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BACKGROUND: Crohn's disease (CD)-related small-bowel strictures remain a major cause of morbidity, frequently requiring surgery. OBJECTIVE: Assessment of the feasibility and effectiveness of CD small-bowel stricture dilation by DBE. DESIGN: Prospective case series. SETTINGS: Single, tertiary referral center. METHODS: Outcome data on cases of DBE-assisted CD small-bowel stricture dilation were prospectively collected from 2005. Dilation was performed by using controlled radial expansion balloon dilators. A 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess obstructive symptoms and dietary restriction before DBE stricture dilation and at follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 13 DBEs were performed in 11 consecutive patients (mean +/- SD age 46.4 +/- 7.8 years). Eighteen small-bowel stricture dilations were performed in 9 of 11 patients. The mean dilation diameter was 15.4 mm (range 12-20 mm). In 2 cases, stricture dilation was not performed because adhesions made reaching the strictures impossible. One case was complicated by a delayed perforation. In the other 8 patients, stricture dilation was successful; VAS scores improved dramatically and none of the patients has required surgery (mean follow-up 20.5 months; range 2-41 months). During follow-up, 2 patients required repeated dilation (at 6.5 and 13 months, respectively) because of symptom recurrence. Clinical improvements in before and after VAS scores were significant (mean 8.8 vs 1.8, respectively; P < .001). LIMITATIONS: Small case series; single tertiary referral center. CONCLUSION: DBE-assisted small-bowel stricture dilation for selected patients with CD is potentially of significant benefit and should be considered as a useful and effective alternative to surgery. Larger studies are required to confirm this benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) has been reported as a feasible and effective treatment for Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumours (R-NETs). However, most of the experience on the topic comes from retrospective tertiary centre from Eastern Asia. Data on ESD for R-NETs in Western centres are lacking., Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study, including patients who underwent endoscopic resection of R-NETS by ESD between 2015 and 2020 in Western Centres. Important clinical variables such as demographic, size of R-NETs, histological type, presence of lymphovascular invasion or distant metastasis, completeness of the endoscopic resection, recurrence, and procedure related complications were recorded., Results: 40 ESD procedure on R-NETs from 39 patients from 8 centres were included. Mean R-NETs size was 10.3 mm (SD 4.01). Endoscopic en-bloc resection was achieved in 39/40 ESD (97.5 %), R0 margin resection was obtained in 87.5 % (35/40) of the procedures, one patient was referred to surgery for lymphovascular invasion, two procedures (5 %) reported significant episodes of bleeding, whereas a perforation occurred in one case (1/40, 2.5 %) managed endoscopically. Recurrence occurred in 1 patient (2.5 %)., Conclusion: ESD is an effective and safe treatment for R-NETs in western centres., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare the following conflict of interest: AR: no disclosures. EJD: educational grants in support of conference organization, and honoraria, from Fujifilm, Pentax, and Olympus, and honoraria from Ambu. RC: no disclosures. NL: no disclosures. DC: no disclosures. AB: no disclosures. DM: no disclosures. MP: consultancy and training for Olympus, Pentax, Cook, and Norgine. JR: consultancy and training for Olympus, Pentax, Cook, and Norgine. JSA: faculty member in advanced endoscopy courses by Olympus. MM: no disclosure. FRZ: consultant for Erbe España Soluciones Médicas. FB: consulting fees for OLYMPUS. PPN: no disclosures. MDR: no disclosures. EA: no disclosures. MT: no disclosures. CS: consultant for Medtronic, Norgine, and AlfaSigma, grants from Olympus and Pentax. AL: Boston Scientific, Research grant; Medtronic, research grant; Erbe, speaker's fees. MC: no disclosures. CT: no disclosures. AM: Personal payments/honoraria/fees: Olympus, GI supply, Boston Scientific, Fujifilm., (Copyright © 2024 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Gastric endoscopic mucosal resection is challenging due to the slippery mucosa, abundant blood vessels, and the presence of mucus. We developed gel immersion endoscopy to secure the visual field, even in a blood-filled gastrointestinal lumen in 2016. Clear gel with appropriate viscosity, instead of water, can prevent rapid mixture with blood and facilitate identification of the culprit vessel. We further optimized the gel for endoscopic treatment, and the resultant product, Viscoclear (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory) was first released in Japan in 2020. The