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The synthesis of conducting polymers has made it possible for the research community on their applications toward microwave absorption for telecommunication engineering. Polyaniline has been one such conducting polymer whose synthesis does not require any special equipment or precautions. Such conductive polymer generally, show highly reversible redox behaviour with a noticeable chemical memory and hence have been considered as prominent new materials for the fabrication nanofibers that could be used many applications particularly for telecommunication engineering. The current work presents a successful fabrication of Polyaniline/Magnetite/Poly(vinylalcohol) (PAni/Fe3O4/PVA) nanofibers composites using electrospinning methods. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) was employed to investigate the composites nanofiber’s morphology and TEM was also used to confirmed the present of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the composites nanofiber, where the nanofibers diameter were investigated and found to be approximately 141 nm as estimated by image-J computer software analysis. Fourier-Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) study confirmed the presence of both Fe3O4 nanoparticles and PAni in the nanofiber structure. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and PAni/Fe3O4/PVA nanofiber materials shows the characteristic behaviour of both amorphose and crystalline phase by indication the peaks at 2? = 23.12o, 24.14o and 35.13o in the prepared materials.

The trends and variability in surface air temperatures over selected eco-climatic zones in Nigeria were assessed using Merra-2 datasets from 1981 to2018. A total of 15 stations spread across the eco-climatic zones in Nigeria were used for this study. The Mann-Kendall, linear trend and Sen’s slope trend test, time series plots and descriptive statistics were used. The coefficients of variability of surface air maximum temperature showed low variability for the Mangrove-swamp rainforest and moderate variability for the Guinea-wooded, Sudan and Sahel savannas. Similarly, the coefficients of variability of surface air minimum temperature showed moderate variability for all the selected eco-climatic zones. The M-K trend test showed that 14 stations had upward trends and 1 downward trend, with 13 stations having statistically significant trend in air surface maximum temperature. All the stations had statistically significant upward trends in air surface minimum temperature. The average increase in maximum and minimum air surface temperatures is estimated to be about 0.035°C and 0.036°C per year, respectively. For Nigeria, the average air surface temperature is estimated to increase by about 0.036°C per year, and the average air surface temperature is estimated to have increased by about 1.4°C over the 38 years. This study then gives a linear trend projection of about 4.3°C increase in estimated mean air surface temperature by year 2100 in Nigeria.Citation: King, L. E., Udo, S. O., Ewona, I. O., Amadi, S. O., Ebong, E. D., & Emeka, C. N. (2024). TREND AND VARIATIONS OF SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURES ACROSS SOME ECO-CLIMATIC ZONES IN NIGERIA. Trends in Renewable Energy, 10, 170-209. doi:10.17737/tre.2024.10.2.00172

Controlling ultracold atoms with laser light has greatly advanced quantum science. The wavelength of light sets a typical length scale for most experiments to the order of 500 nanometers (nm) or greater. In this work, we implemented a super-resolution technique that localizes and arranges atoms on a sub–50-nm scale, without any fundamental limit in resolution. We demonstrate this technique by creating a bilayer of dysprosium atoms and observing dipolar interactions between two physically separated layers through interlayer sympathetic cooling and coupled collective excitations. At 50-nm distance, dipolar interactions are 1000 times stronger than at 500 nm. For two atoms in optical tweezers, this should enable purely magnetic dipolar gates with kilohertz speed.

Heat transport is a fundamental property of all physical systems and can serve as a fingerprint identifying different states of matter. In a normal liquid a hot spot diffuses while in a superfluid heat propagates as a wave called second sound. Despite its importance for understanding quantum materials, direct imaging of heat transport is challenging, and one usually resorts to detecting secondary effects, such as changes in density or pressure. Here we establish thermography of a strongly interacting atomic Fermi gas, a paradigmatic system whose properties relate to strongly correlated electrons, nuclear matter and neutron stars. Just as the color of a glowing metal reveals its temperature, the radiofrequency spectrum of the interacting Fermi gas provides spatially resolved thermometry with sub-nanokelvin resolution. The superfluid phase transition is directly observed as the sudden change from thermal diffusion to second sound propagation, and is accompanied by a peak in the second sound diffusivity. The method yields the full heat and density response of the strongly interacting Fermi gas, and therefore all defining properties of Landau’s two-fluid hydrodynamics. Our measurements serve as a benchmark for theories of transport in strongly interacting fermionic matter.

