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The efforts to control heavy metal waste are developingg to obtain an economical, effective, and efficient method. One method that is widely used in industry is adsorption. In general, the use of conventional adsorbents requires relatively more expensive operational and regeneration costs, thus it is necessary to investigate alternative adsorbents derived from nature. Local commodities that can be taken as the basic material for adsorbents are rubber plants. In the rubber seed shell there are fibers containing cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and waxes. The rubber tree trunk at the base has a relatively high cellulose content (67.38%), the middle part has a cellulose content of (59.37%) and the end part has a cellulose content of (45.73%). Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the potential of rubber stems and rubber seed shell waste to be processed into adsorbents. The making of the adsorbent is preceded by the delignification stage and then followed by the activation process. Based on the characterization tests that have been carried out, it is known that the moisture content in the biosorbent of the rubber seed and shell is 10% and 11%, while the ash content is 1.23% and 2.33%, respectively. The volatile matter levels for the adsorbents from the stems and shells were 6.43% and 6.18%, respectively.The efforts to control heavy metal waste are developingg to obtain an economical, effective, and efficient method. One method that is widely used in industry is adsorption. In general, the use of conventional adsorbents requires relatively more expensive operational and regeneration costs, thus it is necessary to investigate alternative adsorbents derived from nature. Local commodities that can be taken as the basic material for adsorbents are rubber plants. In the rubber seed shell there are fibers containing cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and waxes. The rubber tree trunk at the base has a relatively high cellulose content (67.38%), the middle part has a cellulose content of (59.37%) and the end part has a cellulose content of (45.73%). Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the potential of rubber stems and rubber seed shell waste to be processed into adsorbents. The making of the adsorbent is preceded by the delignification stage and then followed by the activation process. Based on the characterization tests that have been carried out, it is known that the moisture content in the biosorbent of the rubber seed and shell is 10% and 11%, while the ash content is 1.23% and 2.33%, respectively. The volatile matter levels for the adsorbents from the stems and shells were 6.43% and 6.18%, respectively.

Packaging use from synthetic materials can have a negative impact for environment. One of the steps to reduce this impact with edible film packaging uses. Film can be defined as a thin layer of material, that usually composed by a polymer that allows for mechanical strengthening of a structured stand. The quality that continues to be improved from the edible film is antioxidant activity, namely by adding antioxidant substances such as flavonoids and phenols from starfruit leaf extract. As well as improving its mechanical quality by adding shrimp shell chitosan and using the layer by layer method. The purpose of this research is to find out characteristics of edible film from carrageenan-chitosan layer by layer and find the best results from the addition of different concentrations of chitosan and Belimbing Wuluh leaf extract. The variation that will be carried out is the addition of Belimbing Wuluh leaf extract by 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% and chitosan by 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%. The results showed that the best formula of edible film was made from 2.5% chitosan concentration and 0.6% Belimbing Wuluh leaf extract. The results of test are the thickness test is 0.21 mm, the tensile strength is 2.87 MPa, the elongation at break is 13.6673%, the water vapor permeability is 2.1682 g/m2h and the antioxidant value in terms of fruit weight loss is 4.01%.

The presence of heavy metal mercury (Hg2+) in liquid waste has caused serious problems to environmental pollution. One of the most effective method to reduce the levels of heavy metals mercury (Hg2+) in liquid waste is adsorption. Rice husk ash is highly potential to adsorb heavy metals in water because it is a porous material with a high silica content. Therefore, rice husk ash can be used as an adsorbent for heavy metals in liquid waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of mercury (Hg2+) that can be adsorbed from the column adsorption process using adsorbent of rice husk ash and to determine the optimum mass of rice husk ash as an adsorbent. The research was conducted using a series of simple adsorption column tools with a circulation time of 120 minutes. While the independent variables were adsorbent particle size of 50, 100, and 200 mesh. Measurement of mercury (Hg2+) levels was carried out on samples before and after treatment with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed a significant decrease in Hg2+ levels with the optimum adsorbent particle size of 200 mesh. The value of the adsorbed Hg2+ ion content reached 101.670 mg/L in the adsorption process using adsorbent with 200 mesh particle size .

