Search

Hybrid organic–inorganic membranes which called as mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) based on Poly(ether-sulfone) (PES) and Materials Institute Lavoisier (MIL-53) (Al) are successfully prepared through a phase inversion method. The XRD and FTIR analyses confirm the formation of MIL-53 (Al) and classified as a mesoporous material with irregular morphology according to nitrogen sorption isotherm and SEM analysis. The loading of MIL-53 (Al) into PES varies from 10, 20, 30, and 40% (w/w). No chemical interaction is observed between MIL-53 (Al) and PES in MMMs based on FTIR analysis. Agglomeration in MMMs is observed at the addition of 40% (w/w) MIL-53 (Al) with an increase in the thermal stability of MMMs up to 50 °C. The gas separation is tested by calculating the gas permeability of N2, O2, and CO2 and reached optimum condition in the addition of MIL-53 (Al) 30% (w/w) with increasing permeability values, respectively, 4, 6, and 8 times higher than the pristine PES membrane. The optimum selectivity of CO2/N2 and CO2/O2 is achieved in the addition of MIL-53 (Al) by 30 and 40% (w/w) with an increase in selectivity values 62.58 and 26.70%, respectively, compared to the selectivity of net PES membrane.

Stigmasterol and Stigmasterone from Methanol Extract of Calophyllum soulattri Burm. F. Stem Bark. Calophyllum soulattri Burm. F. has been widely used for herbal medicine. Phytochemical investigation of C. soulattri contains a secondary metabolite of the steroid class. Steroid compounds have various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antibacterial, antimalarial, and anticancer. Two secondary metabolites steroids have been isolated and identified from the stem bark extract of C. soulattri. Isolation was carried out through the extraction (maceration), fractionation, and purification stages. Maceration is carried out using methanol as a solvent. Fractionation was carried out by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), and purification was by flash column chromatography. Identification of combined fractions and determination of pure isolates were used through thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The solvent used in the chromatography methods was a mixture of n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The structure isolates were identified by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR and compared with literature data. Secondary metabolites steroids that have been isolated are identical compounds to stigmasterol and stigmasterone.

Novel mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) based on polyethersulfone (PES) and [Al12O(OH)18 (H2O)3(btc)6] (btc: benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid), also known as Material of Institute Lavoisier (MIL)-96 (Al), fillers were successfully prepared using a conventional printing method with the wet phase inversion technique. Membranes for gas separation were successfully prepared using PES 35% w/w in N,N′-dimethylacetamide (DMAc).Variations in percent addition of fillers included 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% w/w to observe gas separation performance. The produced PES/MIL-96 (Al) MMMs did not show any chemical interactions based on fourier transform infrared analysis. The fabricated membrane has a finger-like structure, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy images. Gas separation performance in MMMs was observed in N2, O2, and CO2 gases. Membrane permeability showed an increase as the number of fillers was increased. The optimum selectivity of the membranes for the separation of CO2/N2 and CO2/O2 gases was achieved with the addition of 20% fillers with increases of 155% and 86%, respectively, compared to pure PES membranes. Agglomeration was observed with the addition of 30% particle filler to the membranes, which resulted in decreased membrane selectivity.

The excessive use of natural gas and other fossil fuels by the industrial sector leads to the production of great quantities of gas pollutants, including CO2, SO2, and NO x . Consequently, these gases increase the temperature of the earth, producing global warming. Different strategies have been developed to help overcome this problem, including the utilization of separation membrane technology. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are hybrid membranes that combine an organic polymer as a matrix and an inorganic compound as a filler. In this study, MMMs were prepared based on polyethersulfone (PES) and a type of metal–organic framework (MOF), Materials of Institute Lavoisier (MIL)-100(Al) [Al3O(H2O)2(OH)(BTC)2] (BTC: benzene 1,3,5-tricarboxylate) using a phase inversion method. The influence on the properties of the produced membranes by addition of 5, 10, 20, and 30% MIL-100(Al) (w/w) to the PES was also investigated. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated that no chemical interactions occurred between PES and MIL-100(Al). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed agglomeration at PES/MIL-100(Al) 30% (w/w) and that the thickness of the dense layer increased up to 3.70 µm. After the addition of MIL-100(Al) of 30% (w/w), the permeability of the MMMs for CO2, O2, and N2 gases was enhanced by approximately 16, 26, and 14 times, respectively, as compared with a neat PES membrane. The addition of MIL-100(Al) to PES increased the thermal stability of the membranes, reaching 40°C as indicated by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). An addition of 20% MIL-100(Al) (w/w) increased membrane selectivity for CO2/O2 from 2.67 to 4.49 (approximately 68.5%), and the addition of 10% MIL-100(Al) increased membrane selectivity for CO2/N2 from 1.01 to 2.12 (approximately 110.1%).

