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Background: Management of biliopancreatic pathology in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients is challenging despite the availability of multiple approaches like single-balloon enteroscopy-assisted ERCP (SBE-ERCP), laparoscopy-assisted ERCP (LA-ERCP), and EUS-directed transgastric intervention (EDGI). We evaluated the outcomes of the interchangeable combination of endoscopic procedures to treat biliopancreatic pathology in RYGB patients., Materials and Methods: This is a monocentric retrospective study of consecutive RYGB patients with biliopancreatic pathology between June 2014 and September 2023. Primary endpoints were technical success, adverse events (AE), and parameters of endoscopic procedures according to etiology. A clinically useful management algorithm was developed., Results: A total of 102 patients with RYGB (73 women; mean age 55 ± 10 years) were included. A total of 113 SBE-ERCP (in 90 patients), 26 EDGI (in 23 patients), and 2 LA-ERCP (in 2 patients) were performed. Technical success of SBE-ERCP was lower compared to EDGI (74.4% vs 95.1%, p = 0.002). The AE rate was lower using SBE-ERCP compared to EDGI (12.4% vs 38.5%, p = 0.003). Two sub-groups based on etiology were identified as "common bile duct stone" (CBDS) and "Other." In the CBDS group, the mean number and time of procedures were lower in SBE-ERCP as the first-line technique compared to first-line EDGI (1.1 vs 2.7, p < 0.00 and 91 ± 20.7 min vs 161 ± 61.3 min, p < 0.00)., Conclusion: A combination of endoscopic procedures can achieve high technical success in managing biliopancreatic pathology in RYGB patients with an acceptable AE rate. In the case of CBDS, SBE-ERCP appeared to be a good first-line single-step option. For other indications, EDGI should be proposed as the first line., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of salvage endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for Barrett's neoplasia recurrence after radiofrequency ablation (RFA)., Methods: Data from patients at 16 centers were collected for a multicenter retrospective study. Patients who underwent at least one RFA treatment for Barrett's esophagus and thereafter underwent further esophageal ESD for neoplasia recurrence were included., Results: Data from 56 patients who underwent salvage ESD between April 2014 and November 2022 were collected. Immediate complications included one muscular tear (1.8%) treated with stent (Agree classification: grade IIIa). Two transmural perforations (3.6%; treated with clips) and five muscular tears (8.9%; two treated with clips) had no clinical impact and were not considered as adverse events. Seven patients (12.5%) developed strictures (grade IIIa), which were treated with balloon dilation. Histological analysis showed 36 adenocarcinoma, 17 high grade dysplasia, and 3 low grade dysplasia. En bloc and R0 resection rates were 89.3% and 66.1%, respectively. Resections were curative in 33 patients (58.9%), and noncurative in 22 patients (39.3%), including 11 "local risk" (19.6%) and 11 "high risk" (19.6%) resections. At the end of follow-up with a median time of 14 (0-75) months after salvage ESD, and with further endoscopic treatment if necessary (RFA, argon plasma coagulation, endoscopic mucosal resection, ESD), neoplasia remission ratio was 37/53 (69.8%) and the median remission time was 13 (1-75) months., Conclusion: In expert hands, salvage ESD was a safe and effective treatment for recurrence of Barrett's neoplasia after RFA treatment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: LM is consultant for Prion Medical and Braun Medical and received speaker’s fees from Olympus Belgium and Olympus Europe. PHD is consultant for Boston Scientific TGM received speaker’s fees from Olympus Belgium and Olympus Europe. Others authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Background: Endoscopic treatment of biliopancreatic pathology is challenging due to surgically altered anatomy after Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of single-balloon enteroscopy-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (SBE-ERCP) to treat biliopancreatic pathology in patients with Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy surgical variants., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 106 SBE-ERCP procedures in 46 patients with Whipple's variants. Technical and clinical success rates and adverse events were evaluated., Results: Biliary SBE-ERCP was performed in 34 patients and pancreatic SBE-ERCP in 17, including 5 with both indications. From a total of 106 SBE-ERCP procedures, 76 were biliary indication with technical success rate of 68/76 (90%) procedures and clinical success rate of 30/34 (88%) patients. Mild adverse event rate was 8/76 (11%), without serious adverse events. From a total of 106 SBE-ERCP procedures, 30 were pancreatic indication with technical success rate of 24/30 (80%) procedures (P = 0.194 vs. biliary SBE-ERCP) and clinical success rate of 11/17 (65%) patients (P = 0.016 vs. biliary SBE-ERCP). Mild adverse event rate was 6/30 (20%) (P = 0.194 vs. biliary SBE-ERCP), without serious adverse events. After SBE-ERCP failure, endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage, percutaneous drainage and redo surgery were alternative therapeutic options., Conclusions: Biliopancreatic pathology after Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy variants can be treated using SBE-ERCP without serious adverse events. Technical and clinical success rates are high for biliary indications, whereas clinical success rate of pancreatic indications is significantly lower. SBE-ERCP can be considered as first-line treatment option in this patient group with surgically altered anatomy., (Copyright © 2023 First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine in China. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The study aimed to develop international consensus recommendations on the safe use of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs) for on- and off-label indications., Methods: Based on the available literature, statements were formulated and grouped into the following categories: general safety measures, peripancreatic fluid collections, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-biliary drainage, EUS-gallbladder drainage, EUS-gastroenterostomy, and gastric access temporary for endoscopy. The evidence level of each statement was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology.International LAMS experts were invited to participate in a modified Delphi process. When no 80% consensus was reached, the statement was modified based on expert feedback. Statements were rejected if no consensus was reached after the third Delphi round., Results: Fifty-six (93.3%) of 60 formulated statements were accepted, of which 35 (58.3%) in the first round. Consensus was reached on the optimal learning path, preprocedural imaging, the need for airway protection and essential safety measures during the procedure, such as the use of Doppler, and measurement of the distance between the gastrointestinal lumen and the target structure. Specific consensus recommendations were generated for the different LAMS indications, covering, among others, careful patient selection, the preferred size of the LAMS, the need for antibiotics, the preferred anatomic location of the LAMS, the need for coaxial pigtail placement, and the appropriate management of LAMS-related adverse events., Discussion: Through a modified international Delphi process, we developed general and indication-specific experience- and evidence-based recommendations on the safe use of LAMS., (Copyright © 2023 by The American College of Gastroenterology.)

Background and Aims: Circumferential endoscopic submucosal dissection (cESD) in the esophagus has been reported to be feasible in small Eastern case series. We assessed the outcomes of cESD in the treatment of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Western countries., Methods: We conducted an international study at 25 referral centers in Europe and Australia using prospective databases. We included all patients with ESCC treated with cESD before November 2022. Our main outcomes were curative resection according to European guidelines and adverse events., Results: A total of 171 cESDs were performed on 165 patients. En bloc and R0 resections rates were 98.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 95.0-99.4) and 69.6% (95% CI, 62.3-76.0), respectively. Curative resection was achieved in 49.1% (95% CI, 41.7-56.6) of the lesions. The most common reason for noncurative resection was deep submucosal invasion (21.6%). The risk of stricture requiring 6 or more dilations or additional techniques (incisional therapy/stent) was high (71%), despite the use of prophylactic measures in 93% of the procedures. The rates of intraprocedural perforation, delayed bleeding, and adverse cardiorespiratory events were 4.1%, 0.6%, and 4.7%, respectively. Two patients died (1.2%) of a cESD-related adverse event. Overall and disease-free survival rates at 2 years were 91% and 79%., Conclusions: In Western referral centers, cESD for ESCC is curative in approximately half of the lesions. It can be considered a feasible treatment in selected patients. Our results suggest the need to improve patient selection and to develop more effective therapies to prevent esophageal strictures., Competing Interests: Disclosure The following authors disclosed financial relationships: E. R. de Santiago: Consultant for Olympus and Apollo Endosurgery; speaker for Norgine and Casen Recordati. R. E. Pouw: Consultant for Medtronic BV and MicroTech Europe; speaker for Pentax. B. L. A. M. Weusten: Consultant and speaker for Pentax Medical; research grant support from Pentax Medical and Aqua Medical. J. Jacques: Consultant for Olympus, Pentax, Fujifilm, and ERBE Medical; speaker for Janssen. D. Libânio: Speaker for Olympus and Fujifilm Europe. M. Dinis-Robeiro: Consultant for Roche and Medtronic. All other authors disclosed no financial relationships. A. Herreros-de-Tejada: Consultant for Boston Scientific; speaker for Norgine, Creo Medical, Olympus, and