Molecules containing heavy radioactive nuclei are predicted to be extremely sensitive to violations of the fundamental symmetries of nature. The nuclear octupole deformation of certain radium isotopes massively boosts the sensitivity of radium monofluoride molecules to symmetry-violating nuclear properties. Moreover, these molecules are predicted to be laser coolable. Here we report measurements of the rovibronic structure of radium monofluoride molecules, which allow the determination of their laser cooling scheme. We demonstrate an improvement in resolution of more than two orders of magnitude compared to the state of the art. Our developments allowed measurements of minuscule amounts of hot molecules, with only a few hundred per second produced in a particular rotational state. The combined precision and sensitivity achieved in this work offer opportunities for studies of radioactive molecules of interest in fundamental physics, chemistry and astrophysics.

A search for supersymmetry is presented in events with a single charged lepton, electron or muon, and multiple hadronic jets. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC. The search targets gluino pair production, where the gluinos decay into final states with the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) and either a top quark-antiquark ( t t ¯ $$ \textrm{t}\overline{\textrm{t}} $$ ) pair, or a light-flavor quark-antiquark ( q q ¯ $$ \textrm{q}\overline{\textrm{q}} $$ ) pair and a virtual or on-shell W boson. The main backgrounds, t t ¯ $$ \textrm{t}\overline{\textrm{t}} $$ pair and W+jets production, are suppressed by requirements on the azimuthal angle between the momenta of the lepton and of its reconstructed parent W boson candidate, and by top quark and W boson identification based on a machine-learning technique. The number of observed events is consistent with the expectations from standard model processes. Limits are evaluated on supersymmetric particle masses in the context of two simplified models of gluino pair production. Exclusions for gluino masses reach up to 2120 (2050) GeV at 95% confidence level for a model with gluino decay to a t t ¯ $$ \textrm{t}\overline{\textrm{t}} $$ pair (a q q ¯ $$ \textrm{q}\overline{\textrm{q}} $$ pair and a W boson) and the LSP. For the same models, limits on the mass of the LSP reach up to 1250 (1070) GeV.

Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computing (NISQ) has dominated headlines in recent years, with the longer-term vision of Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation (FTQC) offering significant potential albeit at currently intractable resource costs and quantum error correction (QEC) overheads. For problems of interest, FTQC will require millions of physical qubits with long coherence times, high-fidelity gates, and compact sizes to surpass classical systems. Just as heterogeneous specialization has offered scaling benefits in classical computing, it is likewise gaining interest in FTQC. However, systematic use of heterogeneity in either hardware or software elements of FTQC systems remains a serious challenge due to the vast design space and variable physical constraints. This paper meets the challenge of making heterogeneous FTQC design practical by introducing HetArch, a toolbox for designing heterogeneous quantum systems, and using it to explore heterogeneous design scenarios. Using a hierarchical approach, we successively break quantum algorithms into smaller operations (akin to classical application kernels), thus greatly simplifying the design space and resulting tradeoffs. Specializing to superconducting systems, we then design optimized heterogeneous hardware composed of varied superconducting devices, abstracting physical constraints into design rules that enable devices to be assembled into standard cells optimized for specific operations. Finally, we provide a heterogeneous design space exploration framework which reduces the simulation burden by a factor of 104 or more and allows us to characterize optimal design points. We use these techniques to design superconducting quantum modules for entanglement distillation, error correction, and code teleportation, reducing error rates by 2.6 ×, 10.7 ×, and 3.0 × compared to homogeneous systems.

We report graphene films composed mostly of one or two layers of graphene grown by controlled carbon precipitation on the surface of polycrystalline Ni thin films during atmospheric chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Controlling both the methane concentration during CVD and the substrate cooling rate during graphene growth can significantly improve the thickness uniformity. As a result, one- or two- layer graphene regions occupy up to 87% of the film area. Single layer coverage accounts for 5%–11% of the overall film. These regions expand across multiple grain boundaries of the underlying polycrystalline Ni film. The number density of sites with multilayer graphene/graphite (>2 layers) is reduced as the cooling rate decreases. These films can also be transferred to other substrates and their sizes are only limited by the sizes of the Ni film and the CVD chamber. Here, we demonstrate the formation of films as large as 1 in2. These findings represent an important step towards the fabrication of large-scale high-quality graphene samples., National Science Foundation (U.S.) (CTS 05-06830), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (DMR07-04197)

