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Background: Transcranial Photobiomodulation (t-PBM) is a current, innovative method that is used in the therapy of many neurological and psychological diseases. Its mechanisms of action have been investigated and the most well described ways of action are its effects on mitochondrial function and on heat/light-activated ion channels on neurons membrane. It has been suggested that the increase in cerebral blood flow and the alterations of membrane ion channels are the most dominant potential mechanisms that cause the effects of PBM on quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG), that some recent studies have reported. Aim: The aim of this review is to describe the effects that t-PBM has on brain oscillations, as these are measured by qEEG. Methods: The research was carried out in the Pubmed database and it included all studies that had been published until February 2022. Results: Overall, sixty-eight studies were located and considered, searching with the terms Photobiomodulation or Light Therapy or Near Infrared Light and EEG. Only eleven of them used Photobiomodulation in order to observe the effect it can have on human brain oscillations, measured by qEEG. Two studies reported the EEG alterations after t-PBM application on the hand instead of the head. Thus, nine studies were included in the review, which applied t-PBM and observed the alterations that it brought upon qEEG of healthy adults or patients with memory problems. Conclusion: The studies showed that t-PBM increases high frequency neural activity and inhibits low frequency oscillations. The studies varied a lot in the ways of light application and the parameters of the light itself, as well as on their study population.

Background: Swallowing is an important function for life sustenance but our understanding of its neural organization in the human cortex is not yet fully explored. Electroencephalography is a functional neuroimaging modality that already has and could further contribute to that direction. In this review, we have sought to gather and present findings from studies that used the EEG on healthy individuals for the investigation of the cortical mechanisms that moderate deglutition. Methods and Materials: Four databases were searched for studies that used the EEG as their main research modality on healthy individuals and administered various stimuli for them to swallow. The risk of bias assessment of the studies was conducted using the NIH rating scale for observational studies. Results: Our search yielded 393 studies in total and nine of them were included in the final discussion. The risk of bias assessment showed good quality of the studies. The nine studies were presented in a table following an adapted PICOS outline depicting the population, the comparisons, the means of measurement and the outcomes. Conclusions: Researchers studied the morphology of the signal before, during and after the swallow and its discrepancies in frequency in relation to stimuli alterations. Discrepancies in methodology and concordance with previous research are discussed.

The current study investigated the indirect effects of anger on the four forms and functions of relational aggression (i.e., proactive indirect, proactive direct, reactive indirect, reactive direct...

Background: Virtual Reality (VR) is a new technology used more and more in clinical trial. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of immersive VR as a rehabilitation approach of cognitive functions. Method and Material: A systematic literature review was conducted in the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane, OTseeker and PsycINFO for articles published until August 2021. The main search terms were "immersive virtual reality," and "cognitive rehabilitation". The research was strictly limited in immersive technologies and adult patients suffering from neurological disorder or a traumatic injury or elderly with cognitive decline, and no reviews are included. Totally, 16 citations reviewed. Results: All intervention studies reported improvements either in cognitive functions or in stress management and relaxation. In particular, most of the studies demonstrated improvement in attention (N=6) but also in executive functions (N=3), in memory (N=5) and in navigation skills (N=1). Regarding safety and feasibility, most of the participants in the studies completed successfully the tasks and did not report stimulation sickness. Conclusions: The available limited data indicate that immersive VR environments can a) be feasible and safe and b) have a positive impact in cognitive functions in the dynamic process of rehabilitation. Further research is warranted in large-scale longitudinal clinical trials in various patients’ groups in order to compare the effects of immersive and non-immersive VR interventions. Future studies should further investigate the long-term impact on cognitive functions in interventions using immersive VR.

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential moderating role of perceived social support (school personnel, friends) and gender in the association between distinct psychopathic traits (ca...