Sonoscape., (Copyright © 2024 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Combined endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) and endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) are accurate procedures for the diagnosis and staging of mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) in lung cancer. However, the respective contribution of separate and combined procedures in diagnosis and staging has not been fully studied. The aim of this study was to assess their respective performances., Methods: Patients with suspected malignant MLNs in lung cancer or recurrence identified by PET-CT who underwent combined EBUS-TBNA and EUS-TA were retrospectively reviewed., Results: A total of 141 patients underwent both procedures. Correct diagnosis was obtained in 82% with EBUS-TBNA, 91% with EUS-TA, and 94% with the combined procedure. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of EBUS-TBNA, EUS-TA, and the combined procedure for diagnosing malignancy were [75%, 100%, 100%, 58%], [87%, 100%, 100%, 75%], and [93%, 100%, 100%, 80%], respectively, with a significantly better sensitivity of the combined procedure ( p < 0.0001). Staging (82/141 patients) was correctly assessed in 74% with EBUS-TBNA, 68% with EUS-TA, and 85% with the combined procedure. The overall sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of EBUS-TBNA, EUS-TA, and the combined procedure for lung cancer staging were [62%, 100%, 100%, 55%], [54%, 100%, 100%, 50%], and [79%, 100%, 100%, 68%], respectively, significantly better in terms of sensitivity for the combined procedure ( p < 0.001)., Conclusion: The combined EBUS-EUS approach in lung cancer patients showed better accuracy and sensitivity in diagnosis and staging when compared with EBUS-TBNA and EUS-TA alone.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE) using lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs) appears to be effective and safe in gastric outlet obstruction (GOO); however, the EUS-GE procedure is not standardized, with the use of assisted or direct methods still debated. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of EUS-GE techniques focusing on an assisted with orointestinal drain wireless endoscopic simplified technique (WEST) and the nonassisted direct technique over a guidewire (DTOG)., Method: This was a multicenter European retrospective study involving four tertiary centers. Consecutive patients who underwent EUS-GE for GOO between August 2017 and May 2022 were included. The primary aim was to compare the technical success and adverse event (AE) rates of the different EUS-GE techniques. Clinical success was also analyzed., Results: 71 patients (mean [SD] age 66.2 10 years; 42.3 % men; 80.3 % malignant etiology) were included. Technical success was higher in the WEST group (95.1 % vs. 73.3 %; estimate of relative risk from odds ratio (eRR) 3.2, 95 %CI 0.94-10.9; P  = 0.01). The rate of AEs was lower in the WEST group (14.6 % vs. 46.7 %; eRR 2.3, 95 %CI 1.2-4.5; P  = 0.007). Clinical success was comparable between the two groups at 1 month (97.5 % vs. 89.3 %). The median follow-up was 5 months (range 1-57)., Conclusion: The WEST resulted in a higher technical success rate with fewer AEs, with clinical success comparable with the DTOG. Therefore, the WEST (with an orointestinal drain) should be preferred when performing EUS-GE., Competing Interests: L. Monino is a consultant for Prion Medical and Braun Medical and has received speaker’s fees from Olympus Belgium and Olympus Europe. E. Pérez-Cuadrado-Robles and J.-M. Gonzalez are consultants for Boston Scientific. P. H. Deprez is a consultant for Boston Scientific and Olympus Europe. T. G. Moreels has received speaker’s fees from Olympus Belgium and Olympus Europe. M. Barthet is a consultant for Boston Scientific.C. Snauwaert, H. Alric, M. Gasmi, S. Ouazzani, H. Benosman, G. Rahmi, and C. Cellier declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Background: Liver cirrhosis and esophageal cancer share several risk factors, such as alcohol intake and excess weight. Endoscopic resection is the gold standard treatment for superficial tumors. Portal hypertension and coagulopathy may increase the bleeding risk in these patients. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of endoscopic resection for early esophageal neoplasia in patients with cirrhosis or portal hypertension., Methods: This retrospective multicenter international study included consecutive patients with cirrhosis or portal hypertension who underwent endoscopic resection in the esophagus from January 2005 to March 2021., Results: 134 lesions in 112 patients were treated, including by endoscopic submucosal dissection in 101 cases (75 %). Most lesions (128/134, 96 %) were in patients with liver cirrhosis, with esophageal varices in 71 procedures. To prevent bleeding, 7 patients received a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, 8 underwent endoscopic band ligation (EBL) before resection, 15 received vasoactive drugs, 8 received platelet transfusion, and 9 underwent EBL during the resection