viscosity of this gel has been optimized to maximize endoscopic visibility without compromising the ease of its irrigation. The aim of this study is to clarify the effectiveness of gel immersion endoscopic mucosal resection for small-sized early gastric neoplasms. Seven lesions in seven patients were treated by gel immersion endoscopic mucosal resection. The size of all lesions was under 10 mm. The median procedure time was 4.5 min. Intraoperative bleeding occurred in four of seven lesions immediately after snare resection and was easily controlled by endoscopic hemostatic forceps during the gel immersion endoscopy. The R0 resection rate was 100%. In conclusion, gel immersion endoscopic mucosal resection may be a straightforward, rapid, and safe technique for resecting superficial gastric neoplasms <10 mm in diameter., Competing Interests: Tomonori Yano holds patents and is the inventor of the dedicated gel for the gel immersion method and has received royalties and honoraria from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory. He has received research funding and honoraria from Fujifilm and honoraria from Olympus. Hironori Yamamoto has consultant relationships with Fujifilm and received honoraria, grants, and royalties from the company. Edward J. Despott has received academic grants and speaker honoraria from Fujifilm and Olympus. The other authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s). DEN Open published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.)

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms frequently recur after cessation of acid blockers. The presence of a hiatal hernia may worsen GERD symptoms and increase the risk of esophageal malignancy. The aim of this study is to clarify the timing and predictors for recurrence of GERD symptoms after cessation of vonoprazan (VPZ) therapy., Methods: A retrospective observational study involved 86 patients who underwent cessation of VPZ therapy for symptomatic GERD. Collated data from medical record review included the endoscopic findings and Izumo scale score., Results: The mean duration of continuous VPZ therapy before cessation was 7.9 months. GERD symptoms requiring the resumption of VPZ therapy recurred in 66 of 86 patients (77%). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that overall recurrence-free rates at 6 months, one and two years after VPZ cessation were 44%, 32% and 23%, respectively. Alcohol use, the presence of a hiatal hernia and long-term therapy for more than six months were identified as significant positive predictors for symptomatic recurrence. Notably, hiatal hernia had the highest hazard ratio in both univariate and multivariate analyses. The recurrence-free rate in patients with a hiatal hernia was much lower at 6 months than in patients without a hiatal hernia (15% and 51%, respectively p  = 0.002). After the symptomatic recurrence, GERD symptoms improved significantly after one-month VPZ therapy., Conclusion: The rate of symptomatic recurrence after VPZ cessation in patients with GERD is considerable. Cessation of acid suppression therapy should be cautious in patients with both a hiatal hernia and GERD.

Competing Interests: Edward J. Despott has acted as a consultant for Boston Scientific and Ambu. He has also received academic grants and speaker honoraria from Fujifilm, Aquilant Endoscopy, Norgine, and Olympus. Alberto Murino has acted as a consultant for Boston Scientific and GI Supply He has also received academic grants from Fujifilm, Aquilant Endoscopy, Norgine, and Olympus. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Competing Interests: Hironori Yamamoto has consultant relationships with Fujifilm Co. Ltd. and received honoraria, grants, and royalties from the company. Edward John Despott has educational grants in support of conference organization, and honoraria, from Fujifilm, Pentax, and Olympus, and from Ambu. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this article.

Competing Interests: Edward J. Despott was a consultant for Boston Scientific and Ambu. He has received academic grants and speaker honoraria from Fujifilm, Aquilant Endoscopy, Norgine, and Olympus. Laura A. Lucaciu and Alessandro Rimondi have no conflicts of interest. Alberto Murino was a consultant for Boston Scientific and GI supply. He has received academic grants from Fujifilm, Aquilant Endoscopy, Norgine, and Olympus. Kenneth Binmoeller is the inventor of the visor cap.

Competing Interests: T. Yano has received research funding and honoraria from Fujifilm and honoraria from Olympus. H. Sakamoto has received research funding and honoraria from Fujifilm. H. Yamamoto has consultant relationships with Fujifilm Co. Ltd. and has received honoraria, grants, and royalties from the company. Edward J. Despott has received academic grants and speaker honoraria from Fujifilm and Olympus. The other authors have nothing to disclose.