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) could be a solution to combine the advantage of organic polymer and inorganic membrane for CO2 gas separation. In this research, MMMs based on poly-ether sulfone (PES) with various amounts addition of Metal–Organic Framework based on magnesium(II) and benzene 1,3,5- tricarboxylate [Mg3(BTC)2], as filler, have been prepared via phase inversion method. According to FTIR spectroscopy, the obtained MMMs show no chemical interaction between [Mg3(BTC)2] and PES. Post-synthesis sonication on [Mg3(BTC)2] resulted in 5 times smaller particle size and increased the surface area up to 8 times. The loading of [Mg3(BTC)2] slightly increases the thermal stability of the PES membrane up to 20 °C according to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). High [Mg3(BTC)2] loading of 30 and 40 wt% resulting in particle agglomeration as depicted in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The value of CO2 permeability increased almost five times after loading of 20 wt% [Mg3(BTC)2] into PES, while the selectivity of CO2/N2 and CO2/O2 separation increased up to 200 and 150%, respectively.

Compound 5,15-diphenyl porphyrin (DPP) has been synthesized and inserted with different kind of metal (Fe, Cu and Zn). Synthesis of DPP has been carried out through three stages reaction using pyrrole and benzaldehyde as starting materials. Identification of synthesized compounds of 5-phenyl dipyrromethane (DPM) and 5, 15-diphenyl porphyrin (DPP) was confirmed with H-NMR. Three different metals were then inserted into the cavity of DPP. Optical spectra of Cu, Fe, Zn-DPP was then investigated and compared with free-base DPP using UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The result showed that the yield reaction of DPM reached about 41.77% and DPP reached about 21.80%. Based on the spectra investigation of metal-DPP, it showed that DPP had different Soret and Q band when each Cu (II), Fe (II), Zn (II) was inserted into DPP. Moreover, Zn-DPP has Q band at to the rightest shifting than Cu-DPP or Fe-DPP which means it has the least excitation energy among them. Therefore, Zn-DPP has the more potential to be utilized for application such as DSSC.

Synthesis of amino functionalized organosilane (AFOS) via UV-irradiation method has been conducted. In this research, the precursors for synthesizing AFOS are 3-glycydiloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and ethylene diamine. Synthesis of amino functionalized organosilane was performed for 16 h monitored by Infra-red spectroscopy technique. The morphological structure of AFOS was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption process was conducted in the batch method using Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) as anionic dye model. In this study, the pH, contact time and dyes concentration were varied to determine the optimum pH, kinetic and isotherm adsorption. Based on the calculation, the kinetic rate of the RBBR adsorbed onto AFOS was determined by k2 (pseudo second-order). Moreover, the isotherm study showed that the Langmuir model fitted for the adsorption of RBBR onto AFOS with Qm by 21.3 mg g-1.