procedure. Rates of complete macroscopic resection, en bloc resection, and curative resection were 92 %, 86 %, and 63 %, respectively. Adverse events included 3 perforations, 8 delayed bleedings, 8 sepsis, 6 cirrhosis decompensations within 30 days, and 22 esophageal strictures; none required surgery. In univariate analysis, cap-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection was associated with delayed bleeding ( P  = 0.01)., Conclusions: In patients with liver cirrhosis or portal hypertension, endoscopic resection of early esophageal neoplasia appeared to be effective and should be considered in expert centers with choice of resection technique, following European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines to avoid undertreatment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

ESGE suggests conventional endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD; marking and mucosal incision followed by circumferential incision and stepwise submucosal dissection) for most esophageal and gastric lesions. ESGE suggests tunneling ESD for esophageal lesions involving more than two-thirds of the esophageal circumference. ESGE recommends the pocket-creation method for colorectal ESD, at least if traction devices are not used. The use of dedicated ESD knives with size adequate to the location/thickness of the gastrointestinal wall is recommended. It is suggested that isotonic saline or viscous solutions can be used for submucosal injection. ESGE recommends traction methods in esophageal and colorectal ESD and in selected gastric lesions. After gastric ESD, coagulation of visible vessels is recommended, and post-procedural high dose proton pump inhibitor (PPI) (or vonoprazan). ESGE recommends against routine closure of the ESD defect, except in duodenal ESD. ESGE recommends corticosteroids after resection of  > 50 % of the esophageal circumference. The use of carbon dioxide when performing ESD is recommended. ESGE recommends against the performance of second-look endoscopy after ESD. ESGE recommends endoscopy/colonoscopy in the case of significant bleeding (hemodynamic instability, drop in hemoglobin > 2 g/dL, severe ongoing bleeding) to perform endoscopic hemostasis with thermal methods or clipping; hemostatic powders represent rescue therapies. ESGE recommends closure of immediate perforations with clips (through-the-scope or cap-mounted, depending on the size and shape of the perforation), as soon as possible but ideally after securing a good plane for further dissection., Competing Interests: P. Bhandari has received speaker's fees and research grants from Olympus, Fujifilm, and Boston Scientific (2019 to 2022). R. Bisschops has received grants/research support, and speaker’s fee/honoraria from Pentax, Fujifilm, and Medtronic (from 2019, ongoing); his department has received research grants from Pentax, Fujifilm, and Medtronic (from 2019, ongoing). M.J. Bourke has received research support from Boston Scientific (2016 to 2023, ongoing); his department has received research support from Olympus (2016 to 2023, ongoing); he has provided research support to Cook Medical (2016 to 2023, ongoing). P.H. Deprez has received teaching fees from and provided consultancy to Olympus (2021 to 2023), and received teaching fees from Erbe (2021 to 2023). M. Dinis-Ribeiro has provided consultancy to Medtronic and Roche (2021 to 2022); his department has received research support (loan) form Fufifilm (2021 to 2022); he is the Co-Editor-in-Chief of Endoscopy journal. P. Leclercq has provided paid consultancy to Medtronic (2021). A. Lemmers receives lecture fees from Creo Medical (January 2022 to June 2023); his department has received a research grant from Boston Scientific (December 2021 to February 2023). R. Maselli has provided consultancy to Erbe, Fujifilm, and Apollo Endosurgery (2018 to present). H. Messmann’s department has received support from Olympus and Satisfai; he has provided consultancy to Ambu, Boston Scientific, and Olympus. O. Pech has received speaker’s honoraria from Medtronic and Boston Scientific (2018 to 2022). M. Pioche has been involved in ESD training sessions with Olympus, Pentax, and Cook (from 2018 to (2023); his institution has applied for a patent for the A-TRACT traction device. B.L.A.M. Weusten has provided consultancy to, and received lecture fees and research funding from Pentax Medical (2020 to 2023); his department has received research funding from Aqua Medical (2020 to 2022); he has been involved in research projects with funding from C2 Therapeutics (2016 to 2020). B. Bastiaansen, G. Esposito, L. Fuccio, D. Libânio, Pedro Pimentel-Nunes, and Michael Vieth have no competing interests., (European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided digestive anastomosis (EUS-A) is a new alternative under evaluation in patients presenting with afferent limb syndrome (ALS) after Whipple surgery. The aim of the present study is to analyze the safety and effectiveness of EUS-A in ALS., Methods: This is an observational multicenter study. All patients ≥18 years old with previous Whipple surgery presenting