The industry of sasirangan – traditional fabric of Banjar Tribe – has been one of prime commodities of South Kalimantan. The coloring process in sasirangan production used a lot of chemical elements containing heavy metals and its waste potentially pollute the environment. One of the heavy metal waste contained is copper (Cu) which is toxic to aquatic organisms and humans. The treatment for sasirangan liquid waste can be done by adsorption process using activated carbon as adsorbent. This study aims to determine the appropriate kinetic model for adsorption of Cu metal from sasirangan liquid waste using activated carbon adsorbent made from rice husks.The process was conducted by batch system with chemical and physical activation. Chemical activation was done by soaking the activated carbon of rice husk with HCl solution for 24 hours. While physical activation was carried out by burning in a furnace at 500̊C for 2 hours. The adsorption treatment was given on sasirangan waste samples with variations on contact time (30, 60 and 120 minutes). The results of kinetics study showed that the adsorption process of Cu from sasirangan liquid waste onto rice husk activated carbon adsorbent followed first-order reaction kinetics with a correlation coefficient value (R2) of 0.96 and adsorption rate constant (k1) of 0.0044 min-1.

South Kalimantan is one of the textile industry producers, which is Sasirangan industry.The traditional fabric-making process involves chemicals as the production process. Sasirangan liquid waste contains pollutants that do not meet the requirements for disposal into the environment, including cadmium (Cd). Adsorption process is an effective method to reduce heavy metal concentrations in liquid waste. This study aims to determine the potential of rice husk activated carbon in adsorbing Cd metal from sasirangan liquid waste and to analyze the effect of stirring speed on the adsorption process. The rice husks that had been carbonized were then activated chemically and physically. Chemical activation process was carried out by adding chemical compound HCl which was immersed for 24 hours. Furthermore, it was physically activated in the furnace for 45 minutes at 4500C. In case to get optimum result, the effect of stirring speed on the adsorption process was studied. The stirring speed determines the rate of adsorbent and adsorbate contact time. The higher the stirring speed, the higher the decrease in Cd content because adsorbate absorption process by adsorbent is getting better. The greatest decrease in Cd concentration was by carbon that had been activated with a stirring speed of 90 rpm where the remaining Cd content in the sample was 0.018 mg / L.

Sasirangan - the traditional fabric, claimed as an icon of Banjarmasin and core part of South Kalimantan identity - has been produced for a long time by home industries and contributes to local community economic development. Practically, activities of Sasirangan home industries use several chemical coloring agents that produce liquid waste and harm the ecological life of the Martapura River in Banjarmasin. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential of liquid waste of sasirangan for pollution in the Martapura River. Certainly, It would importantly contribute to providing a solution to overcome these waste effects on the surrounding environment. This study used the observation method and survey approach to the Sasirangan home industry in three locations around the Martapura River in Banjarmasin City. Sampling was conducted both at the point of the inlet and outlet of these locations. Then, the samples were laboratory tested and quantitatively analyzed for biological parameters (total Cr and total Cd content in Snakehead Fish) and chemical parameters (BOD, COD, and content of oil and fat). The results showed that the wastewater content of sasirangan generally was still within the limits of quality standards permitted according to the Governor of South Kalimantan Regulation Number 04 the Year 2007. Nevertheless, there were still several parameters that exceed the quality standard, for the content of heavy metal chromium in Snakehead Fish with a value of 0.456 mg/kg and COD parameters of the upstream sample inlet with a value of 348.9 mg/L.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of low grade iron ore as catalyst on pyrolysis process of using palm empty fruit bunch. The process was conducted in fixed bed reactor at 450-600 °C. During experiment, the biomass placed within the first stack underwent pyrolysis process was pyrolyzed to produce char, tar and gases. Tar vapor and gases passed through the catalyst bed located within the second stack to conduct catalytic reaction. Furthermore, the vapor left the reactor and entered the cooling system. The catalyst after experiment was weighed to calculate total carbon deposited into catalyst pores. The results showed that the presence of low grade iron ore catalyst increased the gas yield with the yield reduction of liquid fraction. The gas yield was also increased with increasing temperature.