The use of technological means in the process of neuropsychological assessment has been proposed as a technique with promising results in the field of detection of neurocognitive disorders for community-dwelling older adults. Especially during the pandemic period due to COVID-19, telemedicine assumed to be vital in the field of early diagnosis of cognitive disorders and highlighted the clinical utility of remote methods of neuropsychological assessmentby video-conference. This descriptive study presents the development of a remote neuropsychological assessment protocol by selecting appropriate validated tests as part of a more comprehensive evaluation for older adults dwelling in the community. We recruited participants from the Athens Alzheimer's Association center in collaboration with the Hellenic Neuropsychological Society, in Athens, Greece, regarding the period between April 2020 and October 2021. 90 individuals, tested for the first time, were categorized into three groups according to their diagnosis which included: (a) Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), (b) Alzheimer's disease, (c) cognitively healthy older adults. The presented protocol outlines the main considerations of a framework about remote neuropsychological assessment, which can maximize the effectiveness of interventions and continuity regarding the care of older adults. The recommendations outlined in the presented protocol highlight strengths and limitations that should be taken into account in remote control procedures. Although the protocol was created in response to pandemic restrictions, tele-neuropsychology shows promise as a way to improve access opportunity to neurodiagnostic services for rural aging and underserved populations, which lack specialized healthcare services. Further application to different populations will add validity to the presented descriptive protocol.

The use of technological means in the process of neuropsychological assessment has been proposed as a technique with promising results in the field of detection of neurocognitive disorders for community-dwelling older adults. Especially during the pandemic period due to COVID-19, telemedicine assumed to be vital in the field of early diagnosis of cognitive disorders and highlighted the clinical utility of remote methods of neuropsychological assessmentby video-conference. This descriptive study presents the development of a remote neuropsychological assessment protocol by selecting appropriate validated tests as part of a more comprehensive evaluation for older adults dwelling in the community. We recruited participants from the Athens Alzheimer’s Association center in collaboration with the Hellenic Neuropsychological Society, in Athens, Greece, regarding the period between April 2020 and October 2021. 90 individuals, tested for the first time, were categorized into three groups according to their diagnosis which included: (a) Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), (b) Alzheimer’s disease, (c) cognitively healthy older adults. The presented protocol outlines the main considerations of a framework about remote neuropsychological assessment, which can maximize the effectiveness of interventions and continuity regarding the care of older adults. The recommendations outlined in the presented protocol highlight strengths and limitations that should be taken into account in remote control procedures. Although the protocol was created in response to pandemic restrictions, tele-neuropsychology shows promise as a way to improve access opportunity to neurodiagnostic services for rural aging and underserved populations, which lack specialized healthcare services. Further application to different populations will add validity to the presented descriptive protocol. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

15 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables, supplementary data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105714, Discards is an important issue in fisheries around the world. The spatial management of discards has attracted interest as a potential tool for minimizing the unwanted catch. The aim of the present work was to identify areas with high quantities of bottom trawl discarded catch regarding species subjected to MCRS, in six areas of southern European waters (southern Portuguese waters, Catalan Sea, Ligurian and northern Tyrrhenian Seas, Strait of Sicily, eastern Ionian Sea, and Aegean Sea). Analyses were based on two types of data: (a) the undersized catch of species subjected to MCRS from bottom trawl surveys and (b) the actual discarded catch (including undersized and non-undersized individuals) of species subjected to MCRS from commercial bottom trawling. Geostatistical analysis techniques were applied to the first type of data and Generalized Additive Models using environmental variables were applied to the second one. Subsequently, areas that persistently presented high quantities of discarded catch (i.e., “iDC grounds”) or undersized catch (i.e., “iUC grounds”) were identified and mapped. The “iDC grounds”/“iUC grounds” were located either over the slope or within the continental shelf and over marine plateaus, largely depending on the main target species of each fishery. Next, the overlap of “iDC grounds”/“iUC grounds” with the existing Fisheries Restricted Areas (FRAs) and the proposed Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) was estimated aiming to explore how spatial closures could contribute to the reduction of bottom trawl discarded catch/undersized catch. Certain spatial closures were more effective in the Central Mediterranean and others to the Eastern Mediterranean. The overlapping of existing FRAs with “iDC grounds”/“iUC grounds” did not exceed 24 % in any study area, whereas proposed MPAs, like the CIESM Marine Peace Parks, reached up to 90 % for the same study area, This work was funded by the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement No. 634495 for the project Science, Technology, and Society Initiative to minimize Unwanted Catches in European Fisheries (MINOUW). We thank people involved in the MEDISEH project (MAREA PROJECT MEDISEH: Mediterranean Sensitive Habitats, Specific Contract No 2, SI2.600741) for data provision regarding FRAs and MPAs, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

