Search

Background: Few researches have been made in sub-Saharan Africa to evaluate psychosocial impact of child trafficking. The current study’s objective is to examine the psychological impact of child trafficking on children victims of traffic and their families.Methods: It is a cross-sectional study across the whole Togo territory over 24 children returned from trafficking and the members of their families. The clinical interview and the projective test (Patte Noire) were used to collect the data with well detailed case studies.Results: The traffic of children brought psychological disorders, depressive reaction and post-traumatic stress amongst most of the children’s who were rescued or taken out of the traffic. Members of the family developed depressive reactions and self-guilt symptoms. The lack of adequate structures for an adapted follow up of the children’s returning from the traffic has been noted. Conclusions: Our results confirm previous works realized in other sociocultural contexts and suggest that a better support of children’s in specialized centers by psychologists, social workers or other specialized personnel would be best. Future longitudinal studies on a greater sample, in sub-Saharan Africa to assess the long term consequences of child trafficking over the whole family would be justified.

Achalasia cardia (“cardiospasm”, “phrenospasm”, “dolichoesophagus”, “megaesophagus”, “stenosis of cardia”) represents a primary impairment of esophageal motor function associated with impaired lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and peristalsis defects of the thoracic esophagus. It is diagnosed at the age of 25 to 60 years, making up to 20% of all diseases of the esophagus, and is characterized by a triad of symptoms: dysphagia, regurgitation and chest pain when swallowing. In most cases the first manifestations of achalasia are preceded by stress situations in the anamnesis that complicates the differential diagnosis of psychogenic esophageal spasm. The presented clinical case illustrates difficulties of early diagnosis of achalasia cardia in a young femalepatient with severe anxiety and depressive symptoms which develop under conditions of chronic stressful situations in the family or at work. The issues of interdisciplinary interaction of health professionals (physician, gastroenterologist, psychiatrist, psychotherapist, and surgeon) on the course of examination and management of patients with comorbid physical and mental pathology are discussed. The efficiency of the integrative approach to treatment and rehabilitation with the use of modern reconstructive surgical interventions as well as conservative methods of therapy, psychopharmacotherapy and personality-oriented psychotherapy proves the relevance of studying psychosomatic aspects of achalasia cardia.

У ході роботи проаналізовано клініко-психопатологічну симптоматику депресивних розладів поєднаних з суїцидальною поведінкою у жінок молодого віку. Виділено тривожний, туждивий, астено-апатичний і меланхолійний варіанти депресивних розладів.Доведено, що для жінок хворих на депресивні розлади поєднані з суїцидальною поведінкою притаманні: високий рівень суїцидального ризику, низький рівень самоусвідомлення смерті, високий рівень ангедонії, важка тривога і депресія за шкалою Гамільтона, великий депресивний епізод за шкалою Монтгомері – Айсберга, Aim of research. Study of clinical and psychopathological features of depressive disorders associated with suicidal behavior in women in modern conditionsMaterials and methods of research. A comprehensive survey of 150 women aged 25-65 years was conducted who were diagnosed with depressive disorders: disorders of adaptation, in the form of depressive reaction (42.8%); moderate and severe depressive episode (35.1%), recurrent depressive disorder (22.1%)The main group consisted of 77 patients with signs of suicidal behavior, control - 73 patients without signs of suicidal behavior.Methods of research: clinical-anamnestic, psychodiagnostic, clinical-psychopathologicalResults. Distinguished anxiety (45.4% of the patients in the main and 32.1% of the control group), obesity (35.2% and 36.3% respectively), asthenia-apathetic (7.1% of the patients in the main and 18.2% of the control group) and melancholic (12.3% and 13.4% respectively) variants of depressive disorders.It is proved that women with depressive disorders combined with suicidal behaviour are adhered to high suicide risk, high anhedonia, severe anxiety and depression on the Hamilton scale, a large depressive episode on the Montgomery - Iceberg scale. For women with depressive disorders without signs of suicidal behaviour there was an average level of suicidal risk, high level of anhedonia, severe anxiety and depression on the Hamilton scale, a large depressive episode on the Montgomery - Iceberg scaleConclusions. 1. Women with depressive disorders with suicidal behaviour characterized by anxiety, tedious, asthenia-apathy and melancholy variants of depressive disorders. Patients with disturbing and timid variants of depression are characterized by a high level of suicidal risk.2. Women with depressive disorders associated with suicidal behaviour there is a high level of suicidal risk, high anhedonia, severe anxiety and depression on the Hamilton scale, a large depressive episode on the Montgomery - Iceberg scale.3. Prognostically significant in the formation of suicidal behaviour are disturbing and timid variants of depressive disorders, high rates of clinical anxiety and depression scales, high suicidal, obese suicidal anamnesis