Background: Hemostatic powders are used as second-line treatment in acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (AGIB). Increasing evidence supports the use of TC-325 as monotherapy in specific scenarios. This prospective, multicenter study evaluated the performance of TC-325 as monotherapy for AGIB., Methods: Eighteen centers across Europe and USA contributed to a registry between 2016 and 2022. Adults with AGIB were eligible, unless TC-325 was part of combined hemostasis. The primary endpoint was immediate hemostasis. Secondary outcomes were rebleeding and mortality. Associations with risk factors were investigated (statistical significance at P≤0.05)., Results: One hundred ninety patients were included (age 51-81 years, male: female 2:1), with peptic ulcer (n=48), upper GI malignancy (n=79), post-endoscopic treatment hemorrhage (n=37), and lower GI lesions (n=26). The primary outcome was recorded in 96.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 92.6-98.5) with rebleeding in 17.4% (95%CI 11.9-24.1); 9.9% (95%CI 5.8-15.6) died within 7 days, and 21.7% (95%CI 15.6-28.9) within 30 days. Regarding peptic ulcer, immediate hemostasis was achieved in 88% (95%CI 75-95), while 26% (95%CI 13-43) rebled. Higher ASA score was associated with mortality (OR 23.5, 95%CI 1.60-345; P=0.02). Immediate hemostasis was achieved in 100% of cases with malignancy and post-intervention bleeding, with rebleeding in 17% and 3.1%, respectively. Twenty-six patients received TC-325 for lower GI bleeding, and in all but one the primary outcome was achieved., Conclusions: TC-325 monotherapy is safe and effective, especially in malignancy or post-endoscopic intervention bleeding. In patients with peptic ulcer, it could be helpful when the primary treatment is unfeasible, as bridge to definite therapy., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: Rehan J. Haidry declares: Pentax Medical, Apollo Endosurgery, Medtronic, Odin Vision, Cook Endoscopy, Fractyl Limited, Endogastric Solutions; Enrique Rodríguez de Santiago declares: Olympus, Norgine and Apollo Endosurgery (Educational activities) Adacyte therapeuthics (Advisory); Seth A. Gross declares: Cook, Medtronic, Olympus, Microtech. The other authors have nothing to declare, (Copyright: © 2024 Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology.)

Backgrounds and Aims: Mucosal healing (MH) in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is an important landmark for clinical decision making. Artificial intelligence systems (AI) that automatically deliver the grade of endoscopic inflammation may solve moderate interobserver agreement and the need of central reading in clinical trials., Methods: We performed a systematic review of EMBASE and MEDLINE databases up to 01/12/2022 following PRISMA and the Joanna Briggs Institute methodologies to answer the following question: "Can AI replace endoscopists when assessing MH in IBD?". The research was restricted to ulcerative colitis (UC), and a diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) meta-analysis was performed. Risk of bias was evaluated with QUADAS-2 tool., Results: A total of 21 / 739 records were selected for full text evaluation, and 12 were included in the meta-analysis. Deep learning algorithms based on convolutional neural networks architecture achieved a satisfactory performance in evaluating MH on UC, with sensitivity, specificity, DOR and SROC of respectively 0.91(CI95 %:0.86-0.95);0.89(CI95 %:0.84-0.93);92.42(CI95 %:54.22-157.53) and 0.957 when evaluating fixed images (n = 8) and 0.86(CI95 %:0.75-0.93);0.91(CI95 %:0.87-0.94);70.86(CI95 %:24.63-203.86) and 0.941 when evaluating videos (n = 6). Moderate-high levels of heterogeneity were noted, limiting the quality of the evidence., Conclusions: AI systems showed high potential in detecting MH in UC with optimal diagnostic performance, although moderate-high heterogeneity of the data was noted. Standardised and shared AI training may reduce heterogeneity between systems., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest Alessandro Rimondi: no conflict of interests. Klaus Gottlieb: employee and stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company. E. J. Despott: Research support from Fujifilm, Olympus and Pentax; honoraria from Ambu. Marietta Iacucci: no conflict of interests. Alberto Murino: Research support from Aquilant Medical and Fujifilm; educational support from Olympus, Pentax Medical, Boston Scientific, GI Supply, and Norgine; conference fees from Laborie e Hikma G. E. Tontini: Speaker honoraria from Pentax, Medtronic, NTC Pharma. Consultant fees from NTC Pharma, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Gastric mucosal changes associated with long-term potassium-competitive acid blocker and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy may raise concern. In contrast to that for PPIs, the evidence concerning the safety of long-term potassium-competitive acid blocker use is scant. Vonoprazan (VPZ) is a representative