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Sandhanasamy Devanesan, Mohamad S AlSalhi Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Mohamad S AlSalhi Email malsahi@ksu.edu.saBackground: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, an economically important malvaceous vegetable crop popularly known as okra, is used in various culinary preparations and is rich in vitamins, minerals, and nutrients. The biological properties of okra flowers in relation to nanoparticle synthesis have not yet been reported.Materials and Methods: In the current study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using extracts of the flowers of A. esculentus. The characteristics of the AgNPs were studied using a UV-vis spectrometer, Fourier transmission infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). Antibacterial activity screening was performed using the agar well diffusion method, and cytotoxicity and cell viability studies were conducted using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.Results: The synthesized AgNPs were spherical and ranged in size from 5.52 to 31.96 nm, with an average size of 16.19 nm, as determined by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TEM and EDX. A. esculentus flower extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (AME-AgNPs) exhibited excellent activities in vitro studies, particularly in vitro cytotoxic and antiproliferative studies against cancer cell lines, such as the TERT-4 and A-549 cell lines. The antibacterial effects on the Gram-positive pathogens Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes and the Gram-negative pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella sonnei were tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values varied with the bacterial strain. The IC50 values of the synthesized NPs for the tested cell lines were close to that of a standard drug.Conclusion: Compared to other NPs the NPs synthesized in this study were smaller in size and exhibited a higher level of antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and apoptosis at minimal concentrations, and this is the first study on okra flower-induced anticancer and antimicrobial activities.Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus, silver nanoparticles, okra green pods, cell lines and cytotoxicity

Mohamad S AlSalhi,1,2 Sandhanasamy Devanesan,1,2 Muhammad Atif,1,2 Wedad S AlQahtani,3 Marcello Nicoletti,4 Paola Del Serrone5 1Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 2Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy; 5Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Zootechnic and Aquaculture, Monterotondo, Rome, 00015, ItalyCorrespondence: Sandhanasamy Devanesan; Muhammad AtifResearch Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaEmail sdnesan1981@gmail.comPurpose: To study the cytotoxic evaluation, antimicrobial and confocal analysis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) obtained from a novel plant product fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seed extract (FSE).Methods: ZnO NPs were analyzed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, TEM and EDX techniques. The MTT cell cytotoxicity assay measured the proliferation and survival of MCF-7 cells treated at different concentrations of FSE-derived ZnO NPs. The antimicrobial activity towards pathogenic bacteria and yeast strains was investigated.Results: The UV–Vis spectra showed two peaks at 438 nm and 446 nm, confirming nanoparticle formation. The SEM morphology results showed porous ranging from 23– 51 nm. The antitumor activity value (IC50) was at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL. Besides, morphological changes of MCF-7, cells treated at different concentrations of FSE of ZnO NPs were observed in cell cultures transfected with a transient pCMV6-XL4-GFP-expressing vector containing C-terminal domain GFP-tagged proteins, which resulted in an apoptotic effect. Antimicrobial IZ ranged up No Inhibition to 18.00 ± 0.4. The IZ revealed at the highest concentration was E. faecium VRE and yeast Cryptococcus sp. (18.00 ± 0.4. mm), followed by S. aureus (17.00 ± 0.2 mm) and P. aeruginosa and the yeast C. parapsilosis (16 ± 0.4 mm). The IZ was equal to that caused by the nystatin to Cryptococcus sp., which was significantly highest than ampicillin treatments of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and C. parapsilosis. The MIC value of the FSE-derived ZnO NPs tested against E.faecium and C.albicans was 6.00 μg/mL (E. faecium and C. albicans). It was 32.00 μg/mL (S. aureus, S. typhimurium and Cryptococcus sp.), 64.00 μg/mL (P. aeruginosa), and 128 μg/mL (C. parapsilosis).Conclusion: As far as it is to our knowledge, this study established, for the first time, the biological activities of biosynthesized ZnO NPs from FSE and their synergistic therapeutic potential.Keywords: fennel seed extract-derived zinc oxide nanoparticles, green nanotechnology, anti-tumor activity, antimicrobial activity and therapeutic agents

