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The question of deradicalization looms large in the historiography of western European socialism. But in this contested field, the contributions of the New Left historian, Ralph Miliband, have been curiously neglected. Through his work on the British Labour Party, Miliband developed a distinctive account of deradicalization that foregrounds the fact that when parties enter government, party elites find themselves transplanted into new, alien institutions. Over time, he argued, they then come to internalize the worldviews of those institutions and reshape their parties accordingly. This essay presents the first quantitative and cross-national test of this "experience of governing hypothesis," using Comparative Manifesto Project data from western European socialist parties between 1945 and 2021 and a novel matching technique for panel data. Miliband's theory is strongly supported by this analysis, which also demonstrates the value of taking a multi-dimensional approach to deradicalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the formulation of inclusive education for the deradicalization of children involved in terrorism in Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution. The institution is in charge of implementing the deradicalization programs for children involved in terrorism. However, research found that the deradicalization program for children involved in terrorism at Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution has yet succeeded in reforming the children to be law-abiding citizens. This study aims to formulate an inclusive education for the deradicalization of children involved in terrorism at Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution. This study is a qualitative study conducted at Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution. Research data was obtained through interviews, observations, focus group discussions, and literature reviews. The findings show that Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution implements non-formal education as a rehabilitation program for children involved in terrorism. The current non-formal education does not fully accommodate all the expected goals based on the outcome chain formulation within the framework of program theory. Adaptation and integration of non-formal education with other development programs is needed to support resistance to achieve correctional goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a case study of voluntary exit from a far-right group in the United States. Our analysis of 'Tom' (a pseudonym) foregrounds the role of psychological development in 'Tom's' narrative of disengagement. While developmental factors are sometimes referenced in the radicalization/deradicalization literature, they are often reduced to risk factors or early environmental adversities that are viewed as predictors for subsequent involvement in extremism. By contrast, we offer a deeper understanding of psychological developmental factors as a 'core need.' While the core need originates in normative development and attachment history, it also arises out of an individual's idiographic context and unique path through development, helping to establish identity security and acting as the tacit background driver across entry and exit. In this case study, and in our qualitatively informed model, the developmental core need is crucial to understanding the often idiosyncratic processes of radicalization, disengagement, and deradicalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on far-right extremism has grown substantially over the last decade, owing to the rise of Trump, attacks such as the one in Christchurch and Buffalo, as well as the mainstreaming of hate speech and polarization. In addition to research, there have been antifascist activists who have been engaged in doxxing members of the far right who are part of our schools, our militaries, and governments. Releasing the private information of members of far-right movements to the public has created interesting policy and law enforcement dilemmas. With respect to law enforcement, can doxxing be used as a tool to force individuals to disengage from groups? For social media companies, doxxing violates their terms of service, but should an exception be made in these instances since it purportedly serves a public interest? For this paper, we interviewed 10 former members of the far right who have experienced doxxing over the last several years. The paper explores what happened, the immediate and long-term effects of doxxing on their lives, and ongoing challenges of being exposed against their will. We conclude with some policy recommendations related to the costs and benefits of doxxing on these individuals but also society at large.

Establishing trust and building a strong Working Alliance are crucial challenges when working with violent extremist offenders (VEOs). Extensive literature highlights the significance of these elements for effective interventions with this group. However, research has not yet approached the specific steps involved in creating a Working Alliance. This article fills this gap by drawing on in-depth interviews conducted with eight professionals from six European jurisdictions. The article also contrasts insights from practical work with academic state of the art. By offering these insights, the article aims to facilitate the creation of effective Working Alliances and contribute to the academic debates on the disengagement of VEOs.