potassium-competitive acid blocker released in Japan in 2015. In order to shed some comparative light regarding the outcomes of gastric mucosal lesions associated with a long-term acid blockade, we have reviewed six representative gastric mucosal lesions: fundic gland polyps, gastric hyperplastic polyps, multiple white and flat elevated lesions, cobblestone-like gastric mucosal changes, gastric black spots, and stardust gastric mucosal changes. For these mucosal lesions, we have evaluated the association with the type of acid blockade, patient gender, Helicobacter pylori infection status, the degree of gastric atrophy, and serum gastrin levels. There is no concrete evidence to support a significant relationship between VPZ/PPI use and the development of neuroendocrine tumors. Current data also shows that the risk of gastric mucosal changes is similar for long-term VPZ and PPI use. Serum hypergastrinemia is not correlated with the development of some gastric mucosal lesions. Therefore, serum gastrin level is unhelpful for risk estimation and for decision-making relating to the cessation of these drugs in routine clinical practice. Given the confounding potential neoplastic risk relating to H. pylori infection, this should be eradicated before VPZ/PPI therapy is commenced. The evidence to date does not support the cessation of clinically appropriate VPZ/PPI therapy solely because of the presence of these associated gastric mucosal lesions., Competing Interests: Satoshi Shinozaki, Hiroyuki Osawa, and Yoshimasa Miura have received honoraria from Takeda and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals. Hirotsugu Sakamoto, Tomonori Yano, and Hironori Yamamoto have received honoraria from Takeda Pharmaceutical. All other authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s). DEN Open published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: AC is a consultant for ERBE. RM is a consultant for ERBE, Fujifilm, 3DMatrix and Boston Scientific. CH is a consultant for Alpha-Sigma, Fujifilm, Medtronic, Norgine, Olympus and Pentax. AR is a consultant for Medtronic, ERBE, Fujifilm and Olympus. Others authors have nothing to declare.

Background: Capsule endoscopy reading is time consuming, and readers are required to maintain attention so as not to miss significant findings. Deep convolutional neural networks can recognise relevant findings, possibly exceeding human performances and reducing the reading time of capsule endoscopy. Our primary aim was to assess the non-inferiority of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted reading versus standard reading for potentially small bowel bleeding lesions (high P2, moderate P1; Saurin classification) at per-patient analysis. The mean reading time in both reading modalities was evaluated among the secondary endpoints., Methods: Patients aged 18 years or older with suspected small bowel bleeding (with anaemia with or without melena or haematochezia, and negative bidirectional endoscopy) were prospectively enrolled at 14 European centres. Patients underwent small bowel capsule endoscopy with the Navicam SB system (Ankon, China), which is provided with a deep neural network-based AI system (ProScan) for automatic detection of lesions. Initial reading was performed in standard reading mode. Second blinded reading was performed with AI assistance (the AI operated a first-automated reading, and only AI-selected images were assessed by human readers). The primary endpoint was to assess the non-inferiority of AI-assisted reading versus standard reading in the detection (diagnostic yield) of potentially small bowel bleeding P1 and P2 lesions in a per-patient analysis. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04821349., Findings: From Feb 17, 2021 to Dec 29, 2021, 137 patients were prospectively enrolled. 133 patients were included in the final analysis (73 [55%] female, mean age 66·5 years [SD 14·4]; 112 [84%] completed capsule endoscopy). At per-patient analysis, the diagnostic yield of P1 and P2 lesions in AI-assisted reading (98 [73·7%] of 133 lesions) was non-inferior (p<0·0001) and superior (p=0·0213) to standard reading (82 [62·4%] of 133; 95% CI 3·6-19·0). Mean small bowel reading time was 33·7 min (SD 22·9) in standard reading and 3·8 min (3·3) in AI-assisted reading (p<0·0001)., Interpretation: AI-assisted reading might provide more accurate and faster detection of clinically relevant small bowel bleeding lesions than standard reading., Funding: ANKON Technologies, China and AnX Robotica, USA provided the NaviCam SB system., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests CS, SP, ET, MK, XD, and EJD received support for attending meetings or travel from AnX Robotica. CS, MK, and EJD received honoraria from AnX Robotica for the adjudication committee. J-CS received teaching fees from AnX Robotica. RS participated in an Ankon-X-advisory meeting. TN received consulting fees from AnX Robotica. AnX Robotica provided all centres with the Navicam SB system at no cost, in instances where