Sandhanasamy Devanesan,1,2 Karuppiah Ponmurugan,3 Mohamad S AlSalhi,1,2 Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi3 1Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancer, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Mohamad S AlSalhiResearch Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancer, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaEmail malsalhi@ksu.edu.saPurpose: The present study synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous extract of a traditional medicinal product consisting of an oleoresin (a combination of macromolecules of carbohydrates and proteins) exuded from the rhizome of the plant Ferula foetida (asafoetida gum) and evaluated its biological properties.Materials and Methods: The silver nanoparticles synthesized using asafoetida gum (As-AgNPs) were characterized using UV/Vis spectroscopy, fourier infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and EADX. The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity As-AgNPs were evaluated against MCF-7 cell lines and selected microbial pathogens, respectively.Results: The synthesized silver nanoparticles were crystalline in nature with a spherical shape. The average particle size was 5.6– 8.6 nm. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized As-AgNPs was evaluated against MCF-7 cell lines, and the As-AgNPs were found to be effective in inhibiting the multiplication of cancer cells. The As-AgNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial activity towards E. coli, K. pneumoniae and C. albicans. The MIC of the synthesized As-AgNPs was 7.80 μg/mL for E. coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella sp. WS50- and S. typhi; 15.60 μg/mL for S. typhimurium and S. aureus WS10, and 31.20 μg/mL for K. pneumoniae and S. aureus ATCC 43300-MRSA. In addition, MIC values of 15.60 μg/mL for C. albicans ATCC8436 and 31.20 μg/mL for C. krusei ATCC6258 were obtained.Conclusion: As asafoetida is a good traditional medicine, its involvement in the synthesis of AgNPs led the silver nanoparticles to exhibit good cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects.Keywords: asafoetida gum, AgNPs, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, biomedical agent

Mohamad S AlSalhi,1,2 Sandhanasamy Devanesan,1,2 Akram A Alfuraydi,3 Radhakrishnan Vishnubalaji,4 Murugan A Munusamy,3 Kadarkarai Murugan,5 Marcello Nicoletti,6 Giovanni Benelli7 1Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, 4Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 5Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India; 6Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 7Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Background: The present study focused on a simple and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with multipurpose anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Materials and methods: We studied a green synthesis route to produce AgNPs by using an aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum seeds (3 mM). Their antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity on human neonatal skin stromal cells (hSSCs) and colon cancer cells (HT115) were assessed. Results: A biophysical characterization of the synthesized AgNPs was realized: the morphology of AgNPs was determined by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and ultraviolet-vis absorption spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy showed spherical shapes of AgNPs of P. anisum seed extracts with a 3.2 nm minimum diameter and average diameter ranging from 3.2 to 16 nm. X-ray powder diffraction highlighted the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles, ultraviolet-vis absorption spectroscopy was used to monitor their synthesis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the main reducing groups from the seed extract. Energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to confirm the presence of elemental silver. We evaluated the antimicrobial potential of green-synthesized AgNPs against five infectious bacteria: Staphylococcus pyogenes (29213), Acinetobacter baumannii (4436), Klebsiella pneumoniae (G455), Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, we focused on the toxicological effects of AgNPs against hSSC cells and HT115 cells by using in vitro proliferation tests and cell viability assays. Among the different tested concentrations of nanoparticles, doses 10 µg led to increased cytotoxicity. Conclusion: Overall, our results highlighted the capacity of P. anisum-synthesized AgNPs as novel and cheap bioreducing agents for eco-friendly nanosynthetical routes. The data confirm the multipurpose potential of plant-borne reducing and stabilizing agents in nanotechnology. Keywords: antibacterial, biosafety, green nanotechnology, metal nanoparticles, Pimpinella anisum seeds, cancer

A one-step biosynthetic pathway for the fabrication of La2O3–LaPO4 nanocomposites (NCs) was developed, employing Charybdis natator. The structure and phase changes of the NCs were confirmed, and their diverse applications were explored. The peaks at 206, 332, and 442 nm in UV-DRS studies confirmed the formation of La2O3–LaPO4 NCs. Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis revealed La–O stretching at 716 cm−1 and the presence of PO43−{\text{PO}}_{4}^{3-} bands at 532, 560, 578, and 618 cm−1. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a hexagonal phase of La2O3 with peaks at 2θ 11.04 and 28.57 and monoclinic LaPO4 phases at 2θ = 18.79 and 41.88. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data showed binding energy peaks at 836.04 and 852.77 eV, corresponding to 3d5/2 and 3d3/2 of the lanthanum. The average particle size from HR-TEM analysis was 28.95 nm after annealing at 800°C and SAED patterns confirmed their crystalline nature. The high affinity of the NCs towards ctDNA was established by a binding constant value of 2.08 (mg·mL−1)−1. Under UV exposure, 96% degradation efficiency for methyl orange within 120 min at pH 4 was displayed, with a rate constant of 2.72 × 10−2 min−1 affirming their photocatalytic potential. Their biocompatibility was assessed through MTT assay and luminescence characteristics were evaluated.