Pabrik tahu merupakan industri kecil (rumah tangga) yang banyak dikerjakan oleh masyarakat dan pada umumnya jarang memiliki instalasi pengolahan limbah. Adanya keterbatasan dana, pabrik tahu tersebut lebih sering membuang limbahnya langsung ke sungai. Limbah tahu ini akan menimbulkan aroma yang kurang sedap sehingga mengganggu estetika dan kehidupan ekosistem sekitarnya. Salah satu cara untuk mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan, dilakukan pengolahan limbah cair tahu menjadi produk yang lebih bermanfaat yaitu Nata de Soya. Proses pembuatan Nata de Soya melalui fermentasi. Sebanyak satu liter limbah cair tahu diendapkan dan difiltrasi, dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan media tumbuh bakteri Acetobacter xylinum dan difermentasi selama 14 hari. Produk yang terbentuk kemudian dicuci dan direndam selama 3 hari dengan penggantian air rendaman setiap hari. Proses fermetasi limbah cair tahu menghasilkan Nata de soya berbentuk gel, berwarna putih, mempunyai ketebalan 2 mm, kadar air 79,31% dan densitas sebesar 0,85. Pengolahan dalam penelitian ini yang terbukti berhasil mengubah limbah cair tahu menjadi Nata de Soya merupakan salah satu cara mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan dan dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomi. Tofu Liquid Waste Processing Into Nata De Soya Through the Fermentation Process. Tofu factories are small (household) industries that are mostly done by the community and generally rarely have sewage treatment plants. Due to limited funds, these tofu factories often dispose of their waste directly into the river. This tofu waste will cause an unpleasant aroma that will disturb the aesthetics and life of the surrounding ecosystem. One of the ways to reduce environmental pollution is to process tofu liquid waste into a more useful product, namely Nata de Soya. The process of making Nata de Soya can be done through fermentation. As much as one liter of tofu liquid waste was deposited and filtered following by making a growing medium for Acetobacter xylinum bacteria and was then fermented for 14 days. The product was then washed and soaked for 3 days with daily replacement of water immersion. The fermentation process of tofu wastewater produced Nata de soya as a white gel and having a thickness of 2 mm, a water content of 79.31%, and a density of 0.85. The treatment presented in this paper which successfully converted tofu wastewater into Nata de Soya is one way to reduce environmental pollution and to increase the economic value.

Composites rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/Hall and rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF/Hall have been reactively synthesized in xylene solution. The starting materials are recycled polypropylene (rPP), divinylbenzene (DVB), and PP-g-AA coupling agent, halloysite (Hall) and kenaf fiber (KF). By using ASTM D638, D6272 and D6110, the mechanical properties of composites which are measured: tensile strength (TS), flexural strength (FS) and impact toughness (IT), respectively. The result of the rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/Hall (C1) composite test shows that the TS increased up to 52%, the FS to 10% and the IT to 7% compared to that of starting material rPP. In the mean time, the addition of 20% (w/w) of KF as a second reinforcement to form rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF/Hall composites (C3) is able to increase the TS by 18%, the FS by 28% and the IT by 27% compared to the composite without KF (C1).

Has successfully created an optimum composite of rPP/DVB/PP-AA/comBen+ZB based on the mechanical and fuel resistance properties. The starting material recycled PP (rPP), PP modified acrylic acid (AA) as coupling agent (PP-AA), crosslinker divinylbenzene (DVB), 20 phr of commercial bentonite (comBen) and 5 phr of zinc borate (ZB), was reactivelly processed in xylene. Composites analysis using XRD presented that the bentonite had been exfoliated inside of PP matrix. Test results showed that both of tensile strength (TS) and young's modulus (YM) of rPP/DVB/PP-AA/comBen+ZB composites following ASTM D638 was increased. The testing results of burning rate (BR) of composite rPP/DVB/PP-AA/comBen+ZB according to ASTM D635 decreased. The presence of bentonite as a natural fire retardant and ZB as fire retardant additive on composite rPP/DVB/PP-AA/comBen+ZB able to increase mechanical properties and also improving the flammability resistance.

Had been synthesized different composites from recycled polypropylene (rPP) using Pineapple leave Fiber (PaF), commercial Bentonite (comBen) and zinc borate (ZB). In the optimum formula with ratio rPP/PaF/comBen was 65/15/20 (w/w) and 5 % ZB of different composites are measured their flame retardancy, tensile strength (TS) and biodegradability. This new rPP/PaF/comBen/ZB composites materials have heat combustion (Hg), tensile strength (TS) and biodegradability better than the starting materials. The Hg of rPP/PaF/comBen/ZB decreased to 28%. The TS of rPP/PaF/comBen/ZB according to ASTM D 638 arised to 83%. The biodegradability of rPP/PaF/comBen/ZB in burial test arised to 15.7%.