it was not readily available. Complimentary capsules were supplied in centres where regional reimbursement did not encompass the procedure., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE) has become a well-established diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the management of small-bowel pathology. We aimed to evaluate the performance measures for DAE across the UK against the quality benchmarks proposed by the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE)., Methods: We retrospectively collected data on patient demographics and DAE performance measures from electronic endoscopy records of consecutive patients who underwent DAE for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes across 12 enteroscopy centers in the UK between January 2017 and December 2022., Results: A total of 2005 DAE procedures were performed in 1663 patients (median age 60 years; 53% men). Almost all procedures (98.1%) were performed for appropriate indications. Double-balloon enteroscopy was used for most procedures (82.0%), followed by single-balloon enteroscopy (17.2%) and spiral enteroscopy (0.7%). The estimated depth of insertion was documented in 73.4% of procedures. The overall diagnostic yield was 70.0%. Therapeutic interventions were performed in 42.6% of procedures, with a success rate of 96.6%. Overall, 78.0% of detected lesions were marked with a tattoo. Patient comfort was significantly better with the use of deep sedation compared with conscious sedation (99.7% vs. 68.5%; P <0.001). Major adverse events occurred in only 0.6% of procedures., Conclusions: Performance measures for DAE in the UK meet the ESGE quality benchmarks, with high diagnostic and therapeutic yields, and a low incidence of major adverse events. However, there is room for improvement in optimizing sedation practices, standardizing the depth of insertion documentation, and adopting marking techniques to aid in the follow-up of detected lesions., Competing Interests: E.J. Despott has received educational and travel grants and speaker’s honoraria from Fujifilm, Aquilant, Diagmed, Laborie, and Medtronic (2007 to present); his department has received educational grants from Fujifilm, Pentax, Olympus, ERBE, Norgine, and Medtronic (2012 to present). The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

A literature search of MEDLINE/PUBMED was conducted with the aim to highlight current endoscopic management of localised gastro-entero-pancreatic NETs. Relevant articles were identified through a manual search, and reference lists were reviewed for additional articles. The results of the research have been displayed in a narrative fashion to illustrate the actual state-of-the-art of endoscopic techniques in the treatment of NETs. Localised NETs of the stomach, duodenum and rectum can benefit from advanced endoscopic resection techniques (e.g., modified endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic full thickness resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection) according to centre expertise. Radiofrequency thermal ablation can be proposed as an alternative to surgery in selected patients with localised pancreatic NETs.

Background and study aims Endoscopic resection (ER) is recommended for the management of duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (D-NETs) confined to the submucosal layer, without lymph node or distant metastasis. While this is accepted practice for lesions < 10 mm, consensus for larger lesions remains unclear. Although endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been proposed as the preferred ER technique for DNETs ≥10 mm, there are limited data on efficacy and safety, particularly in the Western setting. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with D-NETs who underwent ESD between 2012 and 2022 in three tertiary referral centers in Australia, France, and Belgium. Results Fourteen patients with 15 D-NETs were evaluated. Median patient age was 64 years (interquartile range [IQR] 58-70 years). All D-NETs were confined to the duodenal bulb. Median D-NET size was 10 mm (IQR 7-12 mm) and specimen size was 15 mm (IQR 15-20 mm). Median procedure time was 60 minutes (IQR 25-90 minutes). The rate of en bloc resection was 100%. Intra-procedural perforation occurred in four patients (26.7%), with all closed endoscopically without long-term sequelae. There were no episodes of clinically significant bleeding. No local recurrence, lymph node or distant metastasis was observed at a median follow-up of 19.9 months (IQR 10.3-49.3 months). Conclusions In experienced hands, ESD for D-NETs can achieve a 100% en bloc resection rate. There were no cases of local recurrence or distant metastatic spread, indicating that ESD may be a viable option for patients with D-NETs 10 to 15 mm that are not surgical candidates., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest Michael J. Bourke: Research Support: Olympus, Cook Medical, Boston Scientific. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).)