The present study reports on the preparation of a cellulose fiber (CF) composite from D. lutescens, combined with copper oxide nanoparticles (DL@CF/CuO), to prolong the shelf life of tomatoes after harvest. The isolated cellulose fiber material was comprehensively characterized using XRD, FTIR, and FE-SEM analyses. The DLCF and DL@CF/CuO nanoparticles exhibited crystalline cellulose, as indicated by the XRD investigation. Both DLCF and DL@CF/CuO showed O-H and C-H FTIR spectra with identifiable vibrational peaks. The FE-SEM images depicted the dispersion of DL@CF/CuO-based fibers in a cellulose fiber matrix containing CuO nanoparticles. A 0.3% (wt/wt), a solution of DL@CF/CuO was coated onto the surface of early ripening tomato fruits. After a 25-day storage period at 25–29 °C and 85% RH, the results showed a significant extension in the shelf life of the tomato fruits, in line with changes in physiological properties and fruit quality. The extension of shelf life in tomato fruit epidermis treated with DL@CF/CuO was confirmed through FE-SEM analysis. L929 fibroblast cells were treated with the developed DL@CF/CuO nanocomposite, and no signs of toxicity were detected up to 75 µg/mL. Additionally, the DL@CF/CuO nanocomposite exhibited significant antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights for sustainable food security and waste control in the agricultural and food industries.

Zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) are a viable option in a number of disciplines, including cancer treatment, due to their special features. Among the several techniques for synthesizing ZnNP, biosynthesis with natural extracts is a highly effective and environmentally benign method, especially for uses in biomedicine. Using an aqueous extract of the marine red seaweed Jania rubens, we created a unique biosynthetic technique in this study to manufacture ZnNPs. The produced ZnNPs have a characteristic flower-like form, as seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effective production of ZnNPs and the involvement of biomolecules in the synthesis process were validated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Using the MTT assay, the cytotoxic effects of the biosynthesized ZnNPs were evaluated, indicating their ability to inhibit MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Furthermore, ZnNPs' cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells was validated by live/dead imaging experiments, which supported the MTT results., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This study investigates the efficacy of newly synthesized inhibitor with a dual function of corrosion inhibition and biocide for control of microbial influenced corrosion (MIC) in carbon steel API 5LX in the cooling tower water (CTW) environment. Four types of N-substituted tetrabromophthalic inhibitor (N-TBI) were synthesized, and the structural characterization was performed via proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometry. These studies revealed the distinctive optical, thermal, and dielectric properties of the synthesized inhibitors. The corrosion inhibition efficiency has been evaluated by the weight loss (WL) analysis and electrochemical measurements (ECM) and biofilm assay. Biofilm assays and WL showed that inhibitor II exhibited the highest inhibition efficiency 74% and 79% respectively than others. Further ECM showed that the higher charge transfer resistance and the lower corrosion current, suggesting a protective film formed on the metal surface which was due to the adsorption of the N-TBI. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the adsorption of the N-TBI as C-O stretching and C-H bending with the Fe complex. X-ray diffractometer revealed that the presence of inhibitors in the corrosion product (Fe 3 O 4 , Fe 2 O 3 , FeH 2 O 2 , FeS) were highly reduced than the control system. Overall, this study highlighted the potential application of N-TBI with dual function of corrosion inhibition and biocide to control the MIC for carbon steel API 5LX used in the CTW environment., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The focus of current advances in nanotechnology has shifted significantly towards environmentally conscious methods that use harmless ingredients and moderated reaction circumstances to promote equitable development. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) currently grabbed attention of multiple medical fields owing to their unique ability to safeguard against cellular damage and alleviate serious human diseases via processes related to metabolism. This work focused on the generation of ZnO NPs using the peel of Cucumis melo fruit. The NPs were then analyzed and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results indicated that at a wavelength of 352 nm, it was proven that the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs had occurred. The XRD pattern indicated the presence of dense crystal structures. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) picture confirmed the existence of polygonal-shaped ZnO NPs. The findings indicate that the produced ZnO NPs possess tough antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. When the ZnO NPs were exposed to direct sunshine for 80 min, they showed an 89% dye breakdown efficiency. This research specifically focused on the decomposition of reactivity dyes, with methylene blue dye being used as the target dye. The work demonstrates that the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs has a crucial and versatile role in the biological and environmental sectors., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Lanthanum oxide was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method by varying the reaction time such as 6, 12, and 24 h. In XRD, study confirms the presence of a hexagonal structure, and the phase remains the same at different times; the main goal is to assess the average crystallite size of prepared La 2 O 3 nanoparticles, which was found in the range of 6 to 8 nm. An interesting observation from the XRD data was the apparent increase in crystalline nature as the synthesis time was extended. The UV-Vis spectroscopic studies show a change in the band gap when the reaction time is changed. The morphology analysis shows that the image revealed that the particles formed were agglomerated and formed a spherical shape, with diameters ranging between 35 and 86 nm. When tested for photocatalytic activity, the La 2 O 3 nanoparticles show a degradation of methylene blue dye when the time varies. Remarkably, the nanoparticles synthesized exhibited a profound ability to degrade the dye, with an efficiency rate hitting as high as 89% under halogen light illumination., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

In this study, we studied the conversion of Jatropha curcas oil to biodiesel by using three distinct reactor systems: microchannel, fixed bed, and microwave reactors. ZSM-5 was used as the catalyst for this conversion and was thoroughly characterized. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the crystalline structure, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to determine surface area, and temperature-programmed desorption to evaluate thermal stability and acidic properties. These characterizations provided crucial insights into the catalyst's structural integrity and performance under reaction conditions. The microchannel reactor exhibited superior biodiesel yield compared to the fixed bed and microwave reactors, and achieved peak efficiency at 60 °C, delivering high FAEE yield (99.7%) and conversion rates (99.92%). Ethanol catalyst volume at 1% was optimal, while varying flow rates exhibited trade-offs, emphasizing the need for nuanced control. Comparative studies against microwave and fixed-bed reactors consistently favored the microchannel reactor, emphasizing its remarkable FAME percentages, high conversion rates, and adaptability to diverse operating conditions. The zig-zag configuration enhances its efficiency, making it the optimal choice for biodiesel production and showcasing promising prospects for advancing sustainable biofuel synthesis technologies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Environmental soil contamination is a serious problem for humans worldwide, as it causes many diseases., Methods: The present study focuses on utilizing biosurfactants produced by Pseudomonas stutzeri ( P. stutzeri ) NA3 and Bacillus cereus ( B. cereus ) EN6, as an electrolyte for removing chromium (Cr) from contaminated soil using the electrokinetic (EK) process., Results: As a result, biosurfactants produced by P. stutzeri NA3 and B. cereus EN6, being lipopeptides, increase heavy metal mobility in the EK process. The Cr removal efficiency of a novel electrolyte (biosurfactants) in the EK process was compared with that of NA3 and EN6 biosurfactants. The EK results revealed a maximum Cr removal of 75 and 70% by NA3 and EN6, respectively, at the end of 7 days., Discussion: The biosurfactant aids in the breaking down of the heavy metals that are present deeper into the soil matrix. From the metagenomics analysis, it was identified that biosurfactant changes the microbial community with an enhanced ability to remove heavy metals. The phytotoxicity assay confirms that NA3 biosurfactant solution showed 95% seed germination and can lower hazardous pollutants in the soil., Conclusion: The application of biosurfactants as a potent electrolyte for the remediation of hazardous pollutants is an integrated process. Overall, the results of this study suggest that biosurfactants can serve as an economic and efficient electrolyte in the EK process to remove Cr from polluted soil., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer VR declared a past co-authorship with the authors JN and RA to the handling editor., (Copyright © 2024 Narenkumar, Das, Abilaji, Sathishkumar, AlSalhi, Devanesan, Rajasekar and Malik.)