with ALS who underwent an EUS-A using a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) between 2015 and 2021 were included. The primary outcome was clinical success, defined as resolution of the ALS or ALS-related cholangitis. Furthermore, technical success, adverse event rate, and mortality were evaluated., Results: Forty-five patients (mean age: 65.5 ± 10.2 years; 44.4% male) were included. The most common underlying disease was pancreatic cancer (68.9%). EUS-A was performed at a median of 6 weeks after local tumor recurrence. The most common approach used was the direct/freehand technique (66.7%). Technical success was achieved in 95.6%, with no differences between large (≥15 mm) and small LAMS (97.4% vs. 100%, P = 0.664). Clinical success was retained in 91.1% of patients. A complementary treatment by dilation of the stent followed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography through the LAMS was performed in three cases (6.7%). There were six recurrent episodes of cholangitis (14.6%) and two procedure-related adverse events (4.4%) after a median follow-up of 4 months. Twenty-six patients (57.8%) died during the follow-up due to disease progression., Conclusion: EUS-A is a safe and effective technique in the treatment of malignant ALS, achieving high clinical success with an acceptable recurrence rate., (© 2022 Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Background and Study Aims: Gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures have evolved significantly in the last sixty years revolutionising the approach to the diagnostic and therapeutic spheres of medicine. Despite the advantages of using natural orifices to the bowel, adverse events (AE) may occur following endoscopy. Systematic AE registration is an objective in every realm of quality medicine. Despite the obvious advantage as a quality indicator, tracking endoscopy-related AE is not evident. The current study aimed at tracking all AE of all endoscopic procedures during a 3-month period. The three methods used were voluntary reporting by the endoscopist and by the patient in parallel with retrospective data analysis of patients' electronic medical records to allow capture of all AE and comparison of the three methods., Patients and Methods: During a 3-month period endoscopists and patients were requested to report any possible AE. At the end of the period, a systematic review of all patient files was performed to track all AE related to the endoscopic procedure or the endoscopyrelated anaesthesia. In total 2668 endoscopic procedures were reviewed., Results: The total AE rate was 1.95%. Only half (51.9%) of all AE were voluntarily reported by endoscopists, the other half were extracted from the electronic medical record. There were no patient-reported AE. Although the majority (66.7%) of unreported AE were mild, these findings illustrate that voluntary AE reporting is unreliable. However, the retrospective tracking process proved to be difficult and time-consuming., Conclusions: The current study highlighted that systematic registration of all endoscopy-related AE is feasible, but challenging because of multiple hurdles. More practical methods are warranted to obtain reliable and long-term data as part of endoscopy quality measures., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest, (© Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica.)

Background: Different surveillance strategies for patients with low-risk branch-duct (BD) intraductal papillary neoplasm (IPMN) have been described. The aim of this study was to describe the natural history of low-risk BD-IPMN, and to identify risk factors for the development of worrisome features (WF)/high-risk stigmata (HRS) and of pancreatic malignancies., Methods: This was a multicentre retrospective study of patients with BD-IPMN who were under active surveillance between January 2006 and December 2015. Patients were eligible if they had a low-risk lesion and had a minimum follow-up of 24 months. Outcomes were development of WF/HRS or cytologically/histologically confirmed malignant IPMN., Results: Of 837 patients included, 168 (20 per cent) developed WF/HRS. At the end of the observation time, 132 patients (79 per cent) with WF/HRS were still under surveillance without progression to pancreatic cancer. Factors associated with the development of WF or HRS in multivariable analysis included localized nodules (versus diffuse: hazard ratio (HR) 0.43, 95 per cent c.i. 0.26 to 0.68), cyst size 15-19 mm (versus less than 15 mm: HR 1.88, 1.23 to 2.87) or at least 20 mm (versus less than 15 mm: HR 3.25, 2.30 to 4.60), main pancreatic duct size over 3 mm (versus 3 mm or less: HR 2.17, 1.41 to 3.34), and symptoms at diagnosis (versus no symptoms: HR 2.29, 1.52 to 3.45). Surveillance in an endoscopy-oriented centre was also associated with increased detection of WF or HRS (versus radiology-oriented: HR 2.46, 1.74 to 3.47)., Conclusion: Conservative management of patients with low-risk BD-IPMN is safe and feasible., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of BJS Society Ltd.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