Modifikasi alkyd resin dengan minyak nabati banyak dikembangkan untuk diaplikasikan dalam industri cat dan coating . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik produk alkyd resin yang terbentuk dari reaksi poliesterifikasi gliserol dan asam adipat yang termodifikasi minyak biji karet. Sintesis alkyd resin yang dilakukan menggunakan proses monogliserida yang terdiri atas dua tahap dan reaksi dilakukan dengan variabel perbandingan ekivalen OH/COOH 1,0 – 1,3 mgek/mgek. Tahap pertama adalah reaksi alkoholisis antara minyak biji karet dengan gliserol di dalam labu leher tiga dengan kecepatan pengadukan dan suhu reaksi dijaga tetap. Selanjutnya adalah tahap esterifikasi yang dilakukan dengan mencampurkan asam adipat ke dalam reaktor batch berisi hasil tahap satu. Hasil karakterisasi produk alkyd resin menunjukkan adanya pengaruh perbandingan ekivalen OH/COOH (R ek ) pada karakteristik produk tersebut. Dari analisis FTIR ditemukan adanya gugus ester, hidroksil, dan karboksil. Sedangkan dari analisis bilangan asam diketahui bahwa semakin besar nilai R ek , bilangan asam dalam produk alkyd resin semakin kecil. Sementara itu uji viskositas memberikan hasil bahwa viskositas cenderung semakin besar dengan semakin besarnya nilai R ek , yang menjadi indikasi bahwa berat molekul relatif polimer yang terbentuk semakin meningkat dengan besarnya nilai R ek . Kata-kata kunci : alkyd resin, alkoholisis, esterifikasi, minyak biji karet, karakterisasi

The synthesis of biocomposites from rice husk (RH) fiber and magnetic nanoparticle was made by solvothermal reaction. Rice husk dried was blended to small size (60 mesh), then through delignification process to eliminate lignin by 1% w/v NaOH solution. Delignified rice husk was put into hydrothermal reactor, afterward was carried out by one-pot solvothermal at 200 °C for 6 h in the presence of 1,6-hexanediamine, FeCl3.6H2O and ethylene glycol. The process was produced two types of biocomposites, without amino group (RHB-M) and with amino group (RHB-MH). The characterization results shown by FE-SEM, magnetic nanoparticle have been formed on the surface of RH fiber with diameter size around 30–50 nm could be obtained. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed treatment of ED delignification was increased crystalinity index (CrI) about 16.77% and reduced silica content about 78%. The iron content may affect the adsorbent by enhanching the high-adsorption of sorbent capacity for reactivity toward a wide range of organic pollutan.

The sulphonated biocarbon (C-SO 3 H) has been prepared from carbonization of corn cob and followed by one-step hydrothermal treatment. This research focus on characterization of C-SO 3 H and evaluate the capability of C-SO 3 H for hydrolyzed banana peel starch, and also investigate the optimum concentrations of substrate and the reaction time for hydrolysis. The C-SO 3 H was produced from corn cob (±60 mm mesh); it was carbonized at 400 °C for 1 hour. The resulting carbon was sulphonated by hydroxy ethyl sulphonic acid at 180 °C for 4 hours, and then washed with 50% methanol and water, and then resulting biocarbon was dried at 80 °C for 6 hour in oven. Based on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observation, structure morphology of corn cob was changed due to carbonization process. The C-SO 3 H after sulphonation has random pores with diameter around 3 µm–10 µm. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) showed increased of crystalline index of corn cob about 133% after carbonization. Analysis of EDX result for S component on C-SO 3 H is 3.79% w/w and capacity of H + is 1.447 mmol/g. The apparent peaks of -SO 3 H functional groups (1207 cm -1 and 1720 cm -1 ) on C-SO 3 H were indicated the by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). Optimum hydrolysis concentration of banana peel starch is 7% w/v for 60 min at 100 o C which Total Reducing Sugar (TRS) concentration about 0.688 mg/mL. Reusability of C-SO 3 H for 4 repeated used which showed a good performance that only 6% of decreasing activity of C-SO 3 H. The utilization of corn cob can be enhanced of corn cob and also it can be utilized as heterogeneous catalyst.