A novel experimental method for power efficiency loss is presented in this paper. It is used to quantitatively determine the impact of dust deposition on the PV power generation panel. To determine the selection range of unknown parameters in the experiment process, a photovoltaic panel with five collected dust samples (Toner (C), Soil, Cement (CaO, SiO4), Gypsum (Ca2SO4.2H2O), and Sand (AL2O3, SiO4)) is designed. According to experimental results, the extinction coefficient for the five pollutants are recorded. Eventually, the impact of dusts on the results is proofed by repeating in two continuous days of same conditions. The results show that the proposed process has a high effect on the reduction of output power (62% to 96%), decrease of irradiance (34% to 93%) and increase of output power due to increase of tilt angle as a doubling of power except toner. The experimental and calculated results are in agreement. The results show that non-uniform distribution of dust deposit pollutants on the photovoltaic panel significantly reduces the power output.Received: 09 January 2023 Accepted: 06 February 2023Published: 16 February 2023

This is a two-part curriculum package for the teaching of chemistry and the periodic table. The first part, the Teacher's Guide, contains information necessary for using the equipment in a typical classroom including learning goals, vocabulary, math skills, and sample data for each activity. The second part of the package consists of photocopy masters for a set of student activity guides, a cut-and-paste quiz builder, and scoring rubrics for assessment of those activities. The photocopy masters are designed for copy and use in the classroom. Most of the experiments have two skill levels to accommodate students from a wide range of grades and abilities. Level A activities are intended to introduce the periodic table and enough key concepts for students to be able to read useful information off of it. The concept of valence is introduced but not explained. Using charts of the valences of the elements, students will make simple molecules and then learn how to balance chemical equations. Level B activities differ from Level A in the introduction of electron shells and the explanation of valence. The Activity Guides are written to provide a framework for encouraging students to observe and learn science process skills as well as content. (PVD)

This is a two-part curriculum package for teaching the structure of atoms. The first part--the Teacher's Guide--contains information necessary for using the equipment in a typical classroom including learning goals, vocabulary, math skills, and sample data for each activity. The second part of the package consists of photocopy masters for a set of student activity guides, a cut-and-paste quiz builder, and scoring rubrics for assessment of those activities. The photocopy masters are designed for copy and use in the classroom. Most experiments have three skill levels to accommodate students from a wide range of grades and abilities. Level A activities lead students through a basic understanding of atomic structure and atomic bonding. Students learn about the role of atoms as nature's building blocks. In Level B, the same concepts are introduced as in Level A but at an accelerated pace and in greater depth. Both levels use the Atom Building Game to reinforce concepts through visualization and manipulation. Level C builds on concepts introduced in Level B, with atomic and nuclear applications: atomic spectra and nuclear decay. The Activity Guides are written to provide a framework for encouraging students to observe and learn science process skills as well as content. (PVD)

This document is the laboratory manual for the Physics 152 course at Purdue University. It includes a laboratory introduction, hardware and software guide, and laboratory report guide. Labs include: (1) "Measurement Uncertainty and Propagation"; (2) "Introduction to Computer Data Acquisition and Relationships between Position, Velocity, and Acceleration"; (3) "Newton's Second Law, Work, and Kinetic Energy"; (4) "Graphical Analysis and Least Squares Fitting"; (5) "Conservation of Mechanical Energy"; (6) "Impulse and Momentum"; (7) "Rotation Dynamics"; and (8) "Simple Harmonic Motion and the Torsion Pendulum". (JRH)

The 14th REHVA HVAC World Congress CLIMA2022 challenges advances in technologies for smart energy transition, digitization, circularity, health and well-being in buildings. How can we create circular buildings, fully heated, cooled and powered by renewable energy? How can we design human-centered indoor environments while mastering life-cycle costs? How can we also include their integration into infrastructure for energy, health, data and education?

