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What a genius, building a home for more than 10 centuries in the Sahara desert with all the necessary amenities to withstand a hyper-arid climate like that of Timimoun and Tiout. During our work missions during the period: 2000-2019 in the south-west of the Sahara, we were interested in the feeding of Timimoun ksours by the foggaras. This study shows that feeding ksar water remains an unresolved problem for the ksouriens of the Sahara. Two success stories in this area of water have been cited in this paper. These are the ksours of Timimoun which are fed by the foggaras. The ksar of Tiout was supplied with water by an ancestral dam. These are the two cases of the Sahara that have benefited from water with zero energy. These two examples demonstrate the ingenuity of the ksours population. If after ten centuries, the oasis have managed to master the architecture of the ksours, against the supply of ksar in water has shortcomings.

Metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, in the Sonoran Desert, provides an excellent opportunity to understand residents’ preferences for desert-adapted xeric landscaping. While much is known about the relationships between sociodemographics and broad environmental values on xeric landscaping choices, the influence of other variables remains unexplored, especially interactions with and attachments to the desert. We therefore examined the influences of recreational visits to local desert mountain parks and symbolic meanings associated with the native desert on household xeric landscaping preferences. Within a larger study, select questions captured socio-demographics, visitation to desert parks and open spaces, place identity, and xeric landscape preferences. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, we confirmed that homeownership and a shorter residency predicted preference for xeric landscapes. Hispanics were less likely to prefer xeric landscaping. Interestingly, the novel factor of identity with the desert significantly and positively predicted xeric landscaping preference while visitation to desert parks and open spaces did not. Findings provide several important management implications. First, Phoenix has an opportunity to foster connections with the surrounding environment through its extensive desert mountain parks. Increasing connections between residents and the parks may help shift personal preferences to xeric yard types. Park managers might also work to further stress how household decisions can affect the desert environment. Second, park visitation alone may not suffice to create connections with the desert environment. Instead, park managers should focus on creating opportunities for visitors to recognize the unique, living aspects of the parks and build personal relationships with the ecosystem. Interpretation encouraging emotional connections to the desert environment may aid in fostering an identity with the desert. In addition, messaging and signage campaigns that link people to the parks may prove a novel way of combatting lawn water usage within desert cities. Given their opportunities to foster place identity, urban parks may be important influencers in promoting native plant landscaping. In conclusion, connecting people to their surrounding environments can influence preferences for similar landscape types at the household level.

The Persistence of Memory Memory is what shapes us. Memory drives our aspirations and our search for happiness, for paradise. This project is situated within the architecture of memory, where it explores issues of journey and migration, reminiscence and desire, and the transformation that results when emotions overlay physical xperiences of place. Its structure is the juxtaposition of the journey of paradise with a personal life journey, with memory as the driving force. In explorations and re-formations of paradises, it examines the internalization of place t hrough memory and emotion, and extrapolates the powerful desires thus formed into new expressions of paradise. Paradise - this powerful construct - has endured millennia, manifesting in painting, pottery, tiles, poetry, stained glass, carpets,....and in architecture. As a place, Paradise is about contrast and tension : outside versus inside, lush garden versus arid desert, abundance versus desolation, growth versus stasis. It is about the sanctuary of a garden in contrast to the desert. Transformed into concept, it is about the promise of the ultimate sanctuary of happiness, a sanctuary against death and oblivion. The journey of dissemination and transformation of Paradise is testament to the potency of memory as it propels change, interpreting physical space as we project the dreams of our internal architecture to re-fashion our world.

A concern that people ought to be given what they deserve, in both positive and negative senses, lies deep within the human psyche. Views on the level of reward or punishment that a person deserves for their actions will differ across persons, places, and time, but, I argue in this article, depend substantively upon some combination of intentions and outcomes. Using these characteristics, I propose a taxonomy of actions, ordered from most to least blameworthy, with, for example, it being suggested that for any particular level of harm an intentional yet unrealized harm is more blameworthy than an unintentional yet realized harm (a similar taxonomy can be developed for the positive domain of praiseworthy actions). The taxonomy is focused upon people's actions toward others, but I finish the article with a discussion of desert in relation to people's intentions toward themselves. Ultimately, I contend that the strength and sustainability of public sector services and welfare systems, not to mention our private relationships, rely upon the recognition that desert underpins our notion of justice.

