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BackgroundGlobal evidence on psychosis is dominated by studies conducted in Western, high-income countries. The objectives of the Study of Context Of Psychoses to improve outcomes in Ethiopia (SCOPE) are (1) to generate rigorous evidence of psychosis experience, epidemiology and impacts in Ethiopia that will illuminate aetiological understanding and (2) inform development and testing of interventions for earlier identification and improved first contact care that are scalable, inclusive of difficult-to-reach populations and optimise recovery.MethodsThe setting is sub-cities of Addis Ababa and rural districts in south-central Ethiopia covering 1.1 million people and including rural, urban and homeless populations. SCOPE comprises (1) formative work to understand care pathways and community resources (resource mapping); examine family context and communication (ethnography); develop valid measures of family communication and personal recovery; and establish platforms for community engagement and involvement of people with lived experience; (2a) a population-based incidence study, (2b) a case-control study and (2c) a cohort study with 12 months follow-up involving 440 people with psychosis (390 rural/Addis Ababa; 50 who are homeless), 390 relatives and 390 controls. We will test hypotheses about incidence rates in rural vs. urban populations and men vs. women; potential aetiological role of khat (a commonly chewed plant with amphetamine-like properties) and traumatic exposures in psychosis; determine profiles of needs at first contact and predictors of outcome; (3) participatory workshops to develop programme theory and inform co-development of interventions, and (4) evaluation of the impact of early identification strategies on engagement with care (interrupted time series study). Findings will inform development of (5) a protocol for (5a) a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial of interventions for people with recent-onset psychosis in rural settings and (5b) two uncontrolled pilot studies to test acceptability, feasibility of co-developed interventions in urban and homeless populations.

ABSTRACT: Background: Minimizing antiretroviral treatment failure is crucial for improving patient health and for maintaining long-term access to care in low-income settings such as eastern Africa. To develop interventions to support adherence, policymakers must understand the extent and scope of treatment failure in their programs. However, estimates of treatment failure in eastern Africa have been variable and inconclusive. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to determine the pooled prevalence of immunological failure among adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in eastern Africa. Methods: We performed a systematic search of the PubMed, Google Scholar, Excerpta Medica Database, and the World Health Organization's Hinari portal (which includes the Scopus, African Index Medicus, and African Journals Online databases) databases. Unpublished studies were also accessed from conference websites and university repositories. We used Stata version 14 for data analysis. The Cochrane Q test and I2 test statistic were used to test for heterogeneity across the studies. Due to high levels of heterogeneity, a random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of immunological failure. Begg and Egger tests of the intercept in the random effects model were used to check for publication bias. Results: After removing duplicates, 25 articles remained for assessment and screening. After quality screening, 15 articles were deemed eligible and incorporated into the final analysis. The average pooled estimate of immunological treatment failure prevalence was found to be 21.89% (95% CI, 15.14–28.64). In the subgroup analysis conducted by geographic region, the pooled prevalence of immunological treatment failure in Ethiopia was 15.2% (95% CI, 12.27–18.13) while in Tanzania it was 53.93% (95% CI, 48.14–59.73). Neither the results of Egger test or Begg tests suggested publication bias; however, on visual examination, the funnel plot appeared asymmetric. The large heterogeneity across the studies could be explained by study country. Conclusion: Immunological treatment failure among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in eastern Africa was high, and greater than previously reported. The relatively low rates of treatment failure found in Ethiopia suggest that its health extension program should be studied as a model for improving adherence in the region. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2021; 82:XXX–XXX) © 2021 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc.

BackgroundTuberculosis is a global public health problem. One of the overarching dilemmas and challenges facing most tuberculosis program is non-adherence to treatment. However, in Ethiopia there are few studies with variable and inconsistent findings regarding non-adherence to treatment for tuberculosis.MethodsThis systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence of non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment and its determinants in Ethiopia. Biomedical databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, HINARI, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were systematically and comprehensively searched. To estimate the pooled prevalence, studies reporting the prevalence of adherence or non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment and its determinants were included. Data were extracted using a standardized data extraction tool prepared in Microsoft Excel and transferred to STATA/se version-14 statistical software for further analyses. To assess heterogeneity, the Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test were performed. Since the included studies exhibited high heterogeneity, a random effects model meta- analysis was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment. Finally, the association between determinant factors and non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment was assessed.ResultsThe result of 13 studies revealed that the pooled prevalence of non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment in Ethiopia was found to be 21.29% (95% CI: 15.75, 26.68). In the subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence was observed in Southern Nations and Nationalities of Ethiopia, 23.61% (95% CI: 21.05, 26.17) whereas the lowest prevalence was observed in Amhara region, 10.0% (95% CI: 6.48, 13.17.0;). Forgetfulness (OR = 3.22, 95% CI = 2.28, 4.53), fear side effect of the drugs (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.37, 2.74), waiting time ≥ 1 hour during service (OR = 4.88, 95% CI = 3.44, 6.91) and feeling distance to health institution is long (OR = 5.35, 95% CI = 4.00, 7.16) were found to be determinants of non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment.ConclusionIn this meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment in Ethiopia was high. Forgetfulness, fear of side effect of the drugs, long waiting time (≥1 hour) during service and feeling distance to health institution is long were the main risk factors for non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment in Ethiopia. Early monitoring of the side effects and other reasons which account for missing medication may increase medication adherence in patients with tuberculosis in Ethiopia.