Petani pembesaran lele banyak yang mengeluh gagal dalam usahapembesaran lele. Kegagalan tersebut disebabkan oleh penggunaan pakandan kolam yang tidak efisien serta harga pakan mahal. Tujuan kegiatanpengabdian masyarakat ini memberikan wawasan tentang metode barudalam usaha pembesaran lele yang menguntungkan. Mitra pengabdiankegiatan ini yaitu kelompok pembesaran lele Sungut Emas di Boyolali danpetani-petani pembesaran lele disekitarnya. Metode pengabdiandilakukan dengan metode substitusi ipteks secara teori, praktek lapangan,dan pendampingan. Substitusi ipteks secara teori meliputi penjelasantentang pembesaran lele tebar padat dan aplikasi enzim dalam efisiensipakan. Materi praktek lapangan meliputi cara persiapan air, carapengelolaan air, cara menangani penyakit dan cara memberi pakan.Simpulan, substitusi ipteks pembesaran lele tebar padat mampumenyelesaikan masalah yang dihadapi petani pembesaran lele tebar padatsehingga keuntungan usaha meningkat.

Had been successfully synthesized rPP/DVB/PP-AA/rNR/KF//Hall+ZB smart composite in solution reactive processes with various recycled Natural Rubber (rNR) bio-compatibilizer concentration. The addition of rNR bio-compatibilizer improved the total capacity loading (Hall and KF) filler to reach the optimum concentration. The addition of 3% rNR is capable to increase capacity of total loading filler KF and Hall up to 46% as the optimum condition (KH4). At optimum conditions it can increase the Tensile Strength (TS) and Elongation (Elo) up to 16% and 17% respectively, and decrease the Young Modulus (YM) to 1% compared to that the composites without rNR (KH1). The rNR plasticizer serves as a bio-compatibilizer that can increase the loading filler capacity and well interaction, finally, it can increase the TS properties. The increase of total loading filler KF and Hall to 46% (KH4) can also improve the inflammability of the composites. The Heat combustion (Hg) of KH1 without rNR was 42.3 kJ/g and at optimum condition the Hg of KH4 increases 4.8%, compared to that of KH1. The time to Ignition (TTI) increases by 6.9%, Burning Rate (BR) decreases by 3.7% and the Heat Release (HR) increases by 2.1% compared to that of the composites without rNR (KH1).

Packaging used edible film is one of the food preservation techniques. Many studies have proven that edible films can extend the shelf life and improve the quality of food products. Edible film from ginger starch and chitosan with glycerin as plasticizer has been successfully prepared and characterized. The purpose of this research was to produce and characterized of the mechanical properties of edible film from ginger starch, chitosan, and glycerin as plasticizer. Edible film was characterized by UTM, TGA, FTIR and Water Uptake Test. The results of tensile strength test of edible film is 0.67125 MPa and elongation up to 15.67%. The thermal degradation of material reached 176.9695°C, water uptake of edible film up to 2.5%, and FTIR data shows an interaction between ginger starch, chitosan, and glycerin. It concluded that edible film from ginger starch, chitosan, and glycerin as plasticizer has good mechanical properties and has potential as a packaging.

Synthesis of copoly-(eugenol-stearyl acrylate)/Eg-co-SA was carried out through cationic copolymerization. Copolymerization was conducted using H2SO4 initiator, at room temperature (28-30 °C) and under nitrogen atmosphere. Structure of Eg-co-SA was identified by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Average molecular weight (M v ) of Eg-co-SA was measured by Ostwald Viscometer at constant temperature 28 °C. Morphology and thermal properties of Eg-co-SA was characterized using SEM and DSC. Analysis of EG-CO-SA structure by using FTIR showed disappear of characteristics absorption of the vinyl group (-CH=CH2) in 16381634 cm−1 and 998-977 cm−1 wave number. The success of synthesis was supported by the disappear of the 1H-NMR vinyl proton signal at 5.7-6.39 ppm and the appearance of new proton signal of single bond carbon (C-C) at 1-2.6 ppm. The increasing the weight of SA in Eg-co-SA synthesis gives changes in average molecular weight (Mv) and Degree of Polymerization (DP). The results of determining the average molecular weight of Eg-co-SA 2%, 4% and 5% were obtained 49812.10, 67709.25 and 75283.59 g/mol, respectively. Meanwhile, the degree of polymerization were 102, 139 and 154 for 2%, 4%, and 5% Eg-co-SA, respectively. Morphology of Eg-co-SA showed that increasing of SA weight resulted spongy surfaces with 0.35-10.46 μm diameter. Thermal analysis of Eg-co-SA showed that increasing of SA weight influenced thermal stability from 399 °C to 386 °C, when the SA content increase from 2% to 4%.