The experiences of Black women educators are important, and yet their personal and professional experiences are rarely included as part of the faculty narrative at most North American higher education institutions. The continued normalization of White Supremacy and androcentricity, within North American higher education, maintain systems of oppression that perpetuate the systematic marginalization of Black women within the faculty ranks. The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of Black women educators in New Mexico's higher education institutions. With a grounding in Black Womanist and Critical Race Theories, this qualitative research study employed snowball sampling as a means to engage ten Black women faculty members, via semi-structured interviews, in critical inquiry about their professional experiences with higher education. Study participants testified about experiences with microaggressions, discrimination, and racial battle fatigue as well as feeling intellectual, campus, and community isolation.

The deficiency of the thermal performance of contemporary buildings in Egypt, with its different climatic design regions, lead to poor thermal comfort for buildings' users. This is probably caused by designs that neglect adopting the Environmental techniques and strategies in. The problem is that there are no clear reasons for this deficiency. This research aims to evaluate the application of passive thermal comfort strategies in buildings' design within the largest Egyptian climatic design region, namely (the desert region). In addition, it tries to identify the causes behind the deterioration in the thermal performance of contemporary Egyptian buildings across this region. The research employs a mixed methodology that includes analytical and investigative approaches. In the analytical part, the climatic data for (Minya) city (the representative city of the desert region) are analyzed and the most effective strategies in achieving thermal comfort within the region are identified. These effective strategies are the basis upon which the investigative part of the research is based. As for the investigative part of the methodology, questionnaire technique is adopted to collect data from local architects and experts with various qualifications and professional experiences. They are asked to assess their knowledge with effective passive strategies and their usage in design, as well as, define the constrains behind non-implementation.

An ecological issue can best be studied by gathering original data that are specifically targeted for that issue. But ascertaining-a priori-whether a novel issue will be worth exploring can be problematic without background data. However, an issue's potential merit can sometimes be evaluated by repurposing legacy or other data that had been gathered for unrelated purposes but that are nonetheless relevant. Our present project was initially motivated by an ecological trade-off-proposed eight decades ago-involving the depth at which desert reptiles overwintered. To address those and related issues, we repurposed our five-decades-old natural history data for 18 species of Kgalagadi lizards and then explored the seasonal ecology of these lizards, emphasizing winter. Our data were not gathered for a study of seasonal ecology but nonetheless inform diverse seasonal patterns for a major community of lizards. However, repurposed data (whether recent or legacy) present challenges and ambiguities, and we suggest targeted, next-step studies of seasonal ecology that can circumvent limitations and ambiguities.

The Abu Kharif area in the Northern Eastern Desert consists of contrasting granitic magma suites: a Cryogenian granodiorite suite (850–635 Ma), an Ediacaran monzogranite suite (635–541 Ma) and a Cambrian alkali riebeckite granite suite (541–485 Ma). Tungsten mineralization occurs within W-bearing quartz veins and a disseminated type confined to the monzogranite.Whole-rock geochemical data classify the granodiorite as a late-orogenic I-type with calc-alkaline affinity, while the monzogranite and alkali riebeckite granite represent respectively a post-orogenic highly fractionated I-type with calc-alkaline affinity and an anorogenic A1-subtype with alkaline affinity. Geochemical modelling indicates that the three intrusions represent separate magmatic pulses where the granodiorite was generated by ∼75 % batch partial melting of an amphibolitic source followed by fractional crystallization of hornblende, biotite, apatite and titanite. The monzogranite was formed by 62 % batch partial melting of the normal ‘non-metasomatized’ Pan-African crust of calc-alkaline granite composition followed by fractional crystallization of plagioclase, biotite, K-feldspar, magnetite, ilmenite, with minor apatite and titanite. The alkali riebeckite granite was generated by 65 % batch partial melting of metasomatized Pan-African granite source followed by fractional crystallization of plagioclase, K-feldspar, amphibole and biotite with minor magnetite, apatite and titanite. In general, the parent magmas of the three intrusions were originally enriched in W, but with different concentrations. This W-enrichment would be caused by magmatic-related hydrothermal volatile-rich fluids and concentrated within the monzogranite.