Depressions in patients with schizophrenia in remission are quite common; however, their genesis and clinical features have been insufficiently studied. Objective: to assess the clinical features of depressions occurring in patients with paroxysmal schizophrenia in remission. Patients and methods. 88 patients with nonpsychotic depression who were diagnosed with paroxysmal schizophrenia in drug remission were examined. A total of 200 depressive episodes were analyzed. The patients' status was assessed according to the diagnostic criteria in the ICD-10 Classification of Depressive Disorders. For quantitative evaluation, the investigators used psychometric scales, such as the Calgary Depression Schizophrenia Scale and the PANSS Negative Subscale. Results. There were two types of post-schizophrenic depressions: endogenous and reactive. Endogenous depressions are divided into postpsychotic depressions developing in remission and delayed depressive episodes; reactive depressions are divided into nosogenic and psychogenic. Endogenous depressions represent a stage of the schizophrenic process; reactive ones are a schizophrenic patient's depressive reaction to a stressful situation. The latter occur in patients with a less severe schizophrenic defect, a higher critical attitude toward illness, and a better social and labor adaptation. Endogenous depressions have averagely a longer duration and a greater severity and besides anxiety symptoms, they include asthenic and apathetic symptoms; reactive depressions comprise only anxious and dreary manifestations. Conclusion. Knowledge about the characteristics of depressions in schizophrenia will ensure their more accurate diagnosis and prescribe adequate therapy.

As we cannot stop disease progression of neurodegenerative diseases, we have to consider neurodegenerative diseases as life-threatening illnesses and the objects of palliative care. Neurodegenerative disease patients and their families usually did not have much information about their diseases and often could not choose their treatment and care options on their own. Before applying the principles of palliative care to the patients and their families, we had to give appropriate information about their disease to them. But there were few educational interventions for neurodegenerative disease patients and their families and also few studies investigating the knowledge of them. Moreover all but one was the educational interventions for demented patients. All reports about the educational interventions for neurodegenerative diseases showed that the simple educational interventions might not reduce the burdens on the families, and moreover one report for extrapyramidal diseases and cerebellar degenerations showed that the simple educational interventions could not change the course of natural degradation of the diseases and might produce depressive reaction to the patients. In order to reduce the burdens of the families we have to support the families with physically, and in order to encourage the patients to accept their disease we have to control their depression and approach to them with the principles of palliative care.

In order to identify the clinical manifestations of maladaptation inherent in volunteers and the allocation of its psycho-correction targets, a study was conducted of the peculiarities of the state of the psycho-emotional sphere in volunteers whose activities are related to providing the military in a combat zone. 147 people were surveyed who were engaged in volunteer activities related to the provision of military personnel in a combat zone for at least 1 year. Among surveyed were 108 women and 39 men. With the help of the questionnaire “Assessment of professional maladjustment” by A.N. Homeland in the adaptation of M.A. negative effect. In the study of the state of the psycho-emotional sphere of volunteers whose activities are related to providing the military in a combat zone, signs of a depressive reaction of varying severity were revealed, significantly more common than in a sample of ordinary people. This indicates that volunteer activity carries with it the potential risks of developing psycho-emotional disorders. The interrelations of depressive manifestations with disadaptation peculiarities and the level of emotional burnout of volunteers were also established. To understand the pathogenesis of these conditions and to highlight the targets of their psychocorrection, we analyzed the clinical content of the identified depressive manifestations in the patients. We took into account the obtained data when developing measures for psychological correction and psycho-prophylactic support of volunteers whose activities are related to providing military personnel in a combat zone.

