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Copyright of Atlantic Review of Economics / Revista Atlántica de Economía is the property of Colegio de Economistas de La Coruna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Atlantic Review of Economics / Revista Atlántica de Economía is the property of Colegio de Economistas de La Coruna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper deals with the protection of equality and non-discrimination of healthcare professionals who refuse to perform abortions for reasons of conscience. It also discusses to what extent ethos-based healthcare entities can discriminate their employees on religious or ideological grounds and subject them to duties of loyalty towards their ethos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LGBTI rights vary globally across regions and countries, and although factors such as political institutions and religion are known to influence this variation, the nature and form of these relationships are understudied and often modeled linearly or without considering important aspects highlighted in the literature, such as institutional persistence or the influence of the past. Using the Global Index of Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO) and various institutional, cultural, and demographic indicators compiled in the Quality of Government Dataset, a panel of 144 countries was analyzed over 45 years. To achieve the objective of identifying the determining factors of legal recognition for LGBTI individuals, robust dynamic panel data models were used to account for dynamic panel bias and non-normal disturbances in errors (serial autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, and contemporaneous correlation). It was found that the relationship between institutions, inclusion, and religion in LGBTI legal recognition is non-linear and intertemporal (it means that past institutional factors influence present day outcomes). The results are consistent with what is discussed in the literature on LGBTI legal recognition in the context of comparative political science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dixi is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En 2023 se conmemora el 70 aniversario de la apertura a la firma de la Convención sobre los derechos políticos de la mujer. Este tratado multilateral fue adoptado en una época histórica de internacionalización de los derechos humanos que, luego de setenta años, es necesario someter a examen. El análisis parte del trabajo realizado por el movimiento internacional de mujeres organizadas junto a las instituciones internacionales del momento en pos de la consecución regulatoria de derechos universales en igualdad. La investigación sigue una marcada clasificación de análisis histórico del contexto jurídico internacional, desde una perspectiva neutra y desde una perspectiva específica que permite formar dos bloques de análisis comparativos con el objetivo de demostrar que la validez neutral de la norma es posible cuando se queda en superficie para alejarse de controversias y oposición, regulando la vida internacional de los sujetos. Sin embargo, esa validez neutral de la norma falla cuando regula el sistema universal de los derechos humanos sin alcanzar específicas características y distintas propiedades de la persona. El fenómeno sociológico escogido es abordado a través de material doctrinario de distintas disciplinas sociales que lo han investigado en profundidad, contextualizándolo en la historia y en el plano jurídico y axiológico de universalización del momento.

Copyright of Fides et Ratio is the property of Universidad La Salle de Bolivia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sexuality, Gender & Policy Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se plantea aquí una revisión crítica, desde planteamientos neoinstitucionalistas (Análisis Económico del Derecho, Elección Pública, Economía Constitucional, etc.), para comprender y evaluar la cuestión de género y sus efectos no deseados, como la paradoja del género. Resulta que cuánto más ha avanzado la regulación de género, en especial la inspirada por el feminismo trans (de construcción socio-cultural y sentimiento de autopercepción), parece haber disminuido el nivel de garantías jurídicas de la mujer cis (de base biológica y genética coincidente), además de causarse el efecto perverso de convertir la autonomía lograda en dependencia estatal. Se aborda aquí una presentación del problema, con una revisión histórica, comparada y de narrativas, aclarándose cómo el feminismo se ha impuesto, ocultando el sufragismo y otros movimientos de los derechos de la mujer. Se continúa con una refutación de falacias de género, desde el estudio de su producción en el mundo anglosajón y nórdico hasta su distribución desde ONU-Mujeres y la quinta generación derechos humanos, de género y etno-culturales. Finalmente, se centra la atención en un caso de trasplante de la materia, como es el caso español, evaluándose los “efectos no deseados” de su reciente regulación, además de probarse la paradoja citada. Se completa todo ello con unas conclusiones y futuras líneas de investigación.