ESGE recommends that the evaluation of superficial gastrointestinal (GI) lesions should be made by an experienced endoscopist, using high definition white-light and chromoendoscopy (virtual or dye-based).ESGE does not recommend routine performance of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT prior to endoscopic resection.ESGE recommends endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) as the treatment of choice for most superficial esophageal squamous cell and superficial gastric lesions.For Barrett's esophagus (BE)-associated lesions, ESGE suggests the use of ESD for lesions suspicious of submucosal invasion (Paris type 0-Is, 0-IIc), for malignant lesions > 20 mm, and for lesions in scarred/fibrotic areas.ESGE does not recommend routine use of ESD for duodenal or small-bowel lesions.ESGE suggests that ESD should be considered for en bloc resection of colorectal (but particularly rectal) lesions with suspicion of limited submucosal invasion (demarcated depressed area with irregular surface pattern or a large protruding or bulky component, particularly if the lesions are larger than 20 mm) or for lesions that otherwise cannot be completely removed by snare-based techniques.ESGE recommends that an en bloc R0 resection of a superficial GI lesion with histology no more advanced than intramucosal cancer (no more than m2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma), well to moderately differentiated, with no lymphovascular invasion or ulceration, should be considered a very low risk (curative) resection, and no further staging procedure or treatment is generally recommended.ESGE recommends that the following should be considered to be a low risk (curative) resection and no further treatment is generally recommended: an en bloc R0 resection of a superficial GI lesion with superficial submucosal invasion (sm1), that is well to moderately differentiated, with no lymphovascular invasion, of size ≤ 20 mm for an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma or ≤ 30 mm for a stomach lesion or of any size for a BE-related or colorectal lesion, and with no lymphovascular invasion, and no budding grade 2 or 3 for colorectal lesions.ESGE recommends that, after an endoscopically complete resection, if there is a positive horizontal margin or if resection is piecemeal, but there is no submucosal invasion and no other high risk criteria are met, this should be considered a local-risk resection and endoscopic surveillance or re-treatment is recommended rather than surgery or other additional treatment.ESGE recommends that when there is a diagnosis of lymphovascular invasion, or deeper infiltration than sm1, or positive vertical margins, or undifferentiated tumor, or, for colorectal lesions, budding grade 2 or 3, this should be considered a high risk (noncurative) resection, and complete staging and strong consideration for additional treatments should be considered on an individual basis in a multidisciplinary discussion.ESGE recommends scheduled endoscopic surveillance with high definition white-light and chromoendoscopy (virtual or dye-based) with biopsies of only the suspicious areas after a curative ESD., Competing Interests: P. Bhandari provides consultancy to Boston Scientific (2018–2022); his department has received research grants from Olympus UK (2019–2022), Fujifilm Europe (2019–2022), 3-D Matrix (2019–2022), and NEC Japan (2018–2022). M.J. Bourke has received research support from Boston Scientific, Olympus, and Cook Medical (2016 to 2022, ongoing). P.H. Deprez has received lecture fees from Olympus (2010–2021) and Erbe (2010–2020). M. Dinis Ribeiro is Co-Editor-in-Chief of Endoscopy; he has provided consultancy to Medtronic (2021) and Roche (2022); his department has received a research grant (loan) from Fujifilm (2021–2022). A. Lemmers has received consultancy fees from Cook Endoscopy (2021); his department receives a research grant from Boston Scientific (2021–2023). R. Maselli has provided consultancy to Erbe Medical (2018 to present); her department has received consultancy from Fujifilm (2018 to present). O. Pech has received speaker’s honoraria from Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Fujifilm, and Olympus (over 5 years). M. Pioche has provided consultancy and training for Olympus, Pentax, Cook, and Norgine (2017–2022). J.E. van Hooft’s department has received research grants from Cook Medical (2014–2019) and Abbott (2014–2017); she has received lecture fees from Medtronics (2014–2015, 2019), Cook Medical (2019), and Abbvie (2021), and consultancy fees from Boston Scientific (2014–2017) and Olympus (2021). B.L.A.M. Weusten has received financial support for IRB-approved studies from Pentax Medical (2017–2022), and financial research support from Aqua Medical (2020–2022), and has provided consultancy to Pentax Medical (2021–2022). D. Libânio, B.A.J. Bastiaansen, R. Bisschops, G. Esposito, H. Messman, P. Pimentel-Nunes, and M. Vieth have no competing interests., (European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. All rights reserved.)

