of these three elements is crucial to reach goals envisioned by community development interventions, yet often the practitioners are ignored. The paper concludes that the success of such interventions rests upon the active and reflective intercourse of this triangulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies the market map tool to the Nepalese biomass improved cookstove (ICS) sector highlighting existing weaknesses in government policy and biomass cookstove market chains to provide recommendations to better address the social, economic, and cultural needs of users. This addresses the problem of low adoption rates of biomass ICS in Nepal. Our research objectives set out to explore the effectiveness of market maps designed for East Africa's ICS sector (Stevens et al. [2019]. "Market Mapping for Improved Cookstoves: Barriers and Opportunities in East Africa." Development in Practice) in Nepal, co-develop a revised market map for Nepal's biomass ICS sector, conduct a parallel process for institutional-scale biomass ICS and draw on the co-produced market map to inform policy and regulatory frameworks relating to biomass-fuelled ICS. The methodological approach involved reviewing cookstove-related policy documents and regulatory frameworks, undertaking 31 semi-structured interviews, analysing findings from an Institutional Top-Loading Down-Draft (TLUD) Natural Draft Gasifier Pilot study and co-developing the final market map in collaboration with key ICS stakeholders. The results indicate that although government policy actively promotes biomass ICS, this often results in cookstove "stacking" rather than the sustained and exclusive use of clean cooking solutions necessary to promote health benefits. Attention is also focused on the underdeveloped nature of the institutional cookstove market. Our conclusions highlight the usefulness of market maps with a monitoring and evaluation element for identifying barriers to clean cooking uptake and facilitating product improvement by integrating end-user feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent national development plans in Thailand have incorporated concepts of sustainability, livelihood rights, and human dignity. Yet, development and urban expansion have unfolded in unexpected ways, complicating the socioeconomic and ecological integrity of peri-urban and rural spaces. This paper explores the ways in which urban expansion and state development within rural peripheries reshape political economies and, in so doing, the nature of vulnerability and precarity. Using ethnographic data collected among agrarian households in Samut Prakan province and among domestic migrant laborers in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), the research considers the socioeconomic and ecological effects of peripheral areas' tighter integration into expanding urban geographies. In effect, to what degree does urban development unfolding in the BMR improve people's lives and, simultaneously, rework the dynamics of vulnerability and precarity experienced among those laboring in marginal spaces of the economy? A broad array of ethnographic and Landsat data demonstrates that families and individuals must renegotiate livelihood strategies to mitigate the sociopolitical, economic, and environmental outcomes of development. The findings demonstrate how agrarian families manage the structural and stochastic shocks and pressures of development in urbanizing landscapes and what this means for the future of smallholders situated within changing national economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo is the property of Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite its natural and archaeological potential and its position on the border with Algeria, the Kasserine governorate remains economically and socially disadvantaged, despite some progress made since independence. Since 2012, this governorate has been ranked last in socio-economic development. Indeed, this area recorded a regional development index of 0.16 against 0.50 for Médenine, 0.69 for Ariana and 0.76 for Tunis. Then, in 2018, this index remained the last ranking at the national level with a value of 0.41 against 0.530 for Médenine, 0.620 for Ariana and 0.630 for Tunis (ITCEQ, 2018). This paper consists of an analysis of the development situation in the Governorate of Kasserine, after the revolution of January 14, 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation is a significant tool used for understanding what works and what does not, but more important why, and under what circumstances. In the context of the significant changes that now arise in European economies, but also the increasingly complex and dynamic environment, evaluation is necessary more than ever to help us learn from previous experiences. This paper uses methods of empirical analysis to assess the results of the implementation of the development policies of the European Union. The results obtained may be of interest to both researchers and decision makers. These results show the increased absorption rate for both programming periods but highlight significant differences between groups of countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships between agriculture and rural societies raise controversies that question development models. Dichotomous views dominate the debate: small and large structures, inclusive or exclusive of agriculture, etc. This paper identifies how concepts of integration and segregation provide original theoretical tools for entering into these debates in depth. The theoretical framework was tested on the case of New Caledonia, through an analysis of rural development policies. This emblematic example of a colonial settlement is interesting. It offers public policies based on segregated models of development, but which pursue, at the same time, the global objective of overcoming the historical segregation between communities, land-use, etc. A field study enabled the authors to highlight the strategic dimension of the segmentation of development policies and territories. On a local scale, a study of Kanak development strategies showed that the boundaries between these different kinds of development territories are places where new development models and innovations can arise. Despite some limitations, the theoretical framework was particularly suited to understanding the historical and current transformations of the archipelago and offered original prospects for generalization. Mainly, the heuristic strength of the framework was not based on opposition, but on the identification of connections between integration and segregation.