En este texto se develan los modos en que se expresa la violencia género en las estructuras jurídicas de tratamiento legal a las denuncias de las mujeres víctimas de maltratos en relaciones de pareja en Colombia. Las actuaciones y fallos judiciales referidos a estos casos derivan en acciones de revictimización e inoperancia de la justicia, que perpetúan las lógicas de dominación masculina y de daño moral a las mujeres. Mientras el sistema normativo colombiano no reconozca que en sí mismo, constituye una de las estructuras elementales del patriarcado, será ineficaz en garantizarles a las mujeres una vida libre de violencias.

Th is article argues that advancements in women’s rights in the Inter-American diplomatic system after WWII did not solely follow women activists’ interests but resulted from the male-dominated multilateral relations in the region too. In support of these negotiations, the new political vocabulary of Human Rights emerging from the re-confi guration of the world aff airs was instrumental for the advancement of institutional reforms related to women’s rights in Latin America, especially voting rights. Contrary to existing literature on the subject, this article delves into the process of constructing this new vocabulary, instead of examining its fi nal forms only. It uses archival sources from Brazil to off er another point of view of the making of the rhetoric of human rights and its uses in Inter-American relations in the after-war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to leave behind the narrow view that considers women only as victims of violence in post-conflict contexts and proposes to recognise their valuable contribution in the search for truth and justice. To this end, on the one hand, stressing that it does not yet consider women as a fundamental part of post-conflict peacebuilding, the international legal framework on women's participation in peace processes will be examined. On the other hand, we will explore which mechanisms have been used by women in Kosovo and Peru in their respective transitional justice processes, showing that they have been an active and relevant collective actor in the struggle for the respect of human rights. Recognising women as an active agent in transitional justice processes would favour the real pacification of the territory, the healing of the wounds of the affected communities and their empowerment, placing them on an equal condition with men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alerta (San Salvador) - Revista Cientifica del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Miradas is the property of Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Derecho Internacional Contemporáneo is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El presente artículo de revisión tiene como principales objetivos determinar la definición del feminicidio e identificar sus causas y tipos. Para ello, se realizó una investigación sistemática donde se encontraron 164 artículos, se eliminaron 123 que no cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y se seleccionaron 41 artículos: 26 de Scopus y 15 de Scielo. Los datos se procesaron a través del software Microsoft Excel. Producto de ello, los principales resultados obtenidos fueron: el 81.82 % de los artículos seleccionados utilizaron como término frecuente el asesinato de mujeres, el 33.33 % determinaron que la causa de feminicidio más frecuente son los celos y el 100 % de los artículos seleccionados identificaron que el tipo más frecuente de feminicidio es el íntimo. Por ello se concluye, que hay elementos semejantes en los conceptos de feminicidio analizados, los celos son la causa más frecuente del feminicidio y los tipos íntimo y no íntimo predominan en los artículos seleccionados.

La democracia en el Estado mexicano se caracterizó durante gran parte del siglo XX como un proceso vinculado particularmente al ámbito político-electoral, se dejó de lado que la democracia incluye mucho más que una pluralidad política. El cambio político-electoral durante el siglo XX permitió un proceso de liberalización en donde el mismo régimen toleró y auspició el crecimiento y posterior fortalecimiento de la oposición y de otros actores como las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, los poderes locales e incluso algunos poderes fácticos, dicho proceso permitió un proceso de democratización, en el que gradualmente se incorporaron nuevos actores políticos, como ha sido el caso de la mujer, que desde el reconocimiento de sus derechos ha logrado incrementar su participación dentro de los órganos de gobierno, sin embargo, todavía no se alcanza una efectiva democratización social.