Composites rPP/DVB/AA/KF had been reactively synthesized in melt using starting material: recycled polypropylene (rPP), kenaf fiber (KF), multifunctional compound acrylic acid (AA), compatibilizer divinyl benzene (DVB). To improve the inflammability of composites, single flame retardant aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH) and boric acid (BA) as an additive was added. The inflammability of the composites was tested according to ASTM D635. By using 20% ATH and 5% BA additive in the composites it is effectively inhibiting its time to ignition (TTI). Its burning rate (BR) can be reduced and its heat realease (%HR) decreases. The biodegradability of composites was quantified by its losing weight (LW) of composites after buried for 4 months in the media with rich cellulolytic bacteria. The result shows that the LW of composites in the presence 20% ATH and 5% BA is 6.3%.

The aim research is application of poly-5-allyl-calix[4]arene tetra carboxylic acid as adsorbent of heavy metal cations. Adsorption was carried out towards Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cr(III) ions in batch system. Several variables including pH, contact time and initial concentration of metal ions were determined. The optimum adsorption conditions were achieved at pH 6.0 for Cd(II) and Cr(III), while at pH 5.5 for Pb(II) ions. In addition, the optimum contact time of Pb (II), Cd(II) and Cr(III) ion adsorption were 180 min. The adsorption kinetics of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cr(III) ions using the calixarene polymer adsorbent followed a pseudo 2nd order kinetics model, with adsorption rate constants of 2x10-2; 5x10-3, and 3.1x10-2 g mole-1 min-1, respectively. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherm of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions tends to follow the Freundlich isotherm, whereas the adsorption of Cr (III) tends to follow the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacity of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cr(III) metal ions were 104.04, 61.78 and 228.69 μmole/g, with adsorption energy of 24.87; 21.62 and 31.07 KJ/mole, respectively.

The synthesis of poly-5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene were performed in experimental series as follows: (1) Cyclotetramerization of p-t-butylphenol with NaOH and paraformaldehyde to p-butylcalix[4]arene, (2) Debutylation of p-butylcalix[4]arene using AlCl3 and phenol to tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene, (3) Allylation reaction using allylbromide to diallyloxy-dihydroxycalix[4]arene, (4) Claisen rearrangement reaction, (5) Cationic polymerization to diallylcalix[4]arenes. All of the synthesized products were analyzed by means of IR spectrometer and 1H-NMR spectrometer. The result of 25,27-diallyloxy-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene synthesis was white crystals having m.p. 205-207 °C in 80.95% yield. The synthesis of 5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy-calix[4]arene gave light yellow crystals having m.p. 214-216 °C in 78.67% yield. The polymerization gave poly(5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetra-hydroxycalix[4]arene) having m.p. 338-340 °C, in 60% yield. Its estimated has a relative molecular weight of 18,738 g/mol with the number of unit repetition about 37 monomer units. Keywords: Diallylation, polymerization, Poly-5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene

Had been synthesized PP/rRG/MMt+ZB smart material composite in solution reactive processes with various rRG concentration. The addition of rRG plasticizers will improve the deflection properties and increase the filler capacity MMt loading to reach the optimum concentration. The addition of 3% rRG is capable of loading filler capacity MMt to 23% as the optimum condition. At the optimum conditions it can increase the deflection (Defl) and flexural strength (FS) up to 16% and 15% respectively compared to that of the composites without rRG. The rRG plasticizer serves as a bio-compatibilizer that can reduce surface tension of the mixture and leads to decrease the Defl., follow by the increase of loading filler capacity and well interaction finally can increase the FS properties. The increase of loading filler MMt up to 23% can also improve the inflammability of the composites. Time to Ignition (TTI) increase by 5% and Burning Rate (BR) decrease by 4.5% compared to that of the composites which is containing MMt 20% without rRG.