Background: Endoscopic papillectomy is a minimally invasive treatment for benign tumors of the ampulla of Vater or early ampullary carcinoma. However, reported recurrence rates are significant and risk factors for recurrence are unclear., Objective: The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic papillectomy and to identify risk factors for recurrence and adverse events., Methods: All patients who underwent endoscopic papillectomy at five tertiary referral centers between January 2008 and December 2018 were included. Recurrence was defined as the detection of residue on one of the follow-up endoscopies. Treatment success was defined as the absence of tumor residue on the last follow-up endoscopy., Results: A total of 227 patients were included. The resections were en bloc in 64.8% of cases. The mean lesion size was 20 mm (range: 3-80) with lateral extension in 23.3% of cases. R0 resection was achieved in 45.3% of cases. The recurrence rate was 30.6%, and 60.7% of recurrences were successfully treated with additional endoscopic treatment. Finally, treatment success was achieved in 82.8% of patients with a median follow-up time of 22.3 months. R1 resection, intraductal invasion, and tumor size > 2 cm were associated with local recurrence. Adverse events occurred in 36.6% of patients and included pancreatitis (17.6%), post-procedural hemorrhage (11.0%), perforation (5.2%), and biliary stenosis (2.6%). The mortality rate was 0.9%., Conclusion: Endoscopic papillectomy is an effective and relatively well-tolerated treatment for localized ampullary tumors. In this series, R1 resection, intraductal invasion, and lesion size > 2 cm were associated with local recurrence., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s), 2022.)

1: ESGE recommends endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) as the best tool to characterize subepithelial lesion (SEL) features (size, location, originating layer, echogenicity, shape), but EUS alone is not able to distinguish among all types of SEL.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 2: ESGE suggests providing tissue diagnosis for all SELs with features suggestive of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) if they are of size > 20 mm, or have high risk stigmata, or require surgical resection or oncological treatment.Weak recommendation, very low quality evidence. 3: ESGE recommends EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) or mucosal incision-assisted biopsy (MIAB) equally for tissue diagnosis of SELs ≥ 20 mm in size.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 4: ESGE recommends against surveillance of asymptomatic gastrointestinal (GI) tract leiomyomas, lipomas, heterotopic pancreas, granular cell tumors, schwannomas, and glomus tumors, if the diagnosis is clear.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 5: ESGE suggests surveillance of asymptomatic esophageal and gastric SELs without definite diagnosis, with esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) at 3-6 months, and then at 2-3-year intervals for lesions < 10 mm in size, and at 1-2-year intervals for lesions 10-20 mm in size. For asymptomatic SELs > 20 mm in size that are not resected, ESGE suggests surveillance with EGD plus EUS at 6 months and then at 6-12-month intervals.Weak recommendation, very low quality evidence. 6: ESGE recommends endoscopic resection for type 1 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (g-NENs) if they grow larger than 10 mm. The choice of resection technique should depend on size, depth of invasion, and location in the stomach.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 7: ESGE suggests considering removal of histologically proven gastric GISTs smaller than 20 mm as an alternative to surveillance. The decision to resect should be discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting. The choice of technique should depend on size, location, and local expertise.Weak recommendation, very low quality evidence. 8: ESGE suggests that, to avoid unnecessary follow-up, endoscopic resection is an option for gastric SELs smaller than 20 mm and of unknown histology after failure of attempts to obtain diagnosis.Weak recommendation, very low quality evidence. 9: ESGE recommends basing the surveillance strategy on the type and completeness of resection. After curative resection of benign SELs no follow-up is advised, except for type 1 gastric NEN for which surveillance at 1-2 years is advised.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 10: For lower or upper GI NEN with a positive or indeterminate margin at resection, ESGE recommends repeating endoscopy at 3-6 months and another attempt at endoscopic resection in the case of residual disease.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence., Competing Interests: J.Y. Blay’s department has received research support from Novartis, Bayer, Deciphera, and Roche (all from 2018–2021). P.H. Deprez has received lecture fees from Olympus (2010–2021) and Erbe (2010–2020). R. Gincul has received honoraria for lectures and speaker’s fees from Olympus (2013–2014, 2018–2019) and from Boston Scientific (2016), and for training workshops from IPSEN (2015–2021). J.E. van Hooft’s department has received research grants from Cook Medical (2014–2019) and Abbott (2014–2017); she has received lecture fees from Medtronics (2014–2015, 2019), Cook Medical (2019), and Abbvie (2021), and consultancy fees from Boston Scientific (2014–2017) and Olympus (2021). L.M.G. Moons has provided consultancy on new products to Boston Scientific (1 Jan 2021–31 Dec 2021). M. Polkowski had a speaker and consultancy agreement with Olympus (2018–2021) and a consultancy agreement with Boston Scientific (2018–2019); he is a Co-Editor of Endoscopy. I. Borbath, G. Fernandez Esparrach, T.G. Moreels, E. Nieveen van Dijkum, P.P. Nunes, D. O’Toole, A. Seicean, and M. Vieth have no competing interests., (European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. All rights reserved.)