Copyright of Tareas is the property of CELA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Religación: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades is the property of Religacion: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scaling the summit for women's rights: From local to global and global to local (p.21) Bandana Rana Finding your voice and identity for many women in South Asia, including Nepal, is like climbing Mt. Everest, the highest peak in the world—not an easy task with deeply embedded patriarchal values and gender norms. Violence against women, particularly domestic violence, is the biggest deterrent to women's advancement and development. However, with support from a vibrant women's movement and civil society activism, scaling this mountainous hurdle can be possible. This article examines both the challenges that women in Nepal face and the progress that women's rights groups have achieved in promoting gender equality in that country. Through both personal and systemic reflections, world-renown women's rights activist Bandana Rana presents her journey for gender equality from the local to the global and back. Tradition, development, and gender equality: Addressing the incoherences through collective action (p.32) Tara Lipovina This article addresses gender coherence for development, defined as transformative development that addresses systemic power differences that discriminate against women. Following the contribution from Bandana Rana, this scientific article reflects on challenges that women face in Nepal, with specific discussion of patriarchal traditions. However, the analysis notes that the development does not necessarily positively effect gender equality. Regional policies, such as the European Union's neighborhood policies in the Western Balkans (specifically in Montenegro), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nation's economic policies often undermine the gender equality initiatives from these regions. The article identifies collective action and norm ownership as important bases for achieving transformative development that promotes gender equality. Mujeres indígenas, desarrollo y derecho a una vida libre de violencia (p.40) Mónica Carrasco Gómez y Perla O. Fragoso Lugo En este artículo se argumenta la relevancia de la participación directa de las mujeres indígenas en la planeación, modelación, ejecución y evaluación de las políticas públicas dirigidas a ellas como una población diversa, con agendas comunes a las de las mujeres mestizas, pero también con necesidades, problemáticas y propuestas distintas e incluso diferenciadas según su propio grupo cultural. Para ello nos centramos en el abordaje de los programas gubernamentales y la literatura producida en torno al desarrollo social y al combate a la violencia de género contra las mujeres en el estado de Chiapas, la entidad con el mayor número de habitantes hablantes de una lengua indígena en México. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La resolución 1325 (2000) del Consejo de Seguridad lanzó en Naciones Unidas la Agenda de la mujer y la paz y la seguridad. Un conjunto de diez resoluciones ha contribuido a consolidar la Agenda, creando un corpus juris que desarrolla y, en ocasiones, revisa normas del derecho internacional, incorporando una perspectiva de género en el conflicto armado y en el post-conflicto. Desde un inicio se presentaron divergencias entre algunos aspectos de la Agenda y el derecho internacional humanitario. El desarrollo normativo se ha realizado a través de instrumentos de soft law. La resolución 1325 (2000) ha sido el punto de partida de una norma consuetudinaria que incorpora la perspectiva de género en el derecho internacional humanitario y el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. A partir de la resolución 1820 (2008) la violencia sexual contra las mujeres y niñas en un conflicto armado y en el post-conflicto es una cuestión que atañe al mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales en el sentido de la Carta de Naciones Unidas. La Agenda ha impactado las relaciones con fuentes convencionales del derecho internacional.

This text unveils the ways in which gender violence is expressed in the legal structures of legal treatment to the complaints of women victims of abuse in intimate partner relationships in Colombia. Judicial actions and rulings in these cases result in actions of revictimization and ineffectiveness of justice, which perpetuate the logic of male domination and moral damage to women. As long as the Colombian normative system does not recognize that it constitutes one of the elemental structures of patriarchy, it will be ineffective in guaranteeing women a life free of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Law of Civil Rights of Women, No. 10783, of the year 1946, came to be an innovation and a great advance in terms of equality of rights between men and women, this process of gender equality continues without a doubt until the present. In this context, based on the current Constitution when said law was signed (Constitution of 1942), the articles and rights established in the aforementioned law are contrasted and analyzed with the provisions of the constitutional text, to review whether perhaps such rights emanated from the Constitution itself, trying to propose, some way of interpreting it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ñawi: Arte, Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciência & Trópico (03042685) is the property of Fundacao Joaquim Nabuco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Occupational Therapy / Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional is the property of Cadernos de Terapia Ocupacional da UFSCar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article seeks to move beyond the impasse between the anthropological tradition (that remains cautious to condemn human rights violations defined by "universal" standards), and the international community (which advocates such "universal" norms). In line with feminist anthropological work in northeast Africa that has advanced understandings of gendered agency in Islamic and patriarchal cultures, I suggest that a careful analysis of plural local normative structures is necessary to understand any practice of women's subordination and potential for agency. Two registers of justice are in circulation, in which ideals of feminine agency are made explicit. Women and girls who cannot identify their experience through either register of justice may not seek to report it. This helps account for why neither register of justice is useful to the majority of Sudanese women, but this seemingly impossible situation does not determine their capacity for agency. I draw inspiration from post-colonial feminism and Science and Technology Studies (STS) approaches where the "culture" of sexual violence in Sudan is arguably a "translation" of Sudan's national and transnational moral politics into the micropolitics of power among women and men in an inevitably plural post-colonial setting. Thus agency here is also "doing postcolonial gender." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais is the property of Centro de Estudos Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For just over 50 years, the importance of incorporating women into development strategies has been considered. During the 1970s, the Women's Approach to Development (med) emerged to promote women's access to productive resources and thereby promote gender equality. Subsequently, we found together for the first time the concepts of Women and Sustainable Development at the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Since then, work has continued on the incorporation of the gender approach in the international agenda for the promotion sustainable development, as reflected in both the Millennium Declaration and the 2030 Agenda. Therefore, this work aims to analyze the importance of the active participation of women both in the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development and in the promotion of a culture of sustainable development with a gender perspective, highlighting, finally, that after more than 50 years of continuous work, there are still great challenges for full incorporation to take place. All this under a descriptive methodology based on the analysis of qualitative data, on the existing bibliography on the matter, and quantitative on the analysis of the gender indicators contained in the 2030 Agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudos Ibero-Americanos is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dixi is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El tema de las cuotas de género hoy en día se considera de gran relevancia en la agenda política tanto al exterior como al interior de los países. El presente artículo aborda conceptos y perspectivas internacionales respecto de las cuotas de género, así como su vigencia y permanencia en la Legislación del Estado de México.