Within the field of Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) male clients are overwhelmingly represented, which reflects the key and complex significance 'masculinity' has for understanding susceptibility to violent extremism, processes of radicalisation and related issues. This article analyses the perspectives of 12 CVE Intervention Practitioners (n = 8 female, n = 4 male) in Australia and their views on the role gender plays in their work. We focus on the practitioners' experiences with male clients and how they understood the relationship between gender, rapport building and (de)radicalization. The practitioners highlight how a common aspect of their clients' ideology involved either explicit misogyny or quite rigid opinions regarding the roles of men and women in society. They often mentioned their male clients experienced difficulties in expressing and understanding their own masculinity. However, while it is important to identify commonalities within the gendered dynamics present in CVE work, the data suggest the interaction between practitioner and client continues to be quite varied. We argue that this highlights not only how masculinities are discursively produced, but how male clients may shift between identity positions during deradicalization depending on their interpersonal interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This research was motivated by the researcher's academic anxiety, namely the existence of a gap in the implementation of deradicalization. The deradicalization currently being carried out by the government, whether through the BNPT, Densus 88 AT Polri, the Directorate General of Corrections or community groups is not well organized, especially regarding the role of institutions, materials (clarification of several points of Islamic teachings that are often misinterpreted) and delivery approaches. This shows the importance of a more in-depth study of how to manage the deradicalization of terrorism based on basic Islamic teachings so that it can run in a programmed, targeted and sustainable manner. Purpose. This research aims to describe, analyze and discover the concept of implementation and management of terrorism deradicalization. This research answers two main problems, namely first how to conceptualize deradicalization and second how to implement deradicalization management. Method. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach using grounded theory designs. The data sources are former terrorism convicts, perpetrators of acts of terrorism, deradicalization implementers from both government agencies and community groups. Results. The results of this research show that from an Islamic perspective, the concept of deradicalization refers to the An-Nahl letter. 16: 119 which consists of four pillars, namely recognition as a mistake, a statement or pledge not to do it again or repent, an apology to the affected party, and a commitment to improvement. In the management review, the deradicalization program has not been managed optimally based on management functions (planning, organizing, actuating and controlling). Conclusion. It is hoped that this research will be useful for deradicalization stakeholders so that the deradicalization process can be managed in a more programmed, targeted and sustainable manner. This research can also be useful for academic circles for the development of knowledge, insight and further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The deradicalization program for terrorism prisoners is a crucial initiative in an effort to reduce the threat of terrorism in Indonesia. In this context, Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning the Prevention and Eradication of Terrorism is the legal basis that regulates various strategic aspects of this effort. This study aims to analyze the implementation and challenges in the deradicalization program of terrorism prisoners, focusing on the political aspects of law and its relevance in the international context. The research method used is a literature study to collect data and information related to the implementation of the deradicalization program, as well as policy analysis related to Law No. 22 of 2022. The results show that the deradicalization program of terrorism prisoners in Indonesia faces a number of challenges, including policy consistency, political consensus, and human rights protection. Nonetheless, successful international implementation offers views and best practices that can be applied to strengthen Indonesia's capacity to deal with the threat of terrorism. The conclusion of this study highlights the importance of multilateral cooperation, community-based inclusive approach, and human rights protection in the implementation of deradicalization programs. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the government strengthen international cooperation, improve related policies and regulations, improve education and training, and promote the values of moderation and tolerance as part of a sustainable strategy to address the threat of terrorism in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The published literature offers no comprehensive discussion of deradicalization models based on Islamic da'wah imparted by religious organizations. Da'wah is the process of communicating messages related to Islamic teachings and ideologies to others with the intent to transform a person's or a society's unfavorable circumstances. This study takes a phenomenological approach to examine the deradicalization communication model of preaching practiced by the Jama'ah Tabligh in the regions of Yala, Southern Thailand. Qualitative analyses reveal that such da'wah activities in Yala have implications for increased moderation in religiosity and tolerance. The Jama'ah's preaching model has been more successful in deradicalization compared with the work of former radical movements. In short, da'wah by the Jama'ah is a model of indirect deradicalization in the South Thailand regions. The insights from this finding could help build models for deradicalization based on religious understanding and prevent the emergence of radicalism and terrorism among Muslim communities in Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was focused on the increasingly widespread phenomenon of radicalism among government officials in Indonesia. The perspective adopted an evaluation of government legal policies designed to curtail the proliferation of radicalism through counter­radicalization, and deradicalization measures. These anti­radica­lism policies were aimed to reintegrate government officials who had been influ­enced by radicalism, aligning their thinking, attitudes, and behaviour with the principles of the Indonesian Pancasila. Presently, the envisioned ideal conditions remain elusive. Therefore, this study adopted a normative approach to assessing the precision of the implementation of anti­radicalization and deradicalization policies, with a focus on comprehensive regulations and targeted methods. The proposed remedy involved a shift in legal policy, with greater emphasis placed on counter­radicalization efforts developed through a screening process that iden­tified potential instances of radicalism in the cyber realm through early detection. Subsequently, these cases were directed to the legal process, with a deradicalization attempt, which emphasized an understanding of the ideology of Pancasila.