Despite efforts from various endoscopy societies, reporting in the field of endoscopy remains extremely heterogeneous. Harmonisation of clinical practice in endoscopy has been highlighted by application of many clinical practice guidelines and standards pertaining to the endoscopic procedures and reporting are underlined. The aim of the proposed "standardised reporting" is to (1) facilitate recognition of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) on initial endoscopy, (2) to enable interdisciplinary decision making for treatment by a multidisciplinary team, (3) to provide a basis for a standardised endoscopic follow-up which allows detection of recurrence or progression reliably, (4) to make endoscopic reports on NEN comparable between different units, and (5) to allow research collaboration between NEN centres in terms of consistency of their endoscopic data. The ultimate goal is to improve disease management, patient outcome and reduce the diagnostic burden on the side of the patient by ensuring the highest possible diagnostic accuracy and validity of endoscopic exams and possibly interventions., (© 2022 British Society for Neuroendocrinology.)

Introduction: our aim was to comparatively assess the treatment outcomes of endoscopic dilatation in Barrett's neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) post-endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) strictures, and to determine the risk or factors associated to refractory strictures., Methods: an observational study. All consecutive patients presenting with a post-ESD stricture in 2007-2016 who underwent dilation therapy were included. Clinical, morphological, and technical features were assessed to determine the risk factors of refractory strictures., Results: of 414 consecutive patients treated by ESD, 83 (mean age: 65 ± 10 years, 76 % men) with 254 dilations (median: 3, range: 1-27) were considered. Barrett's neoplasia and SCC were the indications in 58 (69.9 %) and in 25 (30.1 %) cases, respectively. Clinical success was achieved in 84.3 % with a median of 3 sessions (range: 1-22), with a higher rate in Barrett's neoplasia (89.7 % vs. 72 %, p = 0.042). Circumferential resection in one single procedure (13.2 %) was associated with the need for a higher number of dilation sessions. By multivariate analysis, upper-esophageal location (OR: 11.479 [95 % CI: 2.058-64.043], p = 0.005), recurrent strictures (OR: 17.252 [95 % CI: 2.833-105.069], p = 0.002), and dilation-related complications (OR: 26.420 [95 % CI: 1.736-401.966], p = 0.018) were risk factors of refractory stenosis., Conclusion: patients presenting with SCC located in the upper superior esophagus, intra-procedural perforation, and recurrent strictures are at higher risk of developing refractory strictures.

Background and Aims: Consensus regarding an optimal algorithm for endoscopic treatment of papillary adenomas has not been established. We aimed to assess the existing degree of consensus among international experts and develop further concordance by means of a Delphi process., Methods: Fifty-two international experts in the field of endoscopic papillectomy were invited to participate. Data were collected between August and December 2019 using an online survey platform. Three rounds were conducted. Consensus was defined as ≥70% agreement., Results: Sixteen experts (31%) completed the full process, and consensus was achieved on 47 of the final 79 statements (59%). Diagnostic workup should include at least an upper endoscopy using a duodenoscope (100%) and biopsy sampling (94%). There should be selected use of additional abdominal imaging (75%-81%). Patients with (suspected) papillary malignancy or over 1 cm intraductal extension should be referred for surgical resection (76%). To prevent pancreatitis, rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be administered before resection (82%) and a pancreatic stent should be placed (100%). A biliary stent is indicated in case of ongoing bleeding from the papillary region (76%) or concerns for a (micro)perforation after resection (88%). Follow-up should be started 3 to 6 months after initial papillectomy and repeated every 6 to 12 months for at least 5 years (75%)., Conclusions: This is the first step in developing an international consensus-based algorithm for endoscopic management of papillary adenomas. Surprisingly, in many areas consensus could not be achieved. These aspects should be the focus of future studies., (Copyright © 2021 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)