With the advent of the modern industrial order, public space was instituted as a sphere of male domination. Accordingly, through out history, cities were marked materially and symbolically by those men who constitute the hegemonic center of social life and who have assumed public space as their own. Assuming that cities constitute true macrotexts capable of being read and interpreted, this study offers a first approach to the ways in which the persistent gender asymmetries in our societies find continuity in the symbolic weft of cities. With this purpose, we present a quantitative analysis of the urban nomenclature of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires that, assuming a gender perspective, investigates the ways and degrees in which women are taken in in the names of the streets of this city.

El ensayo “Medios que usted sugiere…” (1938) de la escritora costarricense, Yolanda Oreamuno, ha sido una referencia importante en la comprensión del pensamiento de la autora y de sus posiciones respecto de la situación de la mujer y del feminismo. En él, la autora lanza cuestionamientos y críticas importantes sobre la educación costarricense y el rol social de las mujeres; sin embargo, es posible constatar divergencias en las opiniones críticas sobre la solidez del pensamiento desarrollado en este. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la construcción teórico-argumentativa del ensayo a la luz del contexto del movimiento feminista de la época y de la noción de “frivolidad ambiente” utilizada por Oreamuno. El análisis permite una comprensión más detallada de las ideas, a veces contradictorias, defendidas respecto de la educación femenina y la relación compleja de la autora con el movimiento feminista de la década de 1930 en Costa Rica.

Introduction Music has become an object of study in Social Sciences, where its relationship with the type of society, in which its process of creation and consumption is framed, is emphasized. In this context, Latin American trap represents a field of study that allows to analyze the manifestations of violence against women. Objective Based on this idea, the general objective of this article is to analyze the manifestations of physical, psychological, sexual and gender violence against women in the lyrics of Latin American trap songs. Method In this qualitative research study, the Critical Discourse Analysis method was implemented, using the documentary review technique. The song sample consists of one hundred songs by the following trap artists: Anuel AA, Bad Bunny, Bryant Myers, Darell, Farruko and Noriel. Furthermore, the information was analyzed via hermeneutic triangulation, using the Atlas.ti 8 program. Results As part of the results, a large number of messages alluding to physical, psychological, sexual and gender violence against women are identified in the songs studied. Conclusions It is concluded that an articulated matrix of sexist oppression and a logic of violence against women predominate in the Latin American trap, and are assumed by the singers of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academia & Derecho is the property of Universidad Libre - Seccional Cucuta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo aborda la influencia negativa de los estereotipos de género en la investigación y juzgamiento de los delitos que incluyen violencia doméstica y/o sexual contra las mujeres. En primer lugar, se hacen algunas consideraciones teóricas acerca de aquellos y se los identifica como una forma de discriminación en los casos en que son utilizados para establecer jerarquías de género. Luego, se releva la recepción de la temática en el sistema internacional de derechos humanos y en particular el trabajo del Comité encargado de velar por el cumplimiento las disposiciones contenidas en la “Convención contra todas formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer”. Se reseñan casos sobre violencia sexual juzgados en Filipinas y se utiliza el caso Ángela González Carreño - quien denunció a España ante el Comité nombrado- para ilustrar acerca de lo perjudicial que puede ser la aplicación de nociones preconcebidas acerca de la violencia de género en los procedimientos judiciales.