The synthesis of chitosan-p-t-butylcalix[4]arene acid was done with DIC (N, N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide) as the coupling agent. The structural analysis of the chitosan-p-t-butylcalix[4]arene acid was conducted by spectrophotometer Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Meanwhile, the surface area was investigated by Surface Area Analysis, the Scanning Electrone Microscope (SEM) analysed the surface morphology, and also the melting point temperature was determined. FTIR analysis on Chitosan-p-t-butylcalix[4]arene provides an overlapped absorption of -OH and -NH groups at 3438.26 cm-1. Meanwhile, a C = C aromatic bond present at 1480.43 cm-1. XRD analysis shows some broaden peaks due to the amorphous phase of the prepared material. The prepared material is a brownish yellow solid, odorless and porous. The melting point, surface area, and the average pore radius are above 300 °C, 9.42 m2 / g, and 52.5938 A, respectively.

Cationic co-polymerization between eugenol and divinylbenzene (DVB) (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12%) with BF3O(C2H5)2 as a catalyst at room temperature without media under nitrogen atmosphere has been investigated. Co-poly (eugenol sulfonate)-DVB has been synthesized by sulfonation of co-poly(eugenol-DVB). In the sulfonation, concentrated sulfuric acid was used as the reagent and Ag2SO4 as a catalyst. Structure and characterization of co-poly (eugenol-DVB) and Co-poly(eugenol sulfonate)-DVB were analyzed by Infra Red (IR), Differential Thermal Analysis) DTA and UV-Vis. Measurement of the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of copolymer was used Ostwald capillary viscometer. The yields of co-polymerization of eugenol-DVB were solid matter and the highest result was found on a copolymer of 10% of DVB. Its melting point was 69.33oC. The increasing of mole of DVB increase the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of co-poly (eugenol sulfonate)-DVB. A copolymer of 12% of DVB gave the highest molecular weight, Mn = 2984 g/mole. Synthesized of co-poly (eugenol sulfonate)- DVB were solid matter too and the highest result was found on a copolymer of 12% of DVB. Its melting point was 95.5oC.

Synthesis of ethyl p-anisate from anethole has been done. Ethyl p-anisate is ester compound which can use as perfume component. p-anisic acid was synthesized from anethole (1 mole) which oxidised by KMnO4 (3 moles) at 40oC for 2 hours. Esterification with ethanol carried out at 78,5oC for 6 hours. Identification and determination structure compound of product synthesis used spectroscopic methods (GC, GC-MS and IR). Anethole has been isolated from anise oil as 90,3%. p-Anisic acid and ethyl p-anisate as synthesized products got 45% and 79,9% respectively.

The production of biosurfactant by Pseudomonas putida has been studied. P. putida FNCC 0071 was grown in the nutrient broth medium supplemented with NaCl and crude palm oil (CPO). The effect of CPO concentration and fermentation time on the biosurfactant production were evaluated. The biosurfactant production was evaluated every 24 h for 10 days by optical density, surface tension and emulsification index. The best culture medium was found to be medium containing 5% v/v of CPO with 5 days of incubation time. The biosurfactant was identified as rhamnolipids.

This research aims to assess the use of chitosan -linked p-t-buthylcalix[4]arene as an adsorbent of Cd2+. Adsorption was done with the batch method in the variation of acidity (pH), contact time and initial concentration of Cd2+. The experimental results showed that the optimum pH of adsorption was pH 6 for the adsorbent chitosan and 8 for chitosan -linked p-t-buthylcalix[4]arene adsorbent. The optimum adsorption contact time was 240 minutes for the both adsorbent. Study of adsorption kinetics revealed that the adsorption of Cd for two adsorbents followed the kinetics model Ho, pseudo-order 2, with adsorption rate constant 1.037x10-2 and 1.777x10-2 g mg-1 min-1 respectively. Study of adsorption isotherm presented that the using chitosan adsorbent tends to follow the Langmuir isotherm, while the adsorbent chitosan- linked p-t-buthylcalix[4]arene tend to follow Freundlich isotherm. The maximum capacity of the adsorption using chitosan and chitosan- linked p-t-buthylcalix[4]arene adsorbent 30.19 and 21.67 mol/g, with the adsorption energy 41.459 and 28.627 KJ/mol respectively.