Lophyra flexuosa, a eurytopic tiger beetle characterized by long phenological activity, wide geographic and altitudinal distribution, and occurring in the highest number of habitats among all Cicindelidae known from North Africa, was chosen to study its geographic variation in morphology and sexual dimorphism. Here, we found significant sexual dimorphism exhibited in larger body size of females and longer mandibles in males, which can be explained by different roles of particular sexes in courtship. Moreover, we recorded significant differences in body sizes between western and eastern Maghreb populations which could suggest genetic isolation between these populations. As the species is related to habitats placed close to the water reservoirs, which in the desert countries are under significant human pressure (including climate change), we expect a reduction of habitat occupied by this taxon. Therefore, the geographic morphological variability that we observe today in the tiger beetle Lophyra flexuosa in the future could lead to speciation.

For range‐restricted species with disjunct populations, it is critical to characterize population genetic structure, gene flow, and factors that influence functional connectivity among populations in order to design effective conservation programs. In this study, we genotyped 314 individuals from 16 extant populations of Ivesia webberi, a United States federally threatened Great Basin Desert using six microsatellite loci. We assessed the effects of Euclidean distance, landscape features, and ecological dissimilarity on the pairwise genetic distance of the sampled populations, while also testing for a potential relationship between I. webberi genetic diversity and diversity in the vegetative communities. The results show low levels of genetic diversity overall (H e = 0.200–0.441; H o = 0.192–0.605) and high genetic differentiation among populations. Genetic diversity was structured along a geographic gradient, congruent with patterns of isolation by distance. Populations near the species’ range core have relatively high genetic diversity, supporting in part a central‐marginal pattern, while also showing some evidence for a metapopulation dynamic. Peripheral populations have lower genetic diversity, significantly higher genetic distances, and higher relatedness. Genotype cluster admixture results suggest a complex dispersal pattern among populations with dispersal direction and distance varying on the landscape. Pairwise genetic distance strongly correlates with elevation, actual evapotranspiration, and summer seasonal precipitation, indicating a role for isolation by environment, which the observed phenological mismatches among the populations also support. The significant correlation between pairwise genetic distance and floristic dissimilarity in the germinated soil seed bank suggests that annual regeneration in the plant communities contribute to the maintenance of genetic diversity in I. webberi., One image was uploaded with the submission, which was tagged "not for review and publication." The photograph illustrates Ivesia webberi, the study species during the flowering season.

Chemical characteristics of surface water and phreatic water and their relationship with the growth of Populus euphratica Oliv. were explored. In the study area, hydrochemical types of the surface water were mainly SCaⅢ or ClNaⅢ (Based on the O. A. Arliekin's classification) and PH value of the surface water was below 8.0. The surface water from various sampling sites has a higher total hardness belonging to hard water and extremely hard water. The contents of sulfates and chlorides in the surface water in the protection zone ranged from 204.1 to 486.3 mg/l and from 70.9 to 239.9 mg/l, respectively. Phreatic water is mainly recharged by the surface water infiltration. In terms of water quality, TDS, total hardness and total alkalinity of phreatic water at W2 sampling point were 17.3, 9.3 and 4.7 times of surface water, respectively. Populus euphratica was able to grow normally in the environment of brackish water, where total hardness, total alkalinity, and TDS of overflowing river were in the range of 325.3~769.5, 142.6~290.3 and 782.2~1037.5 mg/l, respectively. The Populus euphratica in juvenile phase was a few, and its rejuvenation was confronted with difficulty. The present study can provide a reference for exploring the water quality characteristics of surface and phreatic water and their relationship with the growth of Populus euphratica. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 831-836, 2021 (September) Special

Khulsanurus magnificus gen. et sp. nov., is described based on a partial skeleton, including cervical and caudal vertebrae, scapulocoracoids, humerus, and pubis from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian)...

The article outlines the fractional classification of the semi-desert, desert vegetation covers of the studied territory of the coastal strip of the Caspian Sea of Azerbaijan. We studied the phytoceonological indicators of communities related to forests, shrubs, semi-desert, desert, vegetation. 3 types, 12 formation classes, 69 formation groups and 92 associations are distinguished.