Con el objetivo de recuperar las demandas políticas de las mujeres movilizadas y organizadas en torno al derecho a la ciudad y reconstruir su punto de vista desde la Etnografía Institucional, método cualitativo de corte feminista que busca reflexionar desde el materialismo, se analizó el XXXIII Encuentro Nacional de Mujeres en Trelew, provincia de Chubut (2018). La observación participante fue realizada durante los dos días de debate en el Taller Nº43 “Mujeres y Hábitat”, en este caso, reforzada por el análisis del documento que vuelca las Conclusiones de los talleres, y en diferentes momentos del ENM por fuera del taller. Dicha observación se registró fotográficamente para dar cuenta del espacio de discusión y de las características de este evento como escenario signado por el espíritu de organización política. Frente a la fetichización del derecho a la ciudad que proponía Henri Lefebvre, experiencias de organización como el Encuentro Nacional de Mujeres permiten, no sólo la actualización conceptual desde el punto de vista de las mujeres, sino también recuperar el espíritu de lucha de esta categoría analítica.

La lucha por eliminar la mutilación genital femenina choca con diversas justificaciones provenientes de la tradición y la cultura de las comunidades que la practican. Esta investigación busca determinar cómo se relacionan dichas justificaciones con la resistencia a la aplicación universal de los derechos humanos. Para ello se hace una revisión y análisis bibliográfico y documental, en el marco del debate sobre diversidad cultural y la pretensión de universalidad de los derechos humanos, con el fin de comprender esas justificaciones y las dificultades que entraña para las niñas y mujeres decidir al respecto. Como resultado, se propone crear escenarios de diálogo intercultural para propiciar el empoderamiento de mujeres y niñas, generar la posibilidad de oponerse a esta práctica y promover la creación de rituales alternativos por las mismas comunidades.

Introducción: el estudio del derecho de la mujer al trabajo y a la maternidad, constituye una necesidad socio jurídica, ante la situación desfavorable que poseen las contratadas en estado de gestación, con la implementación de las nuevas formas de la economía en Cuba. Objetivo: valorarla protección jurídica del derecho de la mujer al trabajo y a la maternidad, desde de la etapa de Cuba como colonia de España hasta la actualidad. Métodos: jurídico-doctrinal y el histórico-jurídico. Resultados: el derecho de la mujer a la maternidad se considera trascendental en el marco del ejercicio del derecho al trabajo, por lo que representa para su realización personal, familiar y contribución a la natalidad. No obstante, el régimen especial de seguridad socialestablecido para las contratadas en estado de gestación en el sector cuentapropista, posee algunos vacíos legislativos superados en el sector estatal. Conclusión: la protección jurídica del derecho de la mujer al trabajo y a la maternidad, desde la etapa de Cuba como colonia de España hasta la actualidad, ha cambiado de forma notable, sobre todo, a partir del período neocolonial, con la puesta en vigor de la Constitución de 1940; lo que constituye en la actualidad un derecho fundamental y una prioridad para el Estado, como parte de su política económica y social expresada en la vigente ley constitucional, y en otras de régimen especial que requieren ser perfeccionadas.