The rise of the Taliban to power in Afghanistan has had profound implications for Pakistan's border regions, particularly in terms of the resurgence of militant groups. This study investigates the potential policy failures of the Pakistani government in effectively utilizing its resources for the rehabilitation and reintegration of former militants. While some ex-combatants have undergone rehabilitation, a significant majority have been left without adequate support, possibly due to resource constraints. Notably, the rehabilitation process has been exclusively under the control of the military, with no civilian involvement allowed. This approach has created a substantial gap between the community and the ex-combatants attempting to reintegrate into society. Consequently, the ex-combatants have often encountered unwelcoming communities and stigmatization, leading many of them to opt for recidivism. This study employs a micro-ethnographic approach, with the researcher spending considerable time collecting primary data from the affected communities, administrators of rehabilitation centers, and the ex-combatants who have undergone rehabilitation. The findings suggest that a community-based approach to rehabilitation, involving the local community in the process, holds significant promise for successful reintegration. By assessing the consequences of current rehabilitation and reintegration approaches, this study sheds light on the urgent need for a more inclusive, community-driven strategy to address the issue of ex-combatant reintegration in Pakistan's border regions. Implementing such an approach could potentially mitigate the resurgence of militant groups and foster long-term stability in the region.

This article uses a qualitative analysis of 25 interviews with experts from German secondary and tertiary level P/CVE programs countering Islamist Extremism to examine the influences of discrimination and stigmatization on deradicalization and disengagement efforts. Drawing on the experiential and interpretative knowledge of the interviewees, we found that both discrimination and stigmatization may have an obstructing influence on the clients’ social and socio-economic stabilization. Discrimination, whether manifested in labor market disadvantages, within the education system, or individual racist acts of devaluation, can impede progress in deradicalization and disengagement processes. Further, stigmatization due to a prior association with Islamist groups and ideologies may result in similar experiences of rejection and devaluation across various areas of social life. In this context, most interviewees warn of the consequences of security authority investigations and caution against the dangers of disclosure and exposure to the public, particularly the press. Our findings show that P/CVE programs strive to address the issues of discrimination and stigmatization with multi-layered interventions designed to prevent setbacks in deradicalization and disengagement processes. Common strategies are to raise awareness in the personal reference system as well as on an institutional level to reduce discriminatory and stigmatizing actions. Client-centered approaches encompass counseling methods on the one hand aiming to overcome prejudices against state institutions and respective actors, and on the other hand empowerment measures and help in dealing with challenging situations, such as social grievances that potentially derive from discrimination and stigmatization. Further to this, the article discusses our findings against the backdrop of empirical studies, evaluation reports, and gray literature and analyzes the P/CVE strategies within theoretic process models of deradicalization and disengagement.

Radicalization of women within far-right extremist networks is a timely issue. Evidence suggests women’s participation in terrorist activity is likely to grow in the next few years, as extremists continue to find new ways to recruit women. Women’s involvement in far-right extremist networks is greater than frequently thought, yet the underlying radicalization pathways are often understudied. At times, radicalization pathways of women are stereotyped; or women are dismissed due to the perceived complexity of understanding their support for extreme misogynistic networks. Exploring these radicalization pathways is important in understanding deradicalization and preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) practices. Existing research often regards radicalized women as anomalies, deviating from traditional gender norms, meaning policy considerations relating to deradicalization are still based on outdated stereotypes. Far-right extremism is one of the most significant domestic threats currently facing the United States. Leveraging the extant literature on gender and radicalization, this paper provides an overview of women’s presence and radicalization pathways within the contemporary American far right. I present case studies of two women, who have participated in contemporary American far-right extremist networks, providing an in-depth content analysis of their personal social media accounts and secondary sources. I find that these women are motivated by, and radicalized through, perceived threats to their status. Such threats need not be real and can be derived from real political and cultural events, or conspiracy theories. I conclude by arguing that this evidence provides avenues for our understanding of deradicalization pathways.