Treated wastewaters are an important alternative water supply for communities in dry climates all over the world. This study investigates using waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) to treat wastewater and the design of a solar photovoltaic pumping system to transfer the water to an Oasis in the Moroccan desert. The Oasis is currently about 5 ha in size and is irrigated with 24 m3/day of underground water. The wastewater is subjected to physicochemical and bacteriological analyses, also monitoring of operation, maintenance and loading rates of the WSPs for 12 months. To build a solar water pumping system, data on the system's components as well as local climatic data are obtained. The design optimization is done by simulation software PVsyst. WSPs provide reduced rates of BOD and fecal coliforms of 95 and 99%, respectively, with an average effluent concentration of 20 mg/l and 195 CFU. The exploitation of solar energy for pumping 24 m3/day requires five panels with a unit nominal power of 440 W for each panel and 2200 W for the entire system. This allows us to save about 1,500 kg of CO2 emissions per year, protect the region's fragile water resources and ensure the sustainability of the Oasis. HIGHLIGHTS Using waste stabilization ponds as the most cost-effective treatment method for wastewater treatment.; Use of solar photovoltaic energy to pump the treated wastewater to the Oasis area.; Simulation and modelization by various software.; Physicochemical and bacteriological performance analyses.

Farvi, also known as Farrokhi, is an Iranian language spoken in the village of Farvi in Khur district of Kavir desert in central Iran. It shares features with other languages in Kavir region such as Khuri, Irāji and Garmayi. This paper describes synchronic and historical phonology and the grammar of Farvi based on data collected in Farvi village during April 2019. The study of historical phonology and morphological evidence show that though basically Northwestern, Farvi shares some features with Southwestern Iranian languages so that, like Kurdish and Balochi, it is separated from the other Northwestern Iranian languages. In later changes, Farvi shows some areal features that put it alongside Southeastern languages such as Northern Bashgardi and Balochi.

Twisted and folded silicate glasses (up to 50 cm across) concentrated in certain areas across the Atacama Desert near Pica (northern Chile) indicate nearly simultaneous (seconds to minutes) intense airbursts close to Earth's surface near the end of the Pleistocene. The evidence includes mineral decompositions that require ultrahigh temperatures, dynamic modes of emplacement for the glasses, and entrained meteoritic dust. Thousands of identical meteoritic grains trapped in these glasses show compositions and assemblages that resemble those found exclusively in comets and CI group primitive chondrites. Combined with the broad distribution of the glasses, the Pica glasses provide the first clear evidence for a cometary body (or bodies) exploding at a low altitude. This occurred soon after the arrival of proto-Archaic hunter-gatherers and around the time of rapid climate change in the Southern Hemisphere.

Thick-walled ray cells of Haloxylon ammodendronwere first reported by Zhou and Gong in 2017, but their formation mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we performeda proteomic analysis of ray cell wall formation in the xylem. H. ammodendronin Shihezi exhibits a thicker ray cell wall than that in Jinghe. During the process of cell wall biosynthesisin the xylem of H. ammodendron, the nonspecific lipid-transfer protein and beta expansin EXPB2.1 (Mirabilis jalapa) first loosen the cell wall, and this step is followed by extension and expansion. Subsequently, xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase 1 cleaves and linksthe xyloglucan chains. Photosystem I P700 apoprotein A1, reversibly glycosylated polypeptide 1 and GDP-mannose-3′,5′-epimerase are involved in the cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin biosynthesis processes in the cell wall by providing components or energy. Finally, the proteins involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis promote lignification of the ray cell wall and complete the biosynthetic process of the cell wall.

Background: Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan, causes toxoplasmosis. The aim of this study was molecular detection of T. gondii in breast and goat milk samples by the molecular method in the central Iran. Methods: Totally, 300 human' and 200 goats' milk samples were collected randomly from different regions of central Iran in 2018. DNA extraction was performed by the salting-out method. Molecular detection of the parasite was done by nested-PCR using the specific primer pairs. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 23 using descriptive and Chi-square tests. Results: Out of 300 human milk samples, 1 sample (0.3%) was infected with T. gondii. Out of 200 samples of goat milk, 11 samples (5.5%) showed infection with T. gondii. The frequency of infection in goat's milk samples was 4.36% in the south and west, 1.9% in northern regions, and 2% in eastern regions of the province. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference between toxoplasmosis and different geographical regions in the province. Conclusion: Because of the popularity of the goat milk and the transfection probability with the milk to humans, it is recommended to boil milk prior to use. Furthermore, case contamination of T. gondii in the human milk sample showed one of the important paths for infection transmission, which requires further studies.

