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The Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) started in August 2003 with 40 initial participants and celebrated its 20th anniversary with 1036 members, many of whom attended the annual meeting in Dublin, Ireland, on July 15 to 17, 2023. GRAPPA arose from a need experienced by psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and psoriasis (PsO) investigators to meet to address questions related to psoriatic disease (PsD). Though other groups were meeting at the time to classify and discuss PsA, GRAPPA arose from a desire to include international clinical and investigational researchers of both dermatology and rheumatology. The organization has built awareness of PsO and PsA, developed and validated research assessment tools to measure clinical status and disease outcomes, published multiple treatment recommendations, supported basic and clinical research on PsD pathophysiology, fostered interactions across research fields, and educated the future generation of PsO and PsA researchers. The group continues to focus on major priorities affecting patients with PsD and will continue evolving in the next decades., (Copyright © 2024 by The Journal of Rheumatology.)

We highlight the contribution of notable Jewish women in American Dermatology. While not intended to be a thorough listing, we selected nine representatives as examples of early pioneering women in American dermatology, research, political leaders, authors and journal editors, and teachers and role models. All struggled to overcome professional barriers to women in medicine: many experienced antisemitism, especially those forced to flee Nazi Germany. Despite persecution and upending their lives, they rebuilt their careers and made outstanding contributions to dermatology., Competing Interests: Declaration competing of interest The authors have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Antisemitism, the hatred of or prejudice against Jews, was a core component of the Nazi regime's ideology. We review the chronology of events against the Jews and Jewish physicians in Germany and their conquered territories from 1933 to 1945. The complicit role that German physicians played in these events and the devastating impact on Jewish dermatologists and our specialty will be recounted. Finally, we will address the antisemitism in the United States during that same approximate period and now., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare that they have no commercial or other associations that might pose a conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest None disclosed.

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Historical texts on materia medica can be an attractive source of ethnopharmacological information. Various research groups have investigated corresponding resources from Europe and the Mediterranean region, pursuing different objectives. Regardless of the method used, the indexing of textual information and its conversion into data sets useful for further investigations represents a significant challenge., Aim of the Study: First, this study aims to systematically catalogue pharmaco-botanical information in the Receptarium of Burkhard von Hallwyl (RBH) in order to identify candidate plants in a targeted manner. Secondly, the potential of RBH as a resource for pharmacological investigations will be assessed by means of a preliminary in vitro screening., Materials and Methods: We developed a relational database for the systematic recording of parameters composing the medical recipes contained in the historical text. Focusing on dermatological recipes, we explored the mentioned plants and their uses by drawing on specific literature. The botanical identities (candidate species) suggested in the literature for the historical plant names were rated based on their plausibility of being the correct attribution. The historical uses were interpreted by consulting medical-historical and modern clinical literature. For the subsequent in vitro screening, we selected candidate species used in recipes directed at the treatment of inflammatory or infectious skin disorders and wounds. Plants were collected in Switzerland and their hydroethanolic crude extracts tested for possible cytotoxic effects and for their potential to modulate the release of IL-6 and TNF in PS-stimulated whole blood and PBMCs., Results: The historical text analysis points up the challenges associated with the assessment of historical plant names. Often two or more plant species are available as candidates for each of the 161 historical plant names counted in the 200 dermatological recipes in RBH. On the other hand, our method enabled to draw conclusions about the diseases underlying the 56 medical applications mentioned in the text. On this basis, 11 candidate species were selected for in vitro screening, four of which were used in RBH in herbal simple recipes and seven in a herbal compound formulation. None of the extracts tested showed a noteworthy effect on cell viability except for the sample of Sanicula europaea L. Extracts were tested at 50 μg/mL in the whole blood assay, where especially Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. or Solanum nigrum L. showed inhibitory or stimulatory activities. In the PBMC assay, the root of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria revealed a distinct inhibitory effect on IL-6 release (IC 50 of 3.6 μg/mL)., Conclusions: Using the example of RBH, this study illustrates a possible ethnopharmacological path from unlocking the historical text and its subsequent analysis, through the selection and collection of plant candidates to their in vitro investigation. Fully documenting our approach to the analysis of historical texts, we hope to contribute to the discussion on solutions for the digital indexing of premodern information on the use of plants or other natural products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The cult of saints in Western Europe developed during the late period of antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Their importance to European society was undeniable; holy medicine was the only hope for people, because there were no doctors. The number of saints had increased over the years, and people sought medical help from them through prayer and other religious practices. Some of the saints became "specialized" in treating various wounds and dermatologic diseases. During our research, we tried to determine whether the cult of saints led to the develop-ment of hospitals that treated skin diseases, as discovered in the Hospital Brother of Saint Anthony. A large number of saints who were patrons of wounds and skin diseases were collected in three studies. In the first report, we presented a great number of saints who were patrons to treat animal bites. The second report presented patron saints of wounds, ulcers, burns, and frostbites; and the third report decsribed saints who treated contagious diseases (such as ergotism, leprosy, and scabies). The phenomenon of holy medicine is part of the history of dermatology and is important due to "specializations," which refer to an understanding of skin diseases and the methods of treating various wounds and dermatologic diseases.