Τhe empty-nest syndrome is a transitional stage, when middle-aged parents are in the process of encouraging their children to take up their obligations as adults. The empty-nest syndrome is a psychological condition that affects both parents, who experience feelings of grief, loss, fear, inability, difficulty in adjusting roles, and change of parental relationships, when children leave the parental home. Τhis syndrome has gained special interest in a world where the current economic crisis has not only deepened global poverty but also a crisis of values reflected in the dynamic model of the family. The purpose of this review was to appraise the impact of psychosocial stress of the empty- nest syndrome on the parents' well-being through the years, during the current socio-economic crisis, taking into account gender, national and cultural background, socio-demographic and other context factors. We addressed the phenomenon of the "Boomerang Kids" and crowded nests as a result of current financial instability. Finally, we focused on the strategies which the family can employ to retain their resilience, according to the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping Family resilience framework and self-efficacy models. A literature review was conducted using web-based search engines provided by Medline, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane and PsychINFO. The term "empty nest syndrome'' was combined with women, men, economic crisis, parenthood, stress, menopause, midlife crisis, Boomerang kids, crowded nets, resilience, self-efficacy, wellbeing, and cultural differences. Women and men from diverse cultural groups have a different experience of the empty nest, as well as ways of coping. Distress caused by empty nest results in the incidence of symptoms of depression, behavioral symptoms and cognitive impairment. In most of studies, low marital quality and lack of social support affected negatively on a parent's well-being particularly for those experiencing the return of their "Boomerang kids". However, the financial crisis can transform an empty-nest into a "dynamic nest" by community health promotion services. Social support programs should be designed to strengthen family resource and improve family well-being.

Τhe empty-nest syndrome is a transitional stage, when middle-aged parents are in the process of encouraging their children to take up their obligations as adults. The empty-nest syndrome is a psychological condition that affects both parents, who experience feelings of grief, loss, fear, inability, difficulty in adjusting roles, and change of parental relationships, when children leave the parental home. Τhis syndrome has gained special interest in a world where the current economic crisis has not only deepened global poverty but also a crisis of values reflected in the dynamic model of the family. The purpose of this review was to appraise the impact of psychosocial stress of the empty- nest syndrome on the parents' well-being through the years, during the current socio-economic crisis, taking into account gender, national and cultural background, socio-demographic and other context factors. We addressed the phenomenon of the "Boomerang Kids" and crowded nests as a result of current financial instability. Finally, we focused on the strategies which the family can employ to retain their resilience, according to the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping Family resilience framework and self-efficacy models. A literature review was conducted using web-based search engines provided by Medline, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane and PsychINFO. The term "empty nest syndrome'' was combined with women, men, economic crisis, parenthood, stress, menopause, midlife crisis, Boomerang kids, crowded nets, resilience, self-efficacy, wellbeing, and cultural differences. Women and men from diverse cultural groups have a different experience of the empty nest, as well as ways of coping. Distress caused by empty nest results in the incidence of symptoms of depression, behavioral symptoms and cognitive impairment. In most of studies, low marital quality and lack of social support affected negatively on a parent's well-being particularly for those experiencing the return of their "Boomerang kids". However, the financial crisis can transform an empty-nest into a "dynamic nest" by community health promotion services. Social support programs should be designed to strengthen family resource and improve family well-being.

Spatial management of discards has attracted increasing interest as a potential mitigation measure. However, most studies are restricted to commercial species. The aim of the present work was to fill this gap by identifying and mapping the spatial distribution of five non-commercial species with high frequency of occurrence in the discarded catch of bottom trawl fishery in the Aegean Sea, i.e., Brown comber Serranus hepatus, Mediterranean scaldfish Arnoglossus laterna, Red bandfish Cepola macrophthalma, Argentine Argentina sphyraena, and Boarfish Capros aper. For this purpose, Generalized Additive Models were used to account for catch dependency on environmental parameters in order to explore the spatial distribution of species. Modeling results revealed that the spatial distribution of species was driven by environmental variables. Depth was the most informative variable explaining most catch variation in all species. For A. laterna, C. macrophthalma, and S. hepatus the highest estimated values of catch were located over the continental shelf and at shallower waters inside gulfs, whereas C. aper and A. sphyraena catch were more broadly distributed across the study area and at greater depths. Seasonal variations in species catch were also observed, probably related in most cases to species reproduction period. Mapping species distribution is essential for the identification of priority areas of protection in future marine spatial plans.