Aim of research. The study of clinical and psychopathological features of formation and clinical course of depressive disorders and suicidal behavior in cancer patients.Materials and methods of research. For attaining the set aim, the complex examination of 154 patients of both genders with a cancer pathology of I and II degree and diagnosed depressive disorders was realized, with observing principles of bioethics and medical deontology. The main group included 103 patients with suicidal behavior signs, the control one - 51 men without suicidal behavior signs.Methods of research: clinical-anamnestic, psychodiagnostic, statistical.Results. There were described the features of the clinical picture of depressive disorders in cancer patients at adaptation disorders, such as depressive reaction, moderate or heavy depressive episode, organic depressive disorder.It was determined, that the true suicidal behavior prevailed in all patients (53,2 % of patients with depressive reaction, 56,5 % of patients with depressive episode, 51,2 % with organic depressive disorder), affective variant of suicidal disorder was observed in 38,1 %, 40,1 % and 44,1 % of patients, respectively; demonstrative-chantage suicidal behavior was observed in 8,7 % of patients with depressive reaction, 3,4 % of patients with depressive episode, 4,7 % – with organic depressive disorder.Patients from the main group demonstrated clinical manifestations of anxiety and depression by the hospital scale, high anxiety and depression by Hamilton scale, great depressive episode by Montgomery-Asberg scale, patients from the control group were characterized by clinical manifestations of anxiety and subclinical depression by the hospital scale, moderately expressed anxiety and depression by Hamilton scale, moderate depressive episode by Montgomery-Asberg scale.It was established, that the high level of suicidal risk and low level of consciousness of death in cancer patients with depressive disorders is a precondition of the suicidal behavior formation.Conclusions. 1. A malignant neoplasm it is a psychotraumatic factor for a patient and leads to the development of depressive disorders and suicidal behavior. 2. The clinical picture of depressive disorders in patients with a cancer pathology is characterized by the predomination of mood inhibition, effect of sorrow and anxiety, immersion into the felling of an acute grief because of a cancer diagnosis, with narrowing of cognitive functions and predomination of the content of a psychic trauma in consciousness.3. The main role in the formation of suicidal behavior of cancer patients is played by high indices of clinical scales of anxiety and depression, combined with the low level of death consciousness, burdened suicidal anamnesis, З метою вивчення особливостей депресивних розладів та суїцидальної поведінки у онкологічно хворих було проведено комплексне обстеження 154 онкологічно хворих з депресивними розладами.Встановлено, що у формуванні суїцидальної поведінки онкологічно хворих провідну роль відіграють високі показники за клінічними шкалами тривоги і депресії, високий рівень суїцидального ризику та низький рівень самосвідомості смерті

Benefits and disadvantages of solitude for adolescents are often highlighted. However, research focusing on adolescents' attitudes towards solitude and their associations with such disadvantages or benefits is rather limited. The present study provides a person-centred perspective on the co-occurrence of two attitudes towards solitude (i.e., aversion versus affinity) and their associations with coping with loneliness and adjustment. Two independent samples were employed: a sample of 368 freshmen (Mage = 18.22 years, 83.7% female) and another sample of 1,388 high school students (Mage = 15.72 years, 64.1% female). Cluster analysis uncovered three meaningful clusters in both samples: a true Affinity cluster, a true Aversion cluster, and an Indifferent cluster (having low scores on both attitudes). Whereas the Affinity group more actively confronted their problems when feeling lonely, the Aversion group sought social support more actively. In general, the Indifferent group showed the most optimal profile of psychological adjustment. They used the least passive coping strategies, such as avoidance and depressive reaction patterns. Furthermore, they experienced greater self-esteem, less depressive symptoms, and lower loneliness as compared to the other two groups. Implications and suggestions for future research are outlined. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

To study the development of depressive disorders in women, the victims of domestic violence, who committed aggressive acts.Patients (n=12) were divided into two groups depending on acute depressive reaction in response to violence from husbands, which resulted in criminal acts. The first group included 4 women who killed their children and the second group included 8 women who killed their husbands. A psychopathological method was used in the study.Women of both groups shared the same features of the development of depression: the transition from a neurotic stage to a psychotic stage (with aggression) and then to the prolonged depression. Every stage had its own features, in particular during the criminal act, which are described in the article.Цель исследования. Изучение особенностей развития депрессивных расстройств у женщин - жертв домашнего насилия в случаях совершения ими агрессивных действий. Материал и методы. Наблюдали 12 случаев развития острых депрессивных реакций, развившихся у женщин в ситуации жестокого обращения со стороны мужей и закончившихся криминогенными поступками, в зависимости от которых пациентки были разделены на две группы. В 1-ю группу включили 4 женщин, убивших своих детей, во 2-ю - 8 женщин, обвинявшихся в убийстве мужей. Основной метод исследования: психопатологический. Результаты и заключение. Выявлены общие закономерности развития депрессии у женщин обеих групп со сменой невротического этапа острым психотическим (с проявлением агрессии) и этапом затяжной депрессии. Но каждый из этапов в выделенных группах, особенно в период совершения криминогенного деяния, имел свои особенности, которые описаны в статье.

Once upon a time, in a land far, far away, there was a forest where no human being had ever set foot, and where there were only animals. Although the animals lived together harmoniously, the forest was a scene of chaos. Fruit and vegetables were harvested