The current investigation focused on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using Malachra alceifolia (Ma) (the common name is wild okra) leaf extract. The morphological, structural, and optical properties of the synthesized Ma-Ag NPs were characterized by various techniques. The absorption spectral studies (UV-vis and FTIR) confirm the formation of Ma-Ag NPs and their band gap was calculated as 2.1 eV with the help of Tauc's equation. The XRD study gives information about the crystalline nature and FCC structure. The SEM analysis estimates the particle size as 10-55 nm and the average size as 28 nm with a spherical shape. Furthermore, biological studies such as antibacterial activity was performed by the broth dilution method whereas antioxidant was studied through the DPPH radical scavenging technique. To compare the antibacterial activity between Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, the highest bacterial growth of inhibition was observed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa than Staphylococcus aureus when increasing the concentration of the plant extract and Ma-Ag NPs. The scavenging activity of DPPH for both leaf extract and synthesized Ma-Ag NPs was represented in a dose-dependent manner (0.1-1.0 mg/mL), Ma-Ag NPs have shown a significant scavenging activity ranging from 39 to 54% with an average IC 50 value of 0.87 ± 0.08. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was performed to confirm the binding interaction outline between the bioactive molecule methyl commate A, Ma-Ag NPs, and proteins such as Aminotransferase and Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase active sites. The highest interaction tendency was observed between the Aminotransferase and methyl commate A with a binding energy of - 7.79 kcal/mol -1 . The high electronegative oxygen of the ligand interacts with H-N- of Lys98 (-O--H-N-) through the formation of hydrogen bond by 3.53A° distance. In addition, the photocatalytic efficiency of Ma-Ag NPs was studied with methylene blue dye degradation under sunlight irradiation at different time intervals. The attained photocatalytic degradation efficiency was 98.3% after 120 min., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Current treatment for Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is not efficient due to its aggressive nature, tendency to infiltrate surrounding brain tissue, and chemotherapy resistance. Tetrahydroquinoline scaffolds are emerging as a new class of drug for treating many human cancers including GBM. This study investigates the cytotoxicity effect of eight novel derivatives of 2-((3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)(aryl)methyl)phenol, containing substitute 1 with reduced dihydroquinoline fused with cyclohexene ring and substitute 2 with phenyl and methyl group. The 4-position of the aryl ring was determinant for the desired cytotoxicity, and out of the 8 synthesized compounds, the 4-trifluoromethyl substituted derivative (4ag) exhibited the most anti-GBM potential effect compared to the standard chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide (TMZ), with IC 50 values of 38.3 μM and 40.6 μM in SNB19 and LN229 cell lines, respectively. Our results demonstrated that 4ag triggers apoptosis through the activation of Caspase-3/7. In addition, 4ag induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) which in turn elevated mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and causes the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψmt) in both GBM cells. This compound also exhibited anti-migratory properties over the time in both the cell lines. Overall, these findings suggest that tetrahydroquinoline derivative, 4ag could lead to the development of a new drug for treating GBM., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Rice (Oryza sativa) is an important nutritional grain for the majority of Asian countries, but it is also a major source of cadmium (Cd) accumulation. A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the Cd uptake and translocation of high Cd (IR-50) and low Cd (White Ponni) rice cultivars in Cd-contaminated soils. The findings revealed that Cd impacts on rice development and growth differed depending on rice cultivars. Soil Cd levels in the seedling stage exceeded the critical levels (3-6 mg kg -1 ) only 5.0 mg kg -1 Cd treatment for the IR-50 (7.47 mg kg -1 ). At higher Cd treatments (1.0 and 5.0 mg kg -1 ), morphometric characteristics and yield of grains showed a declining and increasing trend in both rice varieties, respectively. The accumulation of Cd was higher in soil and roots during seedling and tillering stages, whereas in booting and maturity stages increased in stems and leaves in IR-50 and WP rice varieties. Cd levels in rice grains above the maximum allowable limit (0.4 mg kg -1 ) only in IR-50 (0.51 mg kg -1 ) rice cultivar at maturity stage. The EF of Cd were classified as minor enrichment to 'moderate enrichment' in both rice cultivars. TF values exhibited > 1 in booting and maturity stages in both rice cultivars at higher Cd treatments. The study concluded that the IR-50 rice variety exhibited increased Cd intake and transported to various parts of rice plants, particularly grains. The findings indicate that WP rice cultivar is more resistant to Cd toxicity, reducing health hazards for persons who preferred the staple food rice., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Antibiotic residues persist in the environment and represent serious health hazards; thus, it is important to develop sensitive and effective detection techniques. This paper presents a bio-inspired way to make water-soluble fluorescent polymer carbon dots (PCDs@PVA) by heating biomass precursors and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) together. For example, the synthesized PCDs@PVA are very stable with enhanced emission intensity. This property was observed in a wide range of environmental conditions, including those with changing temperatures, pH levels, UV light, and ionic strength. PCDs@PVA detected the antibiotic chlortetracycline (CTCs) with great selectivity against structurally related compounds and a low detection limit of 20 nM, demonstrating outstanding sensitivity and specificity. We confirmed the sensor's practical application through real sample analysis, yielding recovery rates of 98%-99% in samples of milk, honey, and river water. The synthesized PCDs@PVA fluorescence sensor was successfully used for CTCs detection in real samples., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