Device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE), balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE) in particular, has become a routine endoscopic procedure which has revolutionized our approach to small-bowel disease. Evidence demonstrating the efficacy and safety of BAE spans over 22-years of experience, making it an established pillar of minimally invasive care. The robust evidence for BAE's safety and efficacy has now been incorporated into international clinical guidelines, technical reviews, benchmarking performance measures and curricula. The more recently introduced motorized spiral enteroscopy (MSE) which had replaced the previous manual version, abruptly ended its 7-year stint in clinical practice, when it was withdrawn and recalled from the market by its manufacturing company in July 2023, due to several associated serious adverse events (including fatalities). This article, written by the original developer of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and other recognized international experts and pioneers in this field, focuses mainly on the technical aspects, evolving indications, and equipment-related technological advances. Despite the very recent withdrawal of MSE from clinical practice, for completeness, this technology and its technique is still briefly covered here, albeit importantly, along with a short description of reported, associated, serious adverse events which have contributed to its withdrawal/recall from the market and clinical practice., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Author HY has patents for the double-balloon endoscopy system produced by Fujifilm Corporation and has a consultant relationship with the company. He has also received honoraria, grants, and royalties from the company. He has also received consultancy fees from Olympus. Author BGS received speaker honoraria from Olympus, Medtronic and Norgine. Author EJD has received speaker and consultant honoraria from Fujifilm, Aquilant Endoscopy, Olympus, 3-D Matrix, Ambu, Acino, Boston Scientific and unrestricted educational grants from Pentax Medical, Fujifilm, Aquilant Endoscopy, Olympus, Boston Scientific, GI Supply, Cook Medical, Diagmed Healthcare, Norgine, Takeda, Abbvie, Cantel Medical, Ardmore Medical, Apollo Endosurgery, ERBE, APR Medical, Ankon and Medtronic. None of the other authors has any conflicts of interest related to this article/work to declare., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

MR1: ESGE recommends small-bowel capsule endoscopy as the first-line examination, before consideration of other endoscopic and radiological diagnostic tests for suspected small-bowel bleeding, given the excellent safety profile of capsule endoscopy, its patient tolerability, and its potential to visualize the entire small-bowel mucosa.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. MR2: ESGE recommends small-bowel capsule endoscopy in patients with overt suspected small-bowel bleeding as soon as possible after the bleeding episode, ideally within 48 hours, to maximize the diagnostic and subsequent therapeutic yield.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. MR3: ESGE does not recommend routine second-look endoscopy prior to small-bowel capsule endoscopy in patients with suspected small-bowel bleeding or iron-deficiency anemia.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. MR4: ESGE recommends conservative management in those patients with suspected small-bowel bleeding and high quality negative small-bowel capsule endoscopy.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. MR5: ESGE recommends device-assisted enteroscopy to confirm and possibly treat lesions identified by small-bowel capsule endoscopy.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. MR6: ESGE recommends the performance of small-bowel capsule endoscopy as a first-line examination in patients with iron-deficiency anemia when small bowel evaluation is indicated.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. MR7: ESGE recommends small-bowel capsule endoscopy in patients with suspected Crohn's disease and negative ileocolonoscopy findings as the initial diagnostic modality for investigating the small bowel, in the absence of obstructive symptoms or known bowel stenosis.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. MR8: ESGE recommends, in patients with unremarkable or nondiagnostic findings from dedicated small-bowel cross-sectional imaging, small-bowel capsule endoscopy as a subsequent investigation if deemed likely to influence patient management.