В 2022 г. исполняется 200 лет со дня рождения известного богослова, церковного историка и археографа XIX в. архимандрита Леонида (Кавелина). Первые исследования о. Леонида были связаны с Оптиной пустынью, где под руководством прп. Макария Оптинского он сформировался как инок и церковный исследователь. В духовном наследии архимандрита Леонида значительное место занимают агиографические работы, посвящённые первым оптинским старцам Льву и Макарию. Отличительной чертой агиографических сочинений было широкое использование исторических документов и свидетельств: воспоминаний очевидцев, биографических справок, писем, выписок из различных документов и книг. Историзм всегда сочетался с простотой и доступностью изложения, хорошим литературным слогом. Отец Леонид подготовил три редакции «Жития прп. Льва Оптинского» (1845, 1847, 1855-1857), а также первое «Житие прп. Макария Оптинского» (1861). Впоследствии другими агиографами Оптиной пустыни жития первых оптинских подвижников, составленные о. Леонидом, были дополнены и расширены. Значение ранних агиографических трудов о. Леонида, бесспорно, является очень важным для оптинского духовного наследия и для дальнейшего формирования о. Леонида как крупного церковного исследователя, оставившего большой след в науке. 2022 marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of the famous theologian, church historian and archeographer of the XIX century, archimandrite Leonid (Kavelin). His first studies were related to Optina Desert, where under the leadership of the prp. He was formed as a monk and an ecclesiastical researcher by Macarius of Optina. In the spiritual heritage of Archimandrite Leonid, a significant place is occupied by hagiographic works dedicated to the first Optina elders Leo and Macarius. A distinctive feature of hagiographic works was the extensive use of historical documents and testimonies: eyewitness memoirs, biographical references, letters, extracts from various documents and books. Historicism has always been combined with simplicity and accessibility of presentation, a good literary style. Father Leonid prepared three editions of the life of St. Leo of Optina (1845, 1847, 1855-1857), as well as the first life of St. Macarius of Optina (1861). Subsequently, the lives of the first Optina ascetics, compiled by Father Leonid, were supplemented and expanded by other hagiographers of the Optina Desert. The significance of the early hagiographic works of fr. Leonida is undoubtedly very important for the Optina spiritual heritage and for the further formation of fr. Leonid as a major church researcher who left a great mark on science.

Various archaeological and historical evidence shows that the marginal area of the Negev desert of southern Israel enjoyed great agricultural prosperity in the Byzantine period (4th–7th centuries CE). Among the different types of agricultural installations are pigeon towers, which were built near the fields to produce fertilizer to enrich the nutrient-poor desert soils. Such extensive specialized agriculture practice was much less applied in the Negev in the successive Early Islamic period in the mid-7th century. Here we recoveredin situpigeon bones from five pigeon towers in the Negev, applied multiple characterization methods (FTIR, grinding curve, and C/N ratio) to estimate the preservation of bones, and achieved absolute dating for the abandonment of the towers. The obtained dates indicate rapid decline of agricultural activities in the second half of the 6th century CE and beginning of the 7th century. These findings, together with other evidence for Byzantine decline of agricultural hinterland and urban dysfunction of the settlements, suggest that the farming activities in the Negev declined in the Late Byzantine period (550–640 CE) and support the hypothesis that climatic-driven causes were the main trigger for the eventual cultural-societal decline of the Negev region.

Gregg Caruso’s Rejecting Retributivism is a well-written compendium of arguments against retributivism and in favor of a public-health model for dealing with potential criminality. Nevertheless, I still think, even after reading Caruso, that there is an important place for punishment, based on the retributive notions of culpability and deserved blame, in our criminal justice system. I proceed in three parts. First, I point out where his views about our potential to have the kind of free will necessary for basic desert of blame are weakest: his response to compatibilism. Second, I argue that his argument against retributivism proves too much: it radically and implausibly rules out holding people responsible in any meaningful way. Third, I argue that he operates with a misguided conception of the basis for blame. I offer a better one that works well with compatibilism.

Desert and semi-desert vegetation It is observed in the form of a narrow strip from north to south, and local spots in the direction of Ordubad region after the Araz Lake. It covers the areas of 600-1000 meters in the plains of Sadarak, Sharur, Boyukduz, Nakhchivan, Gulustan, Yayji, Desta and Ordubad. Some of the typical desert elements have been found in the foothills of Mountain Garagush, especially in the Gendara zone. Of these species, Amaranthaceae Juss. , (Chenopodiaceae Vent.) Suaeda dendroides Mog, belonging to the genus Chenopodiaceae. - Woody herb, Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) Bieb. - Condensed sorrel and Seidlitzia florida (Bieb.) Bunge are examples of flowering marigold species. However, it is possible to claim that the desert vegetation was not fully formed, but that the desert vegetation formed a transition to semi-desert vegetation. Demiler, Gendera, Sariagil, Ramlar and Lizbird valleys of Garagush Mountain have local salinity, ephemeral-gallant (colored soil), gamma (gypsum soil) and sandy areas. The latter sandy area is more noticeable in the Lisbird Valley.