This article provides a critical comparison of the present knowledge base on desistance from crime and current writings on disengagement and deradicalization from violent extremism. Underlying the comparison is the fundamental premise that while violent extremism is a particular and perhaps egregious form of crime, it is a form of crime nonetheless, meaning that violent extremist offenders are not beyond the remits of the desistance framework. As of yet, however, there have been few attempts to connect these two research domains in a systematic way. Against this background, the present article intends to trace the outlines of both bodies of knowledge so as to determine the degree of overlap between these two kindred literatures. The results of this integrative literature indicate that studies on criminal desistance and violent extremist disengagement echo the same basic mechanisms of change, but also that differences in context affect how these mechanisms take shape. In highlighting the implications for theory, the findings of this review illustrate, above all, how a closer association between these two fields of study enriches our understanding of both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of Indonesia's problems is the issue of radicalism. Those who are vulnerable to radicalism are Indonesian migrant workers. Because many Indonesian migrant workers are entangled in radical ideas, preventive and curative efforts are significant. This community service aims to strengthen religious moderation through the NALAR strategy as an effort to deradicalize the Indonesian migrant worker community (KOPI) in Ponorogo. This method of community service is Community Based Research (CBR). The technique used in the process of community-based Research (CBR) activities is the Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. Based on the results of the discussion, it was concluded that there are four indicators of moderation in religion: nationality, tolerance, Anti-racialism, and culture, which are then abbreviated as NALAR. We then made NALAR a strategy to provide assistance and strengthen religious moderation for the Indonesian migrant worker community. Second, NALAR was internalized by the community service team as an effort to deradicalize the Indonesian migrant worker community in Ponorogo. The service team explained the concept of religious moderation, indicators of religious moderation, and the urgency of religious moderation for Indonesian migrant workers in Ponorogo. Third, the evaluation results in terms of the level of knowledge of religious moderation of KOPI members are very good.

The radicalism movement has become the main cause of the growth of terrorism cases in Indonesia. This movement has successfully spread to various educational institutions, one of which is pesantren (Islamic boarding schools). The entry of radicalism into pesantren is inseparable from the lack of internalization of religious moderation attitudes by pesantren leaders towards their students. The Kiai, through a prophetic leadership model, have a major role in internalizing religious moderation in their students through their influence in pesantren. This research aims to find the concept of prophetic leadership, prophetic leadership strategies in internalizing religious moderation, and the implications of prophetic leadership. This research uses a qualitative approach with a multisite study type. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis uses data condensation, data display, and making conclusions. The research results conclude that the concept of prophetic leadership is carried out through education, religious learning, and istiqamah (steadfastness) in worship. The strategy of internalizing religious moderation is carried out by exemplification, habituation, and understanding. The implications of prophetic leadership include strengthening the religious moderation of students, strengthening moderation education, and forming student morals.

Prior scholarship has suggested that women of color and other outsiders (i.e., those not affiliated with White supremacist hate groups) have significantly facilitated the deradicalization of White supremacist hate group members. However, few empirical studies focus on the lived experiences of outsider women who have helped hate group members disengage and deradicalize. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to explore the experiences of women who facilitated the disengagement and deradicalization of White supremacist hate group members. The first author conducted interviews among four women who had significant experience regarding the phenomenon of interest. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) as a methodological framework, the authors identified five themes from participants’ rich descriptions of their experiences facilitating hate group exit: (a) identifying love as driving force behind exit facilitation, (b) developing their exit facilitation approach, (c) experiencing costs of helping others exit, (d) identifying areas for increased external exit support, and (e) offering recommendations for hate group exit facilitation. By examining this specific population, we hoped to gain insights into new avenues of development for disengagement and deradicalization interventions.

Copyright of Critique of Law: Independent Legal Studies / Krytyka Prawa: Niezalezne Studia nad Prawem is the property of Akademia Leona Kozminskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research has overwhelmingly focused on pathways into violent extremism, but few empirically grounded analyses have examined pathways out of violent extremism. Even less is empirically known about the interactions between processes of disengagement and deradicalization from violent extremism. To address this gap, in-depth interviews were conducted with ten Canadian former right-wing extremists who were actively involved in violent racist skinhead groups, with interview questions provided by thirty Canadian law enforcement officials and ten local community activists. Participants were asked about their pathways out of violent extremism with a particular emphasis on processes of disengagement and deradicalization. Overall, our study findings highlight the multifaceted and multidimensional nature of pathways out of violent extremism as well as how radical beliefs persist beyond disengagement from violent extremism. We conclude with a discussion of the study limitations and avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze how former convicts can contribute to the strategic management of countering criminal acts of terrorism. This research uses the concepts of bonding, bridging, and linking as dimensions of social capital offered by Robert Putnam (2020). Data processing was carried out using in-depth interviews supported by observations of the convict development program. This research shows that former convicts can create a sense of togetherness and group identity, understand alternative narratives in religion and society, and build positive relations with the state as an organization among other convicts. From this research, it is concluded that the involvement of former convicts in the deradicalization program has a positive impact, so its implementation needs to be mainstreamed in implementing the deradicalization program.