Feed management is an important factor for successful aquaculture, especially when it affects gonad maturation. In this context, the present study evaluates the effects of long term starvation (1F–3S: one-month feeding – three-month starvation) and starvation/re-feeding (2S–2F: two-month starvation – two-month re-feeding) on gonad maturation, hematological/biochemical indices and proximate composition of liver and muscle of vitelogenic sea bass. In males, all the fish in the control group (4F–0S: four-month feeding – zero-month starvation) reached the maturity stage S2 (Mature), while only 33% and 75% reached that stage in the 1F–3S and 2S–2F groups, respectively. In females, the percentages of immature gonads were 80%, 25% and 50% for the groups 1F–3S, 2S–2F and 4F–0S respectively, while the percentages of the fish which reached the stage of vitellogenesis were 20%, 75% and 50% for the same groups. The concentration of glucose and lactate in plasma was not affected by starvation or re-feeding. On the contrary, triglycerides, phospholipids and total lipids of group 1F–3S decreased significantly, whereas cholesterol did not differ compared to the control group. In the 2S–2F group, total lipids and cholesterol were also significantly decreased while triglycerides and phospholipids were not altered. Proximate composition analysis in the liver showed that long term starvation (1F–3S) led to a significant reduction of crude lipid and ash, compared to the 4F–0S and 2S–2F groups. In contrast, crude protein concentration in the liver was significantly increased in 1F–3S group compared to 4F–0S and 2S–2F groups. In white muscle a significant reduction of crude lipids was detected in the 1F–3S and 2S–2F groups, while no significant changes were observed in crude protein, ash and moisture concentrations. The enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH), citrate synthase (CS) and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) were significantly increased in the liver of 1F–3S fish, whereas in red muscle both HOAD and CS were significantly decreased in both 1F–3S and 2S–2F groups. Overall our results indicate that a 2 month starvation and 2 month re-feeding period during vitellogenesis reduces GSI and maturity stage in male sea bass and affect the levels of biochemical blood indices and the activities of certain enzymes of the intermediary metabolism.

In the context of food deprivation in fish (wild and farmed), understanding of cellular responses is necessary in order to develop strategies to minimize stress caused by starvation in the aquaculture section. The present study evaluates the effects of long term starvation (1F–3S: one-month feeding–three-month starvation) and starvation/re-feeding (2S–2F: two-month starvation–two-month re-feeding) compared to the control group (4F–0S: four-month feeding–zero month starvation) on cellular stress response and antioxidant defense in organs, like the intestine, the liver, the red and white muscle of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Molecular responses were addressed through the expression of Hsp70 and Hsp90, the phosphorylation of stress-activated protein kinases and particularly p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK-1/2). For the determination of the effect of the oxidative stress caused by food deprivation and/or re-feeding, the (maximum) activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidise (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were studied. The experimental feeding trials caused a tissue distinct and differential response on the cellular and antioxidant capacity of sea bass not only during the stressful process of starvation but also in re-feeding. Specifically, the intestine phosphorylation of ERKs and antioxidant enzymatic activities increased in the 2S–2F fish group, while in the 1F–3S group an increase was detected in the levels of the same proteins except for GPx. In the liver and the red muscle of 2S–2F fish, decreased Hsp70 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK levels and increased Hsp90 levels were observed. Additionally, SOD activity decreased in the red muscle of 2S–2F and 1F–3S groups. In the liver and red muscle of 1F–3S group Hsp70 levels increased, while the activation of p38 MAPK in the liver decreased. In the white muscle, Hsp90 levels decreased and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK increased in both feeding regimes compared to control. In the same tissue, GPx and catalase levels were decreased in 2S–2F regime, while SOD levels were decreased in 1F–3S regime.