We investigate the energetic advantage of accelerating a quantum harmonic oscillator Otto engine by use of shortcuts to adiabaticity (for the expansion and compression strokes) and to equilibrium (for the hot isochore), by means of counter-diabatic (CD) driving. By comparing various protocols with and without CD driving, we find that, applying both type of shortcuts leads to enhanced power and efficiency even after the driving costs are taken into account. The hybrid protocol not only retains its advantage in the limit cycle, but also recovers engine functionality (i.e. a positive power output) in parameter regimes where an uncontrolled, finite-time Otto cycle fails. We show that controlling three strokes of the cycle leads to an overall improvement of the performance metrics compared with controlling only the two adiabatic strokes. Moreover, we numerically calculate the limit cycle behavior of the engine and show that the engines with accelerated isochoric and adiabatic strokes display a superior power output in this mode of operation., NA

The field of quantum resource theory (QRT) has emerged as an invaluable framework for the examination of small and strongly correlated quantum systems, surpassing the boundaries imposed by traditional statistical treatments. The fundamental objective of general QRTs is to characterize these systems by precisely quantifying the level of control attainable to an experimenter. In this review article, we refrain from providing an exhaustive summary of the extensive literature on QRT. Rather, our focus centers on a specific subliterature founded upon the theory of majorization. The primary aim is to augment our comprehension of genuine quantum phenomena manifested across diverse technological applications and incite investigations into novel resource theories encompassing multiple types of resources. Consequently, we emphasize the underlying similarities shared by various resources, including bipartite quantum entanglement, quantum coherence, and superposition, alongside informational, thermal, and generalized nonequilibrium resources., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK); TÜBİTAK Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences

The research has been conducted in the Gedongsongo manifestation area, Mount Ungaran Geothermal Field. This study aims to characterize shallow subsurface manifestations using microtremor data. Microtremor data were recorded in Candi Village, Bandungan Subdistrict and Jubelan Village, Sumowono Subdistrict, Semarang Regency. The microtremor recording can be done directly using a seismometer with three components. The microtremor measurement is done by simultaneous recording at two or more points, one of the measurement points is selected in an area that has a hard rock structure to avoid frequency amplification due to ground motion. The spectrum ratio recorded in other areas will be compared with the spectrum ratio recorded in hard rock, so as to obtain the site response to microtremors. Based on the Vp/Vs ratio values, most of the research field is composed of very stiff rock types. The distribution of Poisson's ratio values in the research field ranges from 0.20 - 0.50 and in the steaming ground area the Poisson's ratio values range from 0.10 - 0.47. Based on the Poisson's ratio values, it shows that the research field is partly a water prospect area in the form of hot springs, while partly an area composed of dry rocks filled with steam or gas.

Energy differences in nuclei are paramount to understanding the nuclear systems far from stability, their rare decay modes, and trends in their relative stability. Modern ion trapping techniques such as Penning Trap Mass Spectrometry (PTMS), and Multiple Reflection Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MRTOF-MS) have enabled the precision measurement of energy trends in even very short-lived nuclei, by allowing their masses to be measured. Such nuclei can be generated in large quantities at TRIUMF's Isotope Separator and Accelerator (ISAC), and TRIUMF's Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear science (TITAN) specializes in measuring the masses of the short-lived species produced at ISAC using an array of ion traps. This thesis describes measurements of the masses of neutron-deficient lanthanide elements produced at the ISAC facility at TRIUMF in Vancouver, Canada using the TITAN Multiple Reflection Time-Of-Flight (MR-TOF) mass spectrometer. The goal of these measurements was to extend the known existence of the N=82 shell closure up to Yb (Z=70), and to experimentally determine the location of the proton drip-line in Tm (Z=69). Mass measurements of 150Yb, 151Yb, and 153Yb confirm the continued existence of the N=82 shell closure. Additionally, new mass measurements of 149Tm and 150Tm were performed, as well as a re-measurement of 149Er that provides a correction to the literature value as published in the 2020 Atomic Mass Evaluation. Together, these mass data points provide the first experimental confirmation that 149Tm is the first proton-unbound species in the Tm isotopic chain. Furthermore, a new technique intended for rapidly cooling highly-charged ions (HCIs) produced via charge-breeding in TITAN's Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) is experimentally tested. This technique involves sympathetically cooling the ions using free electrons, and holds the promise of cooling HCIs on a time-scale of seconds or less for studies with either short-lived or stable species. Technical challe