Erwin Oppenheim (1893-1975) was a successful dermatologist in Dresden, Germany. He with his family fled the country in 1939 because of National Socialism and settled in Melbourne in the Australian state of Victoria. The regulations of Australian universities and medical boards of that era in relation to refugee medicos hindered Oppenheim's registration as a medical practitioner. He was permitted to treat skin conditions, but not allowed to prescribe medications other than some topical preparations. In spite of these restrictions, Oppenheim soon established a busy private practice. He also contributed to dermatology by providing guidance to "Ego Pharmaceuticals," a large company formed by Oppenheim's son and daughter-in-law in 1953 that produces a range of skin and other healthcare products for Australian and global markets.

Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Dr LJG has served as an investigator for and/or received research support from Helsinn Group, J&J, Mallinckrodt, Kyowa Kirin, Soligenix, Innate, Incyte, Trillium, Merck, BMS, and Stratpharma; on the speakers’ bureau for Mallinckrodt and Recordati; and on the scientific advisory board for SciTech and Celsyntec. The other authors have no disclosures.

To study about and reflect on the disease is to highlight the ways of seeing and saying what can a body and its power to be affected before fingerprints or traces that degrade it. This article exposes epistemological research on social representations brackets (where register know doctor) disease from the registry of Clinical Dermatology in the second half of the 19th century. This is resorted to an analysis of medical photographs preserved in archives of Colombia and Spain taking as discursive forms of seeing and saying the disease who have disfiguring effects in the body.

