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I. INTRODUCTIONIn Bangladesh, Sabina Begum works long hours as a seamstress and provides the only financial support for her parents and daughter, who live in a village three hundred kilometers [...], Billions of people around the world are excluded from the formal financial system and forced to store, transfer, and borrow money by using inefficient and unsafe methods. The recent introduction of mobile money programs in developing countries is revolutionizing financial inclusion by allowing users to store and transfer money on their mobile phones, thereby eliminating the need to access a bank or an internet connection. Unfortunately, fears that these programs will be used to launder money and finance terrorism have led the international community to develop and implement restrictive anti-money laundering policies that will likely impede the growth and accessibility of these programs. This Article posits that these policies will ultimately cause financial institutions to terminate relationships with mobile money providers, resulting in less secure mobile money transactions and more transactions taking place through the informal economy. This conclusion is based on the history of money-service businesses in the United States, which lost access to financial services due to severe penalties, overzealous regulators, and stringent anti-money laundering regulations that were applied in unpredictable ways.This Article encourages the international community to look to gatekeeper theory to create an anti-money laundering regime that incentivizes financial institutions to remain in the mobile money industry. By applying gatekeeper theory and creating an optimal liability regime, the international community will be able to incentivize financial institutions to remain in the industry while compelling them to dedicate the proper amount of resources toward identifying and preventing money laundering and terrorist financing.

Results-based lending is gaining widespread use in the development field as a means to improve results on the ground with the funds made available by each donor. While all World [...]

ABSTRACT Globally, as national governments continue to decentralize fiscal and governmental responsibility, the sound facilitation of subnational debt markets will play a critical role in the construction of infrastructure. However, [...]

Gustav Ranis addresses our recent article in this journal where we argued that foreign aid is unable to solve the economic problem and thus unable to make poor countries rich [...]

The scheme that aid to poor countries is harmful for external competitiveness is investigated. Aid is then shown to have a positive effect on growth at the aggregate level, while the effect is demonstrated to have equally strong effects in tradable and non-tradable sectors alike. The impact of a large idle labor capacity on real exchange rate appreciation is also analyzed.

The scientific and policy issues to be considered during the Copenhagen summit on climate change in December 2009 are discussed. The measures to be discussed to keep the global temperature rise below 2 degrees centigrade to prevent 'dangerous' climate change, and other issues such as funding for green technologies in poor countries are analyzed.

Foreign aid as we know it--the transfer of concessional resources from one government to another government, nongovernmental organization, or international organization, one purpose of which is to promote long-term beneficial [...]

Bridging the areas of political-economic sociology, the sociology of agriculture and environmental sociology, this study tests two hypotheses derived from a refined theory of foreign investment dependence. The hypotheses state that pesticide and fertilizer use intensity in less-developed countries are both positively associated with foreign investment dependence in the primary sector. The use of such inputs in agriculture production is known to contribute to a variety of human health and environmental problems. Findings for random effects and static score panel regression analyses of 35 less-developed countries confirm the hypotheses, and point to the sociological relevance in assessing the potential social and environmental impacts of both the transnational organization and the relative scale of production in different sectors., Introduction A considerable body of research in political-economic sociology identifies recent upswings in the structural globalization of investment and international trade (Chase-Dunn, Kawano and Brewer 2000; Chase-Dunn and Jorgenson 2007). [...]

The real benefit of aid loans to recipients is discussed as opposed to the style used by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) countries, which is based on the net cost of aid to donors. Argument on the high DAC discount rate and its effect in changing currency values are discussed.

This panel was convened at 9:00 a.m., Friday, April 11, by its moderator, Sylvia Kang'ara of the University of Washington School of Law, who introduced the panelists: Ross Leckow * [...]

Author(s): Rana Dajani (corresponding author) [1] As a molecular biologist based in Jordan, I'm used to colleagues from outside the Middle East and North Africa assuming that brain drain and [...]