Climate change is an often-cited control on geomorphic processes in the arid southwestern United States, but links to direct climatic factors and vegetation change remain under debate. Hillslopes at a site in the eastern Mojave Desert in southern Nevada are mantled by 0–1.5 m of colluvial deposits. Accumulation of weathered bedrock combined with eolian inputs of fine sand and silt led to the formation of well-developed soil profiles. Surface sediments from both sources were incorporated into colluvium, allowing both processes to be dated with optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). OSL ages indicate a period of increased colluviation in the Late Pleistocene facilitated by enhanced bedrock weathering and dust deposition. Hillslope aspect strongly controls predominant soil environments and associated vegetation. Well-developed soils with dense grass cover extensively mantle the mesic north-aspect hillslopes, while more xeric south-aspect hillslopes are dominated by thin colluvium with minimal soil development, extensive bedrock exposure, and desertscrub vegetation. Remnants of older colluvium with moderately developed soils on south aspects, however, indicate they were once more extensively mantled by thicker colluvial deposits. The transition to drier conditions in the Holocene diminished vegetation cover on more xeric south aspects, triggering widespread erosion, whereas the more mesic north aspects retained denser grass cover that minimized erosion. The transition to drier conditions in the Holocene altered the vegetation; however, persistent perennial grass cover minimized erosion into the middle Holocene. Increasing aridity during the middle Holocene significantly reduced grass cover on more xeric south aspects, triggering erosion and alluvial deposition. OSL dates of dust incorporated into terrace sediments indicate late Middle Holocene aggradation and soil development in the Late Holocene. In contrast, maintenance of substantial perennial grass cover on mesic north aspects minimized erosion from those hillslopes throughout the Holocene.

Aim: The aim of the study was Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds, total flavonoides content and antioxidant potential of flower buds, foliages, bark and root of a perennial herb, Calligonum polygonoides (Phog) of Thar Desert. Methodology: The methanolic extracts of different plant parts of C. polygonoides were subjected to LC-MS/MS (Waters Acquity UPLC-PDA, TQD) analysis for phenolic identification and spectrophotometric assay of total phenolic and flavonoids content and total antioxidant activity was estimated. Results: A total of 15 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, among which gallic acid content was abundant, followed by catechin. Besides these, the other major phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts were vanillic, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, coumeric acid, catechol, vanillic acid, epicatechin and syringic acid. Extremely higher values were recorded for total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. The values for phenol, flavonoids and total antioxidant activity in bark extracts were higher than that of clove extract. Interpretation: The identified phenolic compounds possess high antioxidant potential. These results provide scientific evidence for use of C. polygonoides as safe natural antioxidant compounds in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industry.

Representatives of the Chenopodiaceae Vent. family are the hallmark of the flora of the desert regionsof Kazakhstan, as they far outnumber other leading families. Moreover, this applies not only to the flora of the mountainousterritories, but also to the flora of the river valleys, in particular, the flora of the wide valley of the Syrdarya river. Thepredominance of Chenopodiaceae is due to the excellent adaptability of its species to desert conditions. Quite a few speciesof Chenopodiaceae are dominant plant communities, especially in the middle deserts of the North Turan province. Amongthem there are many species that have useful properties (forage, landscape, medicinal, etc.). The aim of the work was toidentify the current species composition of the Chenopodiaceae family (Amaranthaceae Juss.) of the flora of the desertpart of the Syrdarya river valley. Classical botanical methods were used in the research process. As a result of the conductedstudies, the modern species composition of the Chenopodiaceae family of the studied territory, consisting of 112 speciesfrom 38 genera, was revealed. The three largest genera include genera: Salsola–17 species, Atriplex–15 species, Suaeda–11species. The remaining genera contain from 6 to 1 species. Genera represented by a small number of species predominate(26 genera of 1–2 species each).