The development of the computer and what is now known as artificial intelligence (AI) has evolved over more than two centuries in a long series of steps. The date of the invention of the first computer is estimated at 1822, when Charles Babbage (1791-1871) developed his first design of a working computer on paper, based mainly on a Jacquard loom. He worked on his project together with Augusta Ada King, Countess Lovelace (née Byron) (Ada Lovelace) (1815-1852), whom he called the "Sorceress of Numbers." This work will present the profile and achievements of Charles Babbage, Augusta Ada King, Countess Lovelace, and Alan Mathison Turing (1912 - 1954), who is considered the father of computer science and artificial intelligence, and then provide an outline of the tumultuous events affecting AI up to the present., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Part III of this contribution continues to celebrate the many contributions that Jewish physicians have made to advance the specialty of dermatology, as reflected by eponyms that honor their names. Part I covered the years before 1933, a highly productive period of creativity by Jewish dermatologists, especially in Germany and Austria. The lives of 17 Jewish physicians and their eponyms were described in Part I. Part II focused on the years of 1933 to 1945, when the Nazis rose to power in Europe, and how their anti-Semitic genocidal policies affected leading Jewish dermatologists caught within the Third Reich. Fourteen Jewish physicians and their eponyms are discussed in Part II. Part III continues the remembrance of the Holocaust era by looking at the careers and eponyms of an additional 13 Jewish physicians who contributed to dermatology during the period of 1933 to 1945. Two of these 13 physicians, pathologist Ludwig Pick (1868-1944) and neurologist Arthur Simons (1877-1942), perished in the Holocaust. They are remembered by the following eponyms of interest to dermatologists: Lubarsch-Pick syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, and Barraquer-Simons syndrome. Four of the 13 Jewish physicians escaped the Nazis: Felix Pinkus (1868-1947), Herman Pinkus (1905-1985), Arnault Tzanck (1886-1954), and Erich Urbach (1893-1946). Eponyms that honor their names include nitidus Pinkus, fibroepithelioma of Pinkus, Tzanck test, Urbach-Wiethe disease, Urbach-Koningstein technique, Oppenheim-Urbach disease, and extracellular cholesterinosis of Karl-Urbach. The other seven Jewish physicians lived outside the reach of the Nazis, in either Canada, the United States, or Israel. Their eponyms are discussed in this contribution. Part III also discusses eponyms that honor seven contemporary Jewish dermatologists who practiced dermatology after 1945 and who continue the nearly 200 years of Jewish contribution to the development of the specialty. They are A. Bernard Ackerman (1936-2008), Irwin M. Braverman, Sarah Brenner, Israel Chanarin, Maurice L. Dorfman, Dan Lipsker, and Ronni Wolf. Their eponyms are Ackerman syndrome, Braverman sign, Brenner sign, Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, Lipsker criteria of the Schnitzler syndrome, and Wolf's isotopic response., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Stefania Jabłońska (1920-2017) is remembered as a physician extraordinaire, outstanding medical scientist, and superb professor of dermatology. She served as Professor and Chairman of Dermatology at the Warsaw Medical School. Not only is she one of the most cited of Polish physicians, she also was world renowned, being elected to honorary membership in innumerable dermatology societies. Jabłońska in 1972 was the first to describe the relationship between the human papillomavirus and skin cancer in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. She collaborated with Professor Gérard Charles Jacques Orth (1936-), with whom she characterized the molecular structure of the oncogenic virus to be the first to be discovered in dermatologic diseases. They also showed that a viral infection could not spread to people with different genetic patterns. For this discovery, Jabłońska and Orth in 1985 were awarded the Robert Koch Medal, which was presented to them by the President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker (1920-2015). Jabłońska is the only Polish scientist to be so honored., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a spirochete, which if left untreated, transforms through four stages. Numerous cutaneous manifestations present from the time of the initial infection and evolve as the disease systemically progresses. Syphilis has been around for centuries, and we can attribute the rise of the specialty of dermatology to its prevalence and protean nature. Syphilis is on the rise again for the first time since the advent of penicillin, making it important for healthcare providers to have knowledge of its presentation in its various stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Felix von Bärensprung was a pioneer of dermatopathology. His monograph of 1848, "Contributions to the Anatomy and Pathology of the Human Skin," was one of the first publications on that subject. Von Bärensprung also described and named erythrasma, elucidated the pathogenesis of herpes zoster, contributed a comprehensive review of the history of dermatology in an unfinished textbook of skin diseases, and was coauthor, together with Ferdinand Hebra of Vienna, of one of the most influential clinical atlases in the history of dermatology. The 200th anniversary of his birthday in 2022 provides an occasion for reminding of one of the leading dermatologists of the mid 19th century., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a spirochete, which if left untreated, transforms through four stages. Numerous cutaneous manifestations present from the time of the initial infection and evolve as the disease systemically progresses. Syphilis has been around for centuries, and we can attribute the rise of the specialty of dermatology to its prevalence and protean nature. Syphilis is on the rise again for the first time since the advent of penicillin, making it important for healthcare providers to have knowledge of its presentation in its various stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Jean Louis Marc Alibert, 1786-1837, France, is considered one of the founders of modern dermatology, he was able to organize the Hôpital Saint Louis in Paris and developed a school, among other contributions he wrote at least two books, he described the tumoral stage of mycosis fungoides, congenital nevus, keloids, and proposed The Tree of Dermatoses as his concept for the understanding of skin diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)