Over the past decade Islamist mobilization has resulted in numerous departures from Germany towards the civil war zones of Syria and Iraq. As a determined response to this trend, the scope of prevention efforts in Germany has increased significantly, combatting Islamist radicalization at the federal and state level with a variety of projects and approaches. This article analyzes the approaches to counseling by deradicalization practitioners in Germany, based on two qualitative interview studies (n=25) and (n=9) with experts in secondary and tertiary prevention. Drawing on the experiential and interpretative knowledge of the interviewees, we identified four prevalent approaches to deradicalization, composed of activity-oriented concepts that explain counseling efforts within a specific set of goals, contents, methods, and techniques. Herein imperatives of action are, firstly, religiously and/or ideologically oriented, secondly, oriented towards acceptance, thirdly, systemically oriented, and lastly, oriented towards life management. However, these are not static approaches, characterized by oft-intersecting efforts. Our findings indicate that confrontational means of dealing with the ideological are uncommon, even though in theory ideological reappraisal is widely considered a core objective of deradicalization practices. More emphasis is placed on an appreciative relationship between counselors and clients as well as collaborations with other support systems and institutions to meet individual needs. Further to this, this article discusses our findings with regard to the theoretical and empirical research framework, taking into account interdisciplinary perspectives as well as experiences from the prevention of right-wing extremism.

Terrorism always creates social, economic, and political chaos. Acts of terrorism in Indonesia are generally caused by religious beliefs and radical understandings held by the perpetrators. Terrorist convicts still maintain this belief, so a special approach is needed to run the deradicalization process effectively. Therefore, this research discusses issues regarding applying effective communication in the deradicalization process for terrorism convicts. An effective communication approach is positioned to support apparatus programs in the deradicalization process. This study uses a phenomenological approach to understand better the views and experiences of terrorism convicts undergoing the deradicalization process. The aim is to find and analyze effective forms of communication in the deradicalization process for terrorism convicts. The results of this study indicate that effective communication in the deradicalization process for terrorism convicts can be achieved through an approach that involves real and continuous attention, dialogue that is very careful about religious understanding, avoiding the act of extracting information about terrorist networks from the Police and BNPT; as well as people involved in handling terrorism; and applying an empathetic communication approach in embracing terrorism convicts, so that they do not return to the same environment and get a decent life. This approach also aims to ensure that former terrorism convicts feel cared for and valued by society.

This paper bridges research on countering violent extremism (CVE), where the role of ethnic and religious diaspora in deradicalization has been understudied and undertheorized, with diaspora and migration literature, which emphasizes diaspora actors as having their own agency and claim-making potential within larger transnational processes. Based on a review of both literatures and insights from interviews, we identify challenges and opportunities presented by the Austrian context and how they contribute to the understanding of the role of diaspora communities in deradicalization processes. Austria presents a relevant case study for several reasons. First, its radical milieu has a long history beginning with the emergence of the jihadi Salafi scene in the 90s and manifesting with foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs) who joined ISIS between 2012 and 2017. Second, Austria hosts diverse diaspora populations that consist of multiple generations and is a highly politicized environment. This paper helps contextualize policy responses to foreign fighters. We argue that while diaspora belonging is not the main factor leading to radicalization, social networks that emerge from diasporas play a role in such processes. Thus, policies should de-emphasize religious and ethnic identities and empower social actors within diaspora communities to promote resilience against radicalization.

Terrorists are not suddenly born, there is a process in which the process starts from radicalization, namely the transmission of radical ideology into a person. The radical understanding included is an ideology that is related to existing extremist ideology and is usually related to certain political groups or religious groups. The most important process in radicalization is in fact the process of giving doctrine to someone by a terrorist group. Once the Doctrine has been given, it becomes difficult to indoctrinate it. It requires a deep understanding of how doctrines are formed and how they are taught. This research describes how the extremist network of a former convict who is now active in deradicalization activities identifies extremist doctrines and ideologies. By understanding the process of identifying doctrines, it will be understood what processes can be carried out to dispel and fight these doctrines to carry out deradicalization. In this study, the case raised is the extremist network experienced by Agus Suprianto alias Farel, in his journey, he went through a process of accepting radical ideology up to extremist ideology, in the end he was deradicalized and is now in the Pancasila ideology which refers to national unity. The provisions are used to carry out empowerment activities and carry out deradicalization efforts.