Acute pH sensitivity of many neural mechanisms highlights the vulnerability of neurotransmission to the pH of the extracellular milieu. The dogma is that the synaptic cleft will acidify upon neurotransmission because the synaptic vesicles corelease neurotransmitters and protons to the cleft, and the direct data from sensory ribbon-type synapses support the acidification of the cleft. However, ribbon synapses have a much higher release probability than conventional synapses, and it’s not established whether conventional synapses acidify as well. To test the acidification of the cleft in the conventional synapse, we used genetically encoded fluorescent pH reporters targeted to the synaptic cleft of Drosophila larvae. We observed alkalinization rather than acidification during activity, and this alkalinization was dependent on the exchange of protons for calcium at the postsynaptic membrane. A reaction-diffusion computational model of the pH dynamics at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction was developed to leverage the experimental data. The model incorporates the release of glutamate, ATP, and protons from synaptic vesicles into the cleft, PMCA activity, bicarbonate, and phosphate buffering systems. By means of numerical simulations, we reveal a highly dynamic pH landscape within the synaptic cleft, harboring deep but exceedingly rapid acid transients that give way to a prolonged period of alkalinization., 2023, Includes bibliography., Degree granted: Dissertation (PhD)--Florida Atlantic University, 2023., Collection: FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Intensity modulated proton beam scanning therapy allows for highly conformal dose distribution and better sparing of organ-at-risk compared to conventional photon radiotherapy, thanks to the characteristic dose deposition at depth, the Bragg Peak (BP), of protons as a function of depth and energy. However, proton range uncertainties lead to extended clinical margins, at the expense of treatment quality. Prompt Gamma (PG) rays emitted during non- elastic interactions of proton with the matter have been proposed for in-vivo proton range tracking. Nevertheless, poor PG statistics downgrade the potential of the clinical implementation of the proposed techniques. We study the insertion of the nonradioactive elements 19F, 17O, 127I in a tumor area to enhance the PG production of 4.44 MeV (P1) and 6.15 MeV (P2) PG rays emitted during proton irradiation, both correlated with the distal fall-off of the BP. We developed a novel Monte Carlo (MC) model using the TOPAS MC package. With this model, we simulated incident proton beams with energies of 75 MeV, 100 MeV and 200 MeV in co-centric cylindrical phantoms. The outer cylinder (scorer) was filled with water and the inner cylinder (simulating a tumor region inside water-equivalent body) was filled with water containing 0.1%–20% weight fractions of each of the tested elements., 2023, Includes bibliography., Degree granted: Dissertation (PhD)--Florida Atlantic University, 2023., Collection: FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The Winston-Lutz has been the standard test for isocenter convergence, however, any adjustments needed – in case the test fails – are time consuming since the source of error is not readily available from the results. Isopoint by the Aktina Medical company has been developed to address this problem via decoupling the mechanical from the radiation isocenter and providing the user with information that was inaccessible before. The focus of this research is to perform optimization of the isocenter by using the Isopoint and to confirm the validity of its results, as well as to find how much time is saved via this new technology. The data for this project was collected on a 2012 Elekta Synergy, a Varian 21ix, and a 2021 Elekta Versa through partnership with GenesisCare. Our findings indicate that the Isopoint will allow for more accurate and speedy adjustments of the LINAC (Linear Accelerator) and will be integral in the future of this field., 2023, Includes bibliography., Degree granted: Thesis (PSM)--Florida Atlantic University, 2023., Collection: FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The study of the electrical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) plays a crucial role in advancing our understanding of human health. As RBCs age, they undergo changes that affect hemorheology and blood microcirculation, which have far-reaching implications for disease research. Furthermore, the shortage of RBC storage units can be a major issue for patients, underscoring the importance of characterizing RBC aging with respect to cell densities. In individuals with abnormal hemoglobin disease, alterations in hemoglobin and its functionality can modify the volume and density of RBCs, making their study even more crucial. To this end, our aim is to investigate the impedance alterations of RBCs after distributing them into different layers based on their densities. We have developed a novel method for non-invasive, rapid, and real-time single-cell analysis of RBCs. Our approach involves the use of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to study the cells after performing cell fractionation. Our studies indicate an increasing trend for RBC resistance and a decreasing trend for the cell membrane as the density of the layer increases. Additionally, we have developed a method for extracting hemoglobin with high purity from fresh samples of RBCs. By passing lysed RBCs through ultrafiltration devices and removing debris and membranes, we were able to isolate hemoglobin. Using the EIS technique, we studied the alterations of impedance over a frequency range, obtaining valuable insight into the electrical properties of hemoglobin., 2023, Includes bibliography., Degree granted: Dissertation (PhD)--Florida Atlantic University, 2023., Collection: FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Core-Collapse Supernovae (CCSNe) are some of the most powerful events in the universe liberating an astonishing 3×1053 ergs of the gravitational binding energy released by the collapse of the stellar core to a nascent neutron star (PNS) that is formed in these events. The visible display is capable of outshining the entire galaxy where it inhabits. Most of this energy, ~ 99%, is carried away by neutrinos of all flavors, however. According to the favored theory of CCSNe, the production and transport of neutrinos from the dense core through the less dense mantle is believed to deposit energy in the mantle and thereby initiate the supernova explosion. Numerically modeling these events realistically to validate the model therefore requires an accurate neutrino transport algorithm coupled to sophisticated neutrino microphysics to compute the emission, transport, and energy deposition of neutrinos. The CHIMERA code is a radiation-hydrodynamics code that has been developed to numerically model CCSNe in multiple spatial dimensions. The neutrino transport algorithm currently incorporated in CHIMERA is based upon the Multigroup Flux-Limited Diffusion (MGFLD) method. This current method basically uses only the zeroth angular moment of the Boltzmann equation and closes the system with terms dropped from the first angular moment to produce a diffusion-like equation. A flux-limiter is added to interpolate between the diffusive and free-streaming regimes, and to prevent the algorithm from computing acausal, i.e., faster than light transport, in regions where the neutrino mean free paths are large., 2023, Includes bibliography., Degree granted: Dissertation (PhD)--Florida Atlantic University, 2023., Collection: FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