The research aims to examine the physicochemical properties of biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Biosurfactant was produced in whey tofu media containing 8 g/L nutrient broth and 5 g/L NaCl which was fermented for 2 days at room temperature. Biosurfactant was identified as rhamnolipids which had critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of 638 mg/L and surface tension of 54 mN/m. The biosurfactant had water in oil (w/o) emulsion type. The biosurfactant was able to decrease the interfacial tension more than 40% for emulsion of water with hexane, pentane, benzene, lubricants or kerosene. The stable emulsions were reached up to 30 days with the E24 value of about 50% when paraffin, toluene, lubricants or palm oil was used as an immiscible compound. Commercial surfactants, such as Triton X-100 and Tween-80 were investigated to compare their emulsification activities and emulsion stabilities with the produced biosurfactant.

Silanizing of chitosan has been prepared using the solution-casting method. The silanizing agent is 3-glycydiloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS). The compounding of chitosan/GPTMS was conducted for 1 hour at 80°C by varying GPTMS compound (5-20 wt %) and the final product is referred as Cs/GPTMS. The mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation and young modulus were tested according to ASTM D882-02. The addition of 15 % of GPTMS was able to improve the tensile strength value up to 55.66%. However, the elongation decreased to 64.89 %. Moreover, the water adsorption and swelling area properties were studied in this research to evaluate the material ability. Both of water adsorption and swelling area properties decreased by the presence of GPTMS in chitosan. The Cs/GPTMS materials to be promising candidate materials for plastic engineering due to their properties meet the requirement.

Growing consciousness for an eco-friendly environment has revived the interest to develop composite fibers from biobased products. In this study, flammability, mechanical, water absorption and biodegradability properties of chitosan filled biocomposite waste polypropylene (wPP) reinforced with pseudo-stem banana fiber (PBF) and montmorillonite (MMt) biocomposites has been conducted investigate. It was successfully processed in solution method. Chitosan was chemically treated with glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) to improve interfacial adhesion between chitosan and wPP. The chitosan treated with GPTMS content in the biocomposites were varied from 0 to 7% (dry wt. basis). Flammability, tensile strength and water absorption index of biocomposites were measured according to ASTM D635, ASTM D638, and ASTM D570 respectively. To study the nature of its biodegradability, the biocomposites were technically buried in garbage dump land. The results show that the addition of treated chitosan 3-GPTMS has improved thermal properties such as Time to Ignition (TTi), Burning Rate (BR), and Heat release (HR) of treated biocomposites compared with neat PP and untreated biocomposite with treated chitosan. The treated biocomposites exhibit higher tensile strength and Young's modulus, but lower elongation at break compared with neat PP and untreated biocomposites with treated chitosan. The biocomposites show a reduction in the rate of water uptake with higher loading of CH.

Biosynthesis of biosurfactant by Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been prepared using cassava flour industrial wastewater (manipueira) as medium. The optimum condition of the biosurfactans biosynthesis was obtained using media containing nutrient broth and manipueira without centrifugation (NBM) with 4 days fermentation. UV-Vis and FT-IR spectra indicated that the biosurfactant was a rhamnolipid containing hydroxyl, ester, carbocylic and aliphatic carbon chain functional groups. Biosurfactant exhibited critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of 576 mg/L and surface tension value of 0.045 N/m. The biosurfactant was able to decrease the interface tension and form emulsion with benzene, toluene, gasoline and palm oil. This biosurfactant showed w/o emulsion system.

Synthesis of C-hexyl calix[4]resorcinarene through condensation reaction between resorcinol and heptanal with HCl catalyst has been investigated. Synthesis conducted by the ratio of resorcinol: heptanal (1:1) using reflux for 6 hours in ethanol. Structural analysis of the product was done by FTIR and 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, while the characterization was done by determining melting point. The product was golden brown powder with a yield 99.43% and melting point more than 300 °C. Structural analysis with FTIR and 1 HNMR known vibration and signals characteristic of calix[4]resorcinarena group, the vibrations of the CH bridge. Vibration of CH bridge appearance at wave number 1445 cm-1 and 1456 cm-1, while signal of CH bridge appearance at chemical shifts from 4.17 to 4.21 ppm.