Introduction: the article analyzes possibilities of the penitentiary system for implementing goals of criminal punishment in the execution of a penalty in the form of deprivation of liberty against those convicted of extremism-related crimes. The emphasis is placed on possibilities of correcting persons pursuing extremist ideology and preventing commission of new crimes (both by convicts themselves by isolating them from society and by other citizens following their example). The article analyzes domestic and foreign experience in the field of countering prison radicalization. Based on statistical data on the terms of imprisonment and types of correctional institutions, the authors propose implementation of various resocialization schemes when correcting convicted extremists. Recommendations for preventing the spread of the relevant ideology among convicts are presented. Purpose: to identify key current trends and problems associated with the spread of the terrorism ideology in correctional institutions; consider them in the context of achieving criminal punishment goals; develop sound proposals and recommendations for effective correction of convicted extremists, and prevent expansion of the extremist ideology in correctional institutions. Methods: the research is based on the use of a combination of general and private scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, systematic, statistical, logical, formal-logical, sociological, comparative-legal, and hermeneutic. Results: the generalized statistical data on the total number of persons sentenced to imprisonment for extremism-related crimes for the past three years, the level of recidivism among them, terms of imprisonment, and types of penitentiary institutions in which these convicts serve their sentences show that there is an upward trend in the number of such persons in correctional facilities of general and strict regimes, as well as persons with unexpunged and outstanding convictions. Trends to increase religious radicalization risks are determined. Problems associated with insufficient readiness of the penitentiary system to ensure processes of correcting convicted extremists with various mental, especially radical religious attitudes, and preventing expansion of extremist radicalism are identified. With regard to domestic and foreign experience, actual and potential capabilities of the domestic penitentiary system, recommendations are developed to overcome the identified problems. Conclusions: the author substantiates the need to improve professionalism of penitentiary institution employees and third-party specialists involved in work with extremist convicts; the necessity to separate extremist convicts from others by creating separate sections of penitentiary institutions; the expediency of creating a specialized progressive system for the execution of punishments in relation to extremist convicts with regard to the degree of their correction; the need to introduce and implement comprehensive programs to counter the spread of the extremism ideology in correctional institutions, covering the closest circle of communication of the extremist criminal before his/ her conviction.

Terrorists have a limited sense of national identity. They wish to replace Pancasila ideology with one founded on the Qur'an and hadith. Thus, what about the former terrorist's identity? Former terrorist actors have renounced violence and terror to fight for an ideology (disengagement). However, not all former terrorists declared themselves members of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to describe the dual identities of former terrorists who have sworn allegiance to the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. This study employed a qualitative method with a case study approach in ex-terrorist Indonesia. Data were collected using interviews, observation, and documentation, and analyzed according to the Yin case study perspective with the help of Atlas.ti software. This article demonstrates the dual identity of former Indonesian terrorists. All informants have sworn allegiance to the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. This demonstrates an increase in the national identity of rehabilitated terrorist actors, despite several informants having superordinate national identities. Other findings indicated a subordinate identity, namely the identity of a mujahideen. This identity persists, although the permit has been revoked. Informants continued to wish to establish a caliphate state (including Indonesia), even though they no longer desired violence and terror. Hopefully this research can be used in the deradicalization of terrorist actors in Indonesia.

Purpose – The Industrial Revolution 4.0, which facilitates open internet access, has presented an era of disruption in human life. The impact is the rapid dissemination of news and information in society. Using religious issues in Indonesia, the radicalism (radical movements) use this situation to spread provocations through social media. This study aims to examine deradicalization efforts through the development of intellectual traditions at the Fadhlul Fadhlan Islamic Boarding School Semarang (Pondok Pesantren Fadhlul Fadhlan Semarang). Design/methods/approach – This research is a qualitative field research with a case study approach. Field data were obtained through observation, documentation, and interview techniques on two groups of resource persons, boarding school caregivers (Kiyai, Bu Nyai) and 20 students. Findings – Deradicalization efforts at the Fadhlul Fadhlan Islamic Boarding School are carried out without any social frictions, namely by developing digitalization of pesantren traditions, such as creating content for yellow book recitation, halaqah, and seminars. These activities can be accessed not only by students but also by the general public through Pesantren's digital media like YouTube and Facebook. Research implications/limitations – This study provides a scientific contribution that has a significant impact on the learning development in Islamic boarding schools in the disruption era. However, some limitations still exist, such as limited research places, namely only conducted in one Islamic boarding school. Therefore, similar research needs to be carried out in other Islamic boarding schools to strengthen or develop deradicalization models in Islamic boarding schools. Originality/value – Digital technology has a significant role in the dynamics of Salaf Islamic boarding schools (pesantren salaf). These findings contribute to the discourse of education in Islamic boarding schools that can adapt to modern educational paradigms. From this discourse, it was found that the integration of Islamic boarding schools with modern technology can be a means of massive deradicalization.