El artículo presenta parte de los resultados de un proyecto de investigación realizado en una univer-sidad costarricense sobre la condición de las profesoras universitarias. Como parte del estudio, se ela-boraron narraciones biográficas de cinco docentes universitarias que alcanzaron nivel de catedráticas y se detectaron, dentro de estos relatos, elementos comunes que se relacionan con la ambivalencia y las barreras invisibles con las que se enfrentan las profesoras a la hora de ascender en carrera docente. La ambivalencia se agudiza con el matrimonio y la maternidad limitando el desarrollo académico de las profesoras.

Resumen: Objetivo: Conocer la experiencia del empoderamiento de un grupo de mujeres mayores de 65 años. Metodología: La muestra constaba de 5 mujeres que fueron seleccionadas mediante muestreo intencionado en las consultas de enfermería y medicina del Centro de Salud de Vistabella. Para ello, se realizó un estudio cualitativo de tipo fenomenológico, y el instrumento de obtención de datos fue la entrevista en profundidad, cuyo guion se elaboró a partir de las principales características del empoderamiento. Resultados: La información fue clasificada en cinco categorías de respuesta: “Autoestima”, “Autodeterminación-Toma de Decisiones”, “Autoconfianza”, “Social” y “Educación”. Esta última se trataba de una categoría emergente, las mujeres utilizaban la educación para justificar sus respuestas. Conclusiones: Las entrevistadas manifestaban tener baja autoestima, dificultades a la hora de llevar las riendas de su vida, inseguridades y una participación social escasa, lo que denotaba un déficit de empoderamiento. Relacionaban lo anterior con la educación que habían recibido, fundamentada en los mandatos de género que recluyen a las mujeres al ámbito privado y eliminan el principio de igualdad de oportunidades con respecto a los hombres.

Introduction: Sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR) are basic, and women capacity to exert them influence achieving development goals. Objectives: Estimate indicators of SRHR in women aged 2029 years, identifying associated factors. Methods: A total of 1206 married/ cohabitant women (908 with need for family planning, 1082 with children and 978 contraceptive users) were analyzed with data from National Sexual and Reproductive Health Survey 20142015. It was obtained the proportion of conjugal violence victims in the last year, with knowledge about VIH prevention, family planning needs satisfied by modern contraceptive methods, with professional care at delivery and with autonomy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to test associations. Results: The 13.0% of women suffered conjugal violence, 38.8% had knowledge about HIV prevention, 62.0% used modern contraceptives for satisfying family planning needs, 81.1% received professional care at delivery, and 30.7% made informed decisions about SRH. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for conjugal violence were greater when women justified violence (AOR=1.92;95%CI:1.093.39) ; knowledge about HIV prevention increases with schooling (AOR=1.13;95%CI:1.041.22) ; family planning met with modern contraceptives methods was lower, if they justified violence (AOR=0.42;95%CI 0.200.85) and higher in women with a higher empowerment perception (AOR=2.33;95%CI: 1.155.00). The AOR for professional care at last delivery decrease with increasing age (AOR=0.72; 95%CI: 0.620.84) and was lower if they experienced child marriage (AOR=0.43; 95%CI: 0.190.95). The AOR for autonomy was lower in married women (AOR=0.22; 95%CI: 0.100.47) and housewives (AOR=0.53; 95%CI: 0.280.98). Conclusions: The exert of SRHR and its associated factors challenge public policies design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This reflection allows us to analyze the legal and bioethical problems that arise in prostitution and its induction, based on the bioethical principle and on the international level. The method is theoretical-qualitative with a critical hermeneutical approach, and the information obtained is through bibliographic consultation of texts, articles from indexed journals, regulations and jurisprudence. It is concluded that prostitution has been interpreted by law based on utilitarianism. Models of this activity are described. The woman has been a victim due to her condition of gender vulnerability, her poverty, her marginality and has had to appeal to this activity as an option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fight to eliminate female genital mutilation is at odds with the tradition and culture of the communities that justify its practice. This qualitative study seeks to determine how these justifications contest the universal application of human rights. To this end, a bibliographic and documentary review and analysis, framed within the cultural diversity debate and the universality of human rights, is conducted to understand these justifications, as well as the options faced by girls and women. In conclusion, scenarios for intercultural dialogue are proposed to promote the empowerment of women and girls, generate the possibility of opposing this practice, and promote the communities' creation of alternative rituals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]