— Currently the world suffers from water scarcity, being one of the most frequent problems that agriculture suffers, there is still no uniformity regarding the extent of the planet covered by these dry lands, varying the calculations from close to 50% to 25% of the earth's surface. Africa and Asia being the continents that had the largest extensions of drylands. Therefore, this research work has as objective the Design of an Irrigation System using a Motor Pump for Desert Areas in Department of Piura - Perú and thus contribute to the agriculture of our country, as well as main points we will focus on the towns far from the city which will use automatic irrigation means through a natural reserve water supply which would have to be stored and through a drip system it will be possible to irrigate and optimize the water in order to give it a better use. Resulting in a water reservoir that once filled to 100% will begin to pump water through a motor pump and through pipes it will be transferred to another reserve reservoir to irrigate a desert area through a drip system so the reservoir plays an important role which will have available water without depleting given greater access to irrigate the land. Keywords— Agriculture; deserted zones; automatic watering; Drip system; Motor pump

This article examines a programme for Bedouin youth in the unrecognised Bedouin villages in the Naqab/Negev desert in Israel, as a case study of the cultural adaptation and implementation of Wester...

The ultimatum and dictator games were developed to help identify the fundamental motivators of human behavior, typically by asking participants to share windfall endowments with other persons. In the ultimatum game, a common observation is that proposers offer, and responders refuse to accept, a much larger share of the endowment than is predicted by rational choice theory. However, in the real world, windfalls are rare: money is usually earned. I report here a small study aimed at testing how participants react to an ultimatum game after they have earned their endowments by either building a Lego model or spending some time sorting out screws by their length. I find that the shares that proposers offer and responders accept are significantly lower than that typically observed with windfall money, an observation that is intensified when the task undertaken to earn the endowment is generally less enjoyable and thus perhaps more effortful (i.e., screw sorting compared to Lego building). I suggest, therefore, that considerations of effort-based desert are often important drivers behind individual decision-making, and that laboratory experiments, if intended to inform public policy design and implementation, ought to mirror the broad characteristics of the realities that people face.

Forward-looking aims tend to play a much less significant role than retribution in justifying criminal punishment, especially in common law systems. In this paper I attempt to reinvigorate the idea that there are important forward-looking justifications for criminal law and punishment by looking to social theories of responsibility. I argue that the criminal law may be justified at the institutional level because it is a part of larger responsibility practices that have the effect of bolstering our reasons-responsiveness by making us sensitive to the potential reactive attitudes of a larger societal audience. I further claim that forward-looking effects may justify criminal law institutions even if retribution is the primary aim of assigning punishments to specific offenders.

Corals have been commercially exploited for many centuries all over the world (Jimenez and Orejas 2017). Traditionally, they have been regarded as mystical objects and hybrid organisms. Their skele...

The aeolian regime of the 100 km wide, hyperarid Namib Desert has been sporadically punctuated by the deposition of fluvial sediments generated during periods of higher humidity either further inland or well within the desert from Late Oligocene to Late Holocene. Four new Late Cenozoic formations are described from the northern Skeleton Coast and compared with formations further south: the Klein Nadas, Nadas (gravels, sands), Vulture’s Nest (silts) and Uniab Boulder Formations. The Klein Nadas Formation is a trimodal mass-flow fan consisting of thousands of huge, remobilised, end-Carboniferous Dwyka glacial boulders, many >3 m in length, set in an abundant, K-feldspar-rich and sandy matrix of fine gravel. Deluge rains over the smallest catchments deep within the northern Namib were the driving agent for the Klein Nadas Fan, the termination of which, with its contained boulders, rests on the coastal salt pans. These rains also resulted in catastrophic mass flows in several of the other northern Namib rivers. The Uniab Boulder Formation, being one, consists only of huge free-standing boulders. Gravelly fluvial deposition took place during global interglacial and glacial events. The Skeleton Coast Erg and other smaller dune trains blocked the rivers at times. The low-energy, thinly bedded silt deposits of the central and northern Namib are quite distinctive from the sands and gravels of older deposits. Their intermittent deposition is illustrated by bioturbation and pedogenesis of individual layers. Published offshore proxy climatological data (pollens, upwelling, wind, sea surface temperatures) point to expansion of the winter-rainfall regime of the southern Cape into southwestern Angola during strong glacial periods between the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene. In contrast to deposition initiated by short summer thunder storms, we contend that the silt successions are river-end accumulations within which each layer was deposited by runoff from comparatively gentle winter rains that lasted several days.