There has been a lot of concerns about the rise of fundamentalism in Christianity lately, especially since the January 6 Capitol Hill storming, that many see as the line in the sand as far as far-right is concerned. Consequently, the need to deradicalize that particular group within Christianity has been brought up to the fore. This study suggests that the doctrine of theosis can be utilized as Religious-Education-form of Deradicalization of Christian fundamentalism as has been done by Papanikolaou , whose work I view as an effort to deradicalize the Radical Orthodoxy in its rejection of liberal democracy. This study concludes that theosis combined with hermeneutics of charity has the potential to deradicalize five fundamentalism mindsets within Christianity and advocates it beyond Orthodoxy.

This study aims to develop a deradicalization concept for Islamic extremists within the jurisdiction of the West Java Regional Police (Polda Jabar). The understanding of this concept is developed using qualitative descriptive methods and research and development (RND) designs. The research was prompted by data from the Global Terrorism Index in 2020, which ranked Indonesia fourth in the Asia Pacific region for its high terrorism index. This ranking is consistent with the factual conditions in Indonesia, where acts of terrorism and radicalism carried out by groups affiliated with Islam are prevalent. In the West Java Regional Police area, acts of radicalism and extremism affiliated with Islam are primarily concentrated along the south coast in places such as Garut, Tasikmalaya, and Sukabumi. Recently, a declaration of the Islamic State of Indonesia was discovered in the Garut region of West Java. The investigation conducted by the Garut Resort Police revealed significant community support for this declaration. If left unaddressed, this support poses a serious threat to the security and public order within the jurisdiction of the West Java Regional Police. Therefore, the focus of this research is to develop a deradicalization pattern for extremists associated with Islamic groups. The ultimate goal is to ensure security and public order within the jurisdiction of the West Java Regional Police. By implementing effective deradicalization measures, it is hoped that the threat posed by extremist elements can be mitigated, contributing to a safer and more stable region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radicalization, violent extremism, and terrorism are risks to societal security. Although research on terrorism-related behaviors is increasing, thorough empirical studies are rare. Methods: This study investigates radicalization processes and transitions in a matched sample of female and male terrorist suspects and convicts (N = 26) residing in Dutch penitentiary terrorism wings. Results: Results show that both men and women often experienced discrimination. A subgroup of women grew up in a stressful family environment and lacked emotional support from their family, whereas the other women did not experience such circumstances. The majority of the study sample was susceptible to connecting with radicalized friends or family members. Interestingly, factors that initially led to radicalization (e.g., a utopian image of the Islamic State) could later turn out to be factors associated with abandoning extremism. Conclusions: In this study, differences in radicalization processes and transitional phases between women and men emerged. Men more often had police contact prior to a terrorism-related offense. Making an effort to right old mistakes seemed important in the radicalization processes of men, whereas women had a stronger desire for emotional support and were more driven by experienced trauma and feelings of loneliness. This study provides input for gender-specific prevention and disengagement interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrorism always creates social, economic, and political chaos. Acts of terrorism in Indonesia are generally caused by religious beliefs and radical understandings held by the perpetrators. Terrorist convicts still maintain this belief, so a special approach is needed to run the deradicalization process effectively. Therefore, this research discusses issues regarding applying effective communication in the deradicalization process for terrorism convicts. An effective communication approach is positioned to support apparatus programs in the deradicalization process. This study uses a phenomenological approach to understand better the views and experiences of terrorism convicts undergoing the deradicalization process. The aim is to find and analyze effective forms of communication in the deradicalization process for terrorism convicts. The results of this study indicate that effective communication in the deradicalization process for terrorism convicts can be achieved through an approach that involves real and continuous attention, dialogue that is very careful about religious understanding, avoiding the act of extracting information about terrorist networks from the Police and BNPT; as well as people involved in handling terrorism; and applying an empathetic communication approach in embracing terrorism convicts, so that they do not return to the same environment and get a decent life. This approach also aims to ensure that former terrorism convicts feel cared for and valued by society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The concept of deradicalization itself has been running for the first time since 2005 but there is no guide or patent concept for this program. The effect given through the deradicalization program must be recognized is not optimal, but this does not necessarily make deradicalization a failed innovation, keep in mind that the existence of the deradicalization program is an answer to the handling of terrorism that is considered hard and intimidative (hard approach), while the more subtle ways of dialogue and religious approach (soft approach) is considered also able to neutralize the values of terrorism in someone who is already radical. Purposes of the Research: The real purpose of de-radicalization in general is to prevent repeated terror incidents by former prisoners, because the National Police itself has the task of being able to detect and prevent acts of violence that insurgents. Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative legal research with a statute legal approach and a conceptual approach Results of the Research: The deradicalization Program is not a program that can be assessed directly as a failed program, deradicalization must be remembered as a reflection of the bad and hard handling (hard approach) so that the form of humanism and respect for human rights can actually be reflected by the existence of deradicalization, with the existence of deradicalization also illustrates that the perpetrators of terror or ex-prisoners have hope to return to normal life, also indicates that the government pays attention to those who commit this crime.