The debate over the ongoing explosion of population in the developing countries of the world has become more muted since the 1960s, but the author claims that population pressure is a major cause of the contemporary problems that plague so much of the Third World. He also argues that the widely disparate birthrates around the world threaten the peace of the world, and advocates the diversion of greater resources toward the provision of contraceptives to those countries that are too poor to provide them to their own people. Many impoverished Third World countries are currently doubling their population every twenty to twenty five years, and funds spent on ameliorating the demographic problem would not only reduce much of the misery afflicting these countries but would result in far greater savings in other areas. Key Words: Demographics, population pressure, Third World poverty, foreign aid, contraceptives, mass migration

A study analyzing the inclinations of economically strong nations, towards providing aid to developing nations for growth of their energy sectors, is presented. The need for such energy policies that encourage providing finance to private sectors for the same purpose is discussed.

A study on the lending practices of emerging countries with relation to debt superfluity is presented.

During the past ten years, developing and transition countries have received up to $90 million for eight energy efficiency projects from the Global Environment Facility (GEF). A study reviewing the experience obtained from these projects, suggested lessons for market transformation programs and, a proposal of a generic supply-side and demand-side menu is presented.

The role of equity markets in economic development has been increasingly recognized in recent years. Yet few studies have analyzed the transmission mechanisms between them. This paper looks at this missing agenda by indirectly assessing whether the equity markets fulfill the following roles: (a) financing firms' investment; (b) improving firms' corporate governance and, hence, performance; and (c) signaling information regarding issuers to public investors through stock prices--all of which are essential in achieving economic growth for developing countries. This paper assesses the development stages of China's equity markets by testing whether the above three roles are fulfilled. Key words--developing countries, China, equity market, investment, corporate governance, stock prices

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) implementation has its own drawbacks, as is evident from the South African case study. The object of the program is to transfer financial benefits and green technology to the developing nations. However it fails to ensure sustainable development in developing countries. It favors the developed nations at the cost of the host countries due to the highly unequal mode of operation.

Over the past two decades, many changes that have taken place in international financial markets have had an important impact on developing countries. Because of increased global integration, what happens [...]

The International Monetary Fund makes it possible for member countries with balance of payment problems to borrow money. The history of the IMF includes expansion of lending facilities, plus examination of borrowers to determine whether they were complying with the purposes of the fund.

No national legal system allows debtors to offload their debts onto others. Internationally, however, this happens frequently, with appalling consequences for the poor in developing countries. It happens when nations [...]

The effect of Multilateral Fund (MLF) on China's compliance with the Montreal Protocol China's experience on implementing the protocol suggests that, an effective international financial and technical assistance can help developing countries, to meet the obligations of international environmental treaties.

I. INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, multilateral development banks (MDBs) (1) have introduced the partial credit guarantee and developed it into an innovative and flexible financial instrument that can be [...]

Financing reforms of China's public health services are characterised by a reduction in government budgetary support and the introduction of charges. These reforms have changed the financing structure of public health institutions. Before the financing reforms, in 1980, government budgetary support covered the full costs of public health institutions, while after the reforms by the middle of the 1990s, the government's contribution to the institutions' revenue had fallen to 30-50%, barely covering the salaries of health workers, and the share of revenue generated from charges had increased to 50-70%. These market-oriented financing reforms improved the productivity of public health institutions, but several unintended consequences became evident. The economic incentives that were built into the financing system led to over-provision of unnecessary services, and under-provision of socially desirable services. User fees reduced the take-up of preventive services with positive externalities. The lack of government funds resulted in under-provision of services with public goods' characteristics. The Chinese experience has generated important lessons for other nations. Firstly, a decline in the role of government in financing public health services is likely to result in decreased overall efficiency of the health sector. Secondly, levying charges for public health services can reduce demand for these services and increase the risk of disease transmission. Thirdly, market-oriented financing reforms of public health services should not be considered as a policy option. Once this step is made, the unintended consequences may outweigh the intended ones. Chinese experience strongly suggests that the government should take a very active role in financing public health services. Keywords: User fees; Government budget; Public health services; China

Much has been said and written during the past three years about debt relief for what are termed the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs) and about the poverty reduction programme [...]

The author argues that World Bank practice should be reformed so a greater amount of loans goes to underfunded developing countries. He shows that countries which get such loans often already have access to great amounts of private capital.