This research has successfully synthesized six hybrid laminate composites (HLC). These HLC consist of two layers skin composites and one layer of core PP/KF composites. There are sticked with epoxy adhesive by using cold press method. In this research 6 types of skin are used, namely the rPP (recycled polypropylene, HC1); rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF (HC2); rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/Hall (HC3); rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/Hall+ZB (HC4); rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF/Hall (HC5) and rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF/Hall+ZB (HC6) composites. The mechanical properties assessment tensile strength (TS) of various HLC before and after cyclical thermal (CT) was done by ASTM D638. While testing the flame retardant: such as time to ignition (TTI) and burning rate (BR) was done by ASTM D635. Heat stability of HLC can be recognized by conducting the CT treatment. It is to determine the effect of fluctuating heat loads on mechanical properties of HLC materials. The TS result of five HLCs (HC2, HC3, HC4, HC5 and HC6) before CT treatment were higher than HC1 (blank HLC). Those five HLC are also able to increase the TTI and reduce the BR compared to HC1. The CT treatment conditions performed at 45 oC as much as 125 times. After CT treatment, the TS values only slightly decline compared to before CT treatment.

Chitosan-liked p-t-butylcalix[4]arene can be applied as an adsorbent of dye Remazol Yellow FG because it has an active group of hydroxy (-OH) and amine (-NH2). Adsorption had done by comparing to chitosan. Adsorption was carried out in a batch system. Several variables including pH, contact time, and initial concentration of dye Remazol Yellow FG were determined. The optimum adsorption conditions of dye Remazol Yellow FG by chitosan dan chitosan-liked p-t-butylcalix[4]arene occurred at pH 4 and a contact time of 135 minutes. The adsorption kinetics of dye Remazol Yellow FG using chitosan and chitosan-liked p-t- butylcalix[4]arene followed Ho kinetics model, pseudo-second order and the rate constant of adsorption was 2.42 x 10-4 g/mg.menit and 3.63 x 10-4 g/mg.menit. The isothermal study showed that adsorption of dye Remazol Yellow FG using chitosan and chitosan-liked p-t- butylcalix[4]arene tends to follow the Langmuir isotherm, with adsorption energy was 24.92 kJ/mol and 32.21 kJ/mol.

Ca-Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxides (Ca-Mg-Al-LDH) compounds were successfully synthesized from brine water and AlCl3.6H2O as the starting materials by coprecipitation method. The product result was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The effects of the reaction time and the molar ratios of the raw material on the crystallinity of Ca-Mg-Al-LDH were examining. Results show that increasing reaction time (30; 60 and 90 min.) could improve the crystallinity and monodispersity of layered double hydroxide compounds particles. The well-defined Ca-Mg- Al-LDH could be prepared with (Ca+Mg)/Al molar ratios 0.5.

Ethyl-2-(3,5-dihidroxyfenol) based phloroglucinol compounds have been synthesized. Ethyl-2-(3,5-dihidroksifenol) were synthesized by reacting phloroglucinol with ethyl 2-chloro acetate in excess. Phloroglucinol reaction using 2-chloro ethyl acetate was carried out under reflux for 24 hours at a temperature of 56 oC. The reaction products were identified by a thin layer chromatography and were characterized by melting point test. Analysis of the structure of the products was obtained by FTIR spectrophotometer, H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The result of the reaction between phloroglucinol and 2-chloro ethyl acetate was brownish black solid, and has a melting point of 191 oC. Based on the structural analysis by FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, the reaction product was a mixture of compounds which is ethyl 2- (3,5-dihidroksifenol) acetate, ethyl-2-(2,4,6-trioxocyclohexyl) acetate, and the rest of phloroglucinol which can not react.

Synthesis of C-hexyl calix[4]resorcinarene through condensation reaction between resorcinol and heptanal with HCl catalyst has been investigated. Synthesis conducted by the ratio of resorcinol: heptanal (1:1) using reflux for 6 hours in ethanol. Structural analysis of the product was done by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, while the characterization was done by determining melting point. The product was golden brown powder with a yield 99.43% and melting point more than 300 °C. Structural analysis with FTIR and 1H-NMR known vibration and signals characteristic of calix[4]resorcinarena group,the vibrations of the CH bridge. Vibration of CH bridge appearance at wave number 1445 cm-1 and 1456 cm-1, while signal of CH bridge appearance at chemical shifts from 4.17 to 4.21 ppm.