Although several prevention and countering radicalization programs in correctional institutions have been carried out in Europe and worldwide, little is known about their effectiveness. Thus, the current scoping review aimed at reporting on the state of the art of the literature assessing and evaluating such actions, identifying knowledge gaps, and examining methods used to assess their successfulness and impact. A total of eight studies that met eligibility criteria were reviewed after performing a search on Scopus, Web of Science, and PsychInfo (Ebsco) databases: Two studies evaluated a reintegration initiative based in the Netherlands; four focused on an Australian disengagement program; and two offered insights on a rehabilitation program carried out in Sri Lanka. Findings were discussed according to their evaluation methods (qualitative, mixed-methods, and quantitative) and instruments. Results highlighted that the evaluation process is still confronted with several methodological difficulties, such as a lack of agreement on how to univocally define and measure success and the identification of uniform indicators of deradicalization and disengagement. Additionally, results revealed that the effectiveness of these interventions is predominantly based on anecdotal evidence rather than on rigorous, empirical proofs. As such, it was not possible to compare these programs and determine which worked best. Suggestions for future research and practical implications for policymakers, prison governors, and practitioners are offered in the concluding section of this work.

Inclusive-based Islamic religious education is an innovative and strategic approach to preventing religious radicalism. Inclusive Islamic religious education is also a form of Islamic education reform that emphasizes anti-discrimination, tolerance and mutual respect. This study aims to determine inclusive-based Islamic religious education in preventing religious radicalism in Indonesia. A qualitative method with the type of library research, examines a variety of related data, originating from the main data sources as well as supporting data sources that have a direct link with the research. The data obtained were then analyzed by conducting content analysis. The results of this study are in the form of findings relating to the implementation of inclusive-based Islamic religious education in preventing religious radicalism, namely it is found that (a) the goals of religious education are ideological-absolutistic or oriented towards pluralist-inclusive (b) the curriculum of religious education is more oriented towards rigid laws and exclusive into a loveoriented curriculum that is inclusive (c) normative-textual material becomes normative-contextual (d) exclusive-doctrinaire educators become inclusive-moderate educators (tawasuth). (e) The textualistscriptura list learning strategy becomes an objective-positive approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents the findings of an assessment of a government-run deradicalization program called Operation Safe Corridor (OPSC) in northeast Nigeria. OPSC is a restricted custodial program through which 900 ex-combatants have passed since 2015. The major aim of OPSC is the deradicalization, rehabilitation, and reintegration of repentant ex-combatants in the war-ravaged zone. Using a qualitative research framework, primary data were collected through Key Informant Interviews (KII) and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with stakeholders across Borno, Adamawa, and Gombe, Nigeria. Using purposive sampling, a sample of 122 was drawn from the population of the study. which includes ex-combatants in holding, graduates of the OPSC, staff of the OPSC, community members, government officials, and representatives from the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF). A total of 50 KIIs and 6 FGDs were conducted with 72 participants across the three selected states. This was supplemented by a literature review. The findings show that while the OPSC has been lauded in terms of receptivity, deradicalization, and reintegration of ex-combatants, the program is challenged by issues of credibility and acceptance in the wider community. This paper documents the challenges associated with the rehabilitation and reintegration of ex-terrorists in the context of ongoing terrorist attacks by their former group, particularly in communities that have been or continue to be affected by terrorism. It presents recommendations to address resentment and grievances in the affected communities, support community participation, and improve communications to combat popular resistance to OPSC.