In modern times, nanoparticles have materialized as indispensable things in contemporary medicine, with a variety of uses in clinical, drug and gene conveyance. In the present study, TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) prepared from the leaf extracts of Mollugooppositifolia and Trianthema portulacastrum were compared with the chemical TiO 2 -NPs for antibacterial and antioxidant activities and environment-friendly nature through various tools like the UV-visible, X-ray diffraction with the aid of other analytical techniques like HR-TEM, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and photoluminescence spectroscopic techniques. The morphology of green TiO 2 -NPs is found to be spherical, which is supported by HR-TEM images. FT-IR analyses and X-ray diffraction data ensure that the polycrystalline characters of TiO 2 -NPs alike to the presence of metal oxide. TiO 2 -NPs showed a possible photocatalytic activity for the ruin of acid black 1 dye after disclosure to sunlight. The chemical and green methods of TiO 2 -NPs have acid black 1 dye decomposition rates of 86.66% and 94.33%, respectively. The synthesized TiO 2 -NPs are also assessed for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Green TiO 2 -NPs exhibit antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17 + 0.56 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (16 + 0.24 mm) at concentrations as low as 100 μL. The green TiO 2 -NPs showed high inhibition of DPPH I radical (50 μg/m) at 95.17 ± 21. Therefore, TiO 2 -NPs represent eco-friendly properties that aid in the degradation of dyes due to their antioxidant activity., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Visual impairment due to corneal keratitis-causing bacteria is becoming a matter of health concern. The bacterial colonization and their resistance to multiple drugs need imperative attention. To overcome the issue of alternative remedial therapeutic agents, particularly for topical application, a study was carried out to synthesize calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) using the biomaterial Eleusine coracana seed aqueous extract. The biosynthesized calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) are non-toxic or less-toxic chemical precursors. Moreover, CaO NPs are eco-friendly and are used for several industrial, biomedical, and environmental applications. Biosynthesized CaO NPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering study. The synthesized CaO NPs exhibit with good anti-inflammatory activities with dose dependant (50-250 μg/mL). Moreover, Eleusine coracana-mediated CaO NPs significantly inhibited the multiple drug-resistant Gram-positive Staphylococci epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae that were isolated from the corneal ulcer. This study provides a potential therapeutic option for multiple drug-resistant corneal pathogens that cause vision impairment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In the pursuit of efficient photocatalytic materials for environmental applications, a new series of g-C 3 N 4 /N-doped CeO 2 nanocomposites (g-C 3 N 4 /N-CeO 2 NCs) was synthesized using a straightforward dispersion method. These nanocomposites were systematically characterized to understand their structural, optical, and chemical properties. The photocatalytic performance of g-C 3 N 4 /N-CeO 2 NCs was evaluated by investigating their ability to degrade methylene blue (MB) dye, a model organic pollutant. The results demonstrate that the integration of g-C 3 N 4 with N-doped CeO 2 NCs reduces the optical energy gap compared to pristine N-doped CeO 2 , leading to enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. It is benefited from the existence of g-C 3 N 4 /N-CeO 2 NCs not only in promoting the charge separation and inhibits the fast charge recombination but also in improving photocatalytic oxidation performance. Hence, this study highlights the potential of g-C 3 N 4 /N-CeO 2 NCs as promising candidates for various photocatalytic applications, contributing to the advancement of sustainable environmental remediation technologies., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Transcriptional events play a crucial role in major cellular processes that specify the activity of an individual cells and influences cell population behavior in response to environment. Active (ON) and an inactive (OFF) states controls the transcriptional burst. Yet, the mechanism and kinetics of ON/OFF-state across the different growth phases of Escherichia coli remains elusive. Here, we have used a single mRNA detection method in live-cells to comprehend the ON/OFF mechanism of the first transcriptional (T F ) and consecutive events (T C ) controlled by lactose promoters, P lac and P lac/ara1 . We determined that the duration of T F ON/OFF has different modes, exhibiting a close to inverse behavior to that of T C ON/OFF. Dynamics of ON/OFF states in fast and slow-dividing cells were affected by the promoter region during the initiation of transcription. Period of T F ON-state defines the behavior of T C by altering the number and the frequency of mRNAs formed. Furthermore, we have shown that delayed OFF-time in T F affects the dynamics of T C in both states , which is mainly determined by the upstream promoter region. Furthermore, using elongation arrest experiments, we independently validate that mRNA noise in T C is governed by the delayed OFF-period in T F . We have identified the position of the regulatory regions that plays a crucial role in noise (Fano) modulation. Taken together, our results suggest that the dynamics of the first transcriptional event, T F , pre-defines the diversity of the population., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)