In this paper, we map the evolution of approaches to development in Ireland since the formation of the state. With reference to the current national and international context, we make the case for the adoption of a transformational approach to development in one of Europe's most centralized countries. We highlight the growing literature on socio-ecological approaches to growth and consider the potential for the development of an urban lab to enable a radical shift in approaches to development in Ireland. The paper shines a light on certain initiatives already underway in Galway, Ireland and posits their culmination in the delivery of an urban lab for the city. In particular, we cite the opportunities afforded by urban labs to better define growth (a more socio-ecological definition of innovation) and facilitate the co-authoring of development through place-based experimentalism at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specificities of pharmaceutical companies’ activities also have an impact on their ability to improve profitability compared to other sectors. Examples of such specificities include patent rights on the medicines produced, which for a longer period of time prevent the entry of competing players, allowing sunk costs to be offset to some extent by advantages from using higher margins. The primary purpose of this study is to examine whether the bargaining power of R&D-engaged companies significantly affects the financial margin of their operations to a different extent than other pharmaceutical companies. This study examined panel data focused on companies with the highest turnover, while we filtered out differences in the effect due to different macroeconomic and development environments. Our findings are that while the gross profit was significantly influenced by the type of activity within the industry, this statement for the cash cycle is no longer justified. Our conclusion was that the difference between the engaged and non-engaged in R&D companies expressed mostly in the profitability ratios, besides that, countries which had different development policies and accounting systems also took impact on financial margins, although the relative GDP advantages disappeared when looking at intra-industry, cross-country movements.

• We build and calibrate the model of an artificial economy that resembles the situation of open developing countries with small domestic markets: they are far from the world technological frontier, and they have a comparative advantage in one or a few primary commodities. • The model features an aggregate ouput equation, with two components: output in a traditional sector and output in a large variety of modern sectors, whose existence in the domestic economy depends on search activities by a pioneer to discover production functions that exist abroad but not in the domestic economy. • The introduction of these sectors is constrained by two market failures: (1) the discovery of new production functions has an externality because, once revealed, they can be copied without cost by "copycats" who have not made the investment in discovering them; and (2) the profitability of the new production functions depends on a coordination externality in the form of the availability of non-traded, sector-specific inputs, which we label "infrastructure". • The existence of copycats is crucial for the scaling up of production. However, their entry also raises the cost of scarce inputs (specifically, skilled labor) and reduces the profitability of pioneers. • The model features a budget constraint, with the planner obtaining tax revenue from the traditional sector and from pioneers and copycats in modern sectors. Its expenditures are subsidies to the information investments of pioneers and expenditures on sector-specific infrastructure required by modern sectors. • Owing to its open-ended nature, this model cannot be solved analytically and must be calibrated and simulated giving values to key parameters. • We do this for a large number of options and obtain the following results: ○ Planners maximize growth by subsidizing information investment at a rate of 50 percent. ○ Given all options of tax rates on profits by pioneers and copycats, growth is maximized at zero taxes on pioneers and 50 percent on copycats. ○ Additionally, we simulate a run with a learning by doing feature: goods that go into production improve their productivity at 3 percent per annum. In this case, the growth-maximizing tax rates are 25 percent for pioneers and 85 percent for copycats. • We examine the trajectories of output for the best base simulation and the best learning-by-doing simulation and compare them with the growth paths for South Korea and for Chile. The base simulation is similar to the growth path for Chile, while the learning-by-doing simulation is similar to the Korean growth path. • We describe the industrial policies of Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Chile, and we find similarities (and some differences) with the policies that are behind the simulations of the base and learning-by-doing scenarios of our model. Most of the incentives received by firms can be assimilated to subsidies to transfer production function technology; in practically all cases we find expenditures on sector-specific infrastructure or subsidies to private firms to build it. We build and calibrate the model of an artificial economy that resembles the situation of developing countries with small domestic markets: they are far from the world technological frontier, and they have a comparative advantage in one or a few primary commodities. Their growth is by imitation and addition of goods not previously produced, rather than by innovation or productivity growth in existing sectors. Starting new sectors from scratch is hampered by two market failures. In the first place, entrepreneurs must be willing to invest in discovering production technologies abroad and adapting them to local conditions. This process has information externalities: the "pioneers" have to undertake investments in information that can easily be copied by others who have not made the investment ("copycats"). In turn, the latter are essential for the scaling up of production in new sectors. Second, there is a coordination problem. Success in establishing new industries is dependent on the availability of non-tradable inputs ("infrastructure") serving not only the good in question but several other goods that use a similar set of non-tradable inputs. We call "families" the sectors that use the same infrastructure. The model introduces a fiscal sector, with a planner who seeks to maximize growth. We simulate a large number of combinations of tax rates on the traditional sector and on pioneers and copycats, spending on subsidizing information search, and options for building sector-specific infrastructure. The objective is to find the combinations of policies that maximize growth. After calibrating the model and obtaining two scenarios that maximize growth, one without and one with productivity growth, we compare them to the growth trajectories of South Korea and Chile. We also describe the growth policies of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Chile, and contrast them to the key features of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite poverty being a multi-dimensional concept, binary poor/non-poor classifications and money-metric poverty measures remain prominent in calculating official poverty figures. This article highlights that conventional two-way poverty classifications ignore the huge disparities within 'poor' and 'non-poor' groups. The study thus argues for a new approach in the context of Sri Lanka to recognise four poverty types, namely 'extremely poor', 'poor', 'vulnerable non-poor' and 'non-poor', along with calculations of poverty incidence based on these new criteria. This allows for the development of policies to alleviate poverty in general, while paying special attention to the 'vulnerable non-poor' category, which has not been addressed in most development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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