In this dissertation I will explore the question whether various entities commonly used in quantum field theory can be “constructed". In particular, can spacetime be “constructed" out of building blocks, and can Berezin integral be “constructed" in terms of Riemann integrals. As far as “constructing" spacetime out of building blocks, it has been attempted by multiple scientific communities and various models were proposed. But the common downfall is they break the principles of relativity. I will explore the ways of doing so in such a way that principles of relativity are respected. One of my approaches is to replace points with some entities that have a direction. In one of the sections, those entities are tangent vectors, in the other section they are pairs of points. In both cases, the success of respecting relativity is partial. On the one hand, I successfully removed preferred time axis. But, on the other hand, I still did not restore the symmetry under Lorentz group (or some modification of Lorentz group). For this reason, I also explored a different approach where I designed a matrix model for spacetime. In this case, I successfully restored Eucledian symmetry. Restoring the MInkowksian symmetry proved to be iii more difficult, and, depending on the models, came with the price. In both cases, though, the qestion of whether the resulting quantum field theory approximates the one that we know is left as an open question. There are reasons to hope that it does, but rigorously finding out whether that is the case is left for the future research. As far as constructing Berezin integral in terms of Riemann integrals, this was not attempted nearly as much (although there was one attempt in 1983 by Rabin, and possibly a couple of other isolated attempts). I have attempted to address it in my joint paper with Thomas Scanlon where we supplemented the anticommutting wedge product with Clifford algebra. This essentially amounts to “geometric algebra" mod

The first measurement of the top quark pair (t¯t) production cross section in proton-proton collisions at √ s = 13.6 TeV is presented. Data recorded with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in Summer 2022, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.21 fb−1 , are analyzed. Events are selected with one or two charged leptons (electrons or muons) and additional jets. A maximum likelihood fit is performed in event categories defined by the number and flavors of the leptons, the number of jets, and the number of jets identified as originating from b quarks. An inclusive t¯t production cross section of 881 ± 23 (stat + syst) ± 20 (lumi) pb is measured, in agreement with the standard model prediction of 924+32 −40 pb.

A search for pairs of dijet resonances with the same mass is conducted in final states with at least four jets. Results are presented separately for the case where the four jet production proceeds via an intermediate resonant state and for nonresonant production. The search uses a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1 collected by the CMS detector in proton-proton collisions at s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV. Model-independent limits, at 95% confidence level, are reported on the production cross section of four-jet and dijet resonances. These first LHC limits on resonant pair production of dijet resonances via high mass intermediate states are applied to a signal model of diquarks that decay into pairs of vector-like quarks, excluding diquark masses below 7.6 TeV for a particular model scenario. There are two events in the tails of the distributions, each with a four-jet mass of 8 TeV and an average dijet mass of 2 TeV, resulting in local and global significances of 3.9 and 1.6 standard deviations, respectively, if interpreted as a signal. The nonresonant search excludes pair production of top squarks with masses between 0.50 TeV to 0.77 TeV, with the exception of a small interval between 0.52 and 0.58 TeV, for supersymmetric R-parity-violating decays to quark pairs, significantly extending previous limits. Here, the most significant excess above the predicted background occurs at an average dijet mass of 0.95 TeV, for which the local and global significances are 3.6 and 2.5 standard deviations, respectively.