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. MR9: ESGE recommends, in patients with established Crohn's disease, the use of a patency capsule before small-bowel capsule endoscopy to decrease the capsule retention rate.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. MR10: ESGE recommends device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE) as an alternative to surgery for foreign bodies retained in the small bowel requiring retrieval in patients without acute intestinal obstruction.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. MR11: ESGE recommends DAE-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (DAE-ERCP) as a first-line endoscopic approach to treat pancreaticobiliary diseases in patients with surgically altered anatomy (except for Billroth II patients).Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence., Competing Interests: C. Carretero provides consultancy and receives speakers fees from Medtronic (ongoing). X. Dray is a founder of and shareholder in Augmented Endoscopy (May 2019 to present); he is a member of the International CApsule Endoscopy REsearch (iCARE) group (December 2021 to present); he holds four patents (shared with his institutions) related to artificial intelligence in endoscopy. E. J. Despott has received educational grants in support of conference organization, and honoraria, from Fujifilm, Pentax, and Olympus (2017–2021), and honoraria from Ambu (2021). L. Elli has held a lecture/consultancy role for Medtronic (2018-2020) and Capsocam (2016). L. Fuccio is a Co-Editor of Endoscopy journal. M. Keuchel has received speaker’s fees and travel support from and provided consultancy to Medtronic, and received speaker’s fees from Olympus (both from 2021 to present); his department has received study support from AnX Robotics (from 2021 to present). A. Koulaouzidis is a co-founder and shareholder of AJM MED-i-Caps (from 2017, ongoing) and iCERV (from 2022, ongoing), and has received consultancy fees from CHI and Jinshan Science & Technology and lecture honoraria from Medtronic (all from 2020, ongoing), travel assistance fees from Aquilant (2019), material support for clinical research from SynMed and Intromedic (2016–2020), and lecture honoraria and AB meeting fees from Dr Falk Pharma UK (2016–2020), and has participated in an advisory board for Ankon (2019); his department has received a grant from Medtronic (2016–2020); he is a founding and board member of iCARE; he or his department holds a patent related to this Guideline. D. McNamara received an iCloud Capsule Platform introductory fee waiver from Medtronic (2021–2022). T. Moreels received speaker’s fees from Olympus (2019–2022). H. Neumann is a consultant to Fujifilm, Medtronic, and Jinsha (from 2020, ongoing); his department receives study support from Fujifilm (from 2020, ongoing). M. Pennazio received speaker’s fees from Medtronic, Olympus, and Alfasigma (2015–2019). E. Perez-Cuadrado-Robles provided consultancy to Boston Scientific (2020–2021). E. Rondonotti has been an expert group member and speaker for Fujifilm (January 2021 to December 2021) and provided consultancy to Medtronic (2021); his department received a research grant from Fufifilm (January 2021 to December 2021). B. Rosa provided consultancy to Medtronic (2020–2021). C. Spada provided consultancy to Medtronic (2017–2022) and AnX Robotics (2020–2022). J. C. Saurin provided consultancy to Intromedic, Capsovision, Medtronic, and Povepharm (2021–2024), and teaching for Medtronic (2021–2024). I. Tacheci is Scientific Secretary to the Czech Society of Gastroenterology and responsible for dissemination of guidelines (2022). P. Cortegoso Valdivia, B. Gonzalez Suarez, L. Kunovsky, E. Perez-Cuadrado-Martinez, S. Piccirelli, D.S. Sanders, R. Sidhu, K. Triantafyllou, and E. Vlachou have no competing interests., (European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Dr Despott and Dr Murino have received unrestricted educational grants from Olympus Medical, Fujifilm, Pentax and Medtronic. Dr Despott has received speaker honoraria from Olympus medical, Fujifilm and Norgine, and consultant honoraria from Boston Scientific, Fujifilm and Ambu. Dr Murino has received speaker honoraria from GI supply and consultant honoraria from Boston Scientific and Pentax.

Competing Interests: E. J. Despott and A. Murino have received unrestricted educational grants from Olympus Medical, Fujifilm, Pentax and Medtronic. E. J. Despott has received speaker honoraria from Olympus Medical, Fujifilm and Norgine, and consultant honoraria from Boston Scientific, Fujifilm and Ambu. A. Murino has received speaker honoraria from GI supply and consultant honoraria from Boston Scientific and Pentax.