A search is presented for vector-like T and B quark-antiquark pairs produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Data were collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016–2018, with an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1. Events are separated into single-lepton, same-sign charge dilepton, and multi-lepton channels. In the analysis of the single-lepton channel a multilayer neural network and jet identification techniques are employed to select signal events, while the same-sign dilepton and multilepton channels rely on the high-energy signature of the signal to distinguish it from standard model backgrounds. The data are consistent with standard model background predictions, and the production of vector-like quark pairs is excluded at 95% confidence level for T quark masses up to 1.54 TeV and B quark masses up to 1.56 TeV, depending on the branching fractions assumed, with maximal sensitivity to decay modes that include multiple top quarks. The limits obtained in this search are the strongest limits to date for T T ¯ $$ \textrm{T}\overline{\textrm{T}} $$ production, excluding masses below 1.48 TeV for all decays to third generation quarks, and are the strongest limits to date for B B ¯ $$ \textrm{B}\overline{\textrm{B}} $$ production with B quark decays to tW.

To compute the string one-loop correction to the Kähler potential of moduli fields of string compactifications in Einstein-frame, one must compute: the string one-loop correction to the Einstein-Hilbert action, the string one-loop correction to the moduli kinetic terms, the string one-loop correction to the definition of the holomorphic coordinates. In this note, in the small warping limit, we compute the string one-loop correction to the Einstein-Hilbert action of type II string theory compactified on orientifolds of Calabi-Yau threefolds. We find that the one-loop correction is determined by the new supersymmetric index studied by Cecotti, Fendley, Intriligator, and Vafa and the Witten index. As a simple application, we apply our results to estimate the size of the one-loop corrections around a conifold point in the Kähler moduli space.

A search for pair production of the supersymmetric partner of the top quark, the top squark, in proton-proton collisions at s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV is presented in final states containing at least one hadronically decaying tau lepton and large missing transverse momentum. This final state is highly sensitive to scenarios of supersymmetry in which the decay of the top squark to tau leptons is enhanced. The search uses a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1, which was recorded with the CMS detector during 2016–2018. No significant excess is observed with respect to the standard model predictions. Exclusion limits at 95% confidence level on the masses of the top squark and the lightest neutralino are presented under the assumptions of simplified models. The results probe top squark masses up to 1150 GeV for a nearly massless neutralino. This search covers a relatively less explored parameter space in the context of supersymmetry, and the exclusion limit is the most stringent to date for the model considered here.

The CP asymmetries of seven B− decays to two charm mesons are measured using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions collected by the LHCb experiment. Decays involving a D*0 or D s ∗ − $$ {D}_s^{\ast -} $$ meson are analysed by reconstructing only the D0 or D s − $$ {D}_s^{-} $$ decay products. This paper presents the first measurement of A $$ \mathcal{A} $$ CP(B− → D s ∗ − $$ {D}_s^{\ast -} $$ D0) and A $$ \mathcal{A} $$ CP(B− → D s − $$ {D}_s^{-} $$ D∗0), and the most precise measurement of the other five CP asymmetries. There is no evidence of CP violation in any of the analysed decays. Additionally, two ratios between branching fractions of selected decays are measured.

Traditional optical elements and conventional metasurfaces obey shift-invariance in the paraxial regime. For imaging systems obeying paraxial shift-invariance, a small shift in input angle causes a corresponding shift in the sensor image. Shift-invariance has deep implications for the design and functionality of optical devices, such as the necessity of free space between components (as in compound objectives made of several curved surfaces). We present a method for nanophotonic inverse design of compact imaging systems whose resolution is not constrained by paraxial shift-invariance. Our method is end-to-end, in that it integrates density-based full-Maxwell topology optimization with a fully iterative elastic-net reconstruction algorithm. By the design of nanophotonic structures that scatter light in a non-shift-invariant manner, our optimized nanophotonic imaging system overcomes the limitations of paraxial shift-invariance, achieving accurate, noise-robust image reconstruction beyond shift-invariant resolution., Department of Defense (DoD)

A search for a charged Higgs boson H± decaying into a heavy neutral Higgs boson H and a W boson is presented. The analysis targets the H decay into a pair of tau leptons with at least one of them decaying hadronically and with an additional electron or muon present in the event. The search is based on proton-proton collision data recorded by the CMS experiment during 2016–2018 at s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1. The data are consistent with standard model background expectations. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the product of the cross section and branching fraction for an H± in the mass range of 300–700 GeV, assuming an H with a mass of 200 GeV. The observed limits range from 0.085 pb for an H± mass of 300 Ge V to 0.019 pb for a mass of 700 GeV. These are the first limits on H± production in the H± → HW± decay channel at the LHC.

This article reviews recent developments in the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE), particularly on its rich interplay with topology. The review starts off with a pedagogical introduction on the modified bulk-boundary correspondence, the synergy and hybridization of NHSE and band topology in higher dimensions, as well as, the associated topology on the complex energy plane such as spectral winding topology and spectral graph topology. Following which, emerging topics are introduced such as non-Hermitian criticality, dynamical NHSE phenomena, and the manifestation of NHSE beyond the traditional linear non-interacting crystal lattices, particularly its interplay with quantum many-body interactions. Finally, we survey the recent demonstrations and experimental proposals of NHSE.

A search for the exotic decay of the Higgs boson to a pair of light pseudoscalars, each of which subsequently decays into a pair of photons, is presented. The search uses data from proton-proton collisions at s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC that corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 132 fb−1. The analysis probes pseudoscalar bosons with masses in the range 15–62 GeV, coming from the Higgs boson decay, which leads to four well-isolated photons in the final state. No significant deviation from the background-only hypothesis is observed. Upper limits are set on the product of the Higgs boson production cross section and branching fraction into four photons. The observed (expected) limits range from 0.80 (1.00) fb for a pseudoscalar boson mass of 15 GeV to 0.26 (0.24) fb for a mass of 62 GeV at 95% confidence level.

Background Accurate estimation of the effective reproductive number ( $$R_e$$ R e ) of epidemic outbreaks is of central relevance to public health policy and decision making. We present estimateR, an R package for the estimation of the reproductive number through time from delayed observations of infection events. Such delayed observations include confirmed cases, hospitalizations or deaths. The package implements the methodology of Huisman et al. but modularizes the $$R_e$$ R e estimation procedure to allow easy implementation of new alternatives to the currently available methods. Users can tailor their analyses according to their particular use case by choosing among implemented options. Results The estimateR R package allows users to estimate the effective reproductive number of an epidemic outbreak based on observed cases, hospitalization, death or any other type of event documenting past infections, in a fast and timely fashion. We validated the implementation with a simulation study: estimateR yielded estimates comparable to alternative publicly available methods while being around two orders of magnitude faster. We then applied estimateR to empirical case-confirmation incidence data for COVID-19 in nine countries and for dengue fever in Brazil; in parallel, estimateR is already being applied (i) to SARS-CoV-2 measurements in wastewater data and (ii) to study influenza transmission based on wastewater and clinical data in other studies. In summary, this R package provides a fast and flexible implementation to estimate the effective reproductive number for various diseases and datasets. Conclusions The estimateR R package is a modular and extendable tool designed for outbreak surveillance and retrospective outbreak investigation. It extends the method developed for COVID-19 by Huisman et al. and makes it available for a variety of pathogens, outbreak scenarios, and observation types. Estimates obtained with estimateR can be interpreted directly or use

A search for new physics in final states consisting of at least one photon, multiple jets, and large missing transverse momentum is presented, using proton-proton collision events at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb−1, recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC from 2016 to 2018. The events are divided into mutually exclusive bins characterized by the missing transverse momentum, the number of jets, the number of b-tagged jets, and jets consistent with the presence of hadronically decaying W, Z, or Higgs bosons. The observed data are found to be consistent with the prediction from standard model processes. The results are interpreted in the context of simplified models of pair production of supersymmetric particles via strong and electroweak interactions. Depending on the details of the signal models, gluinos and squarks of masses up to 2.35 and 1.43 TeV, respectively, and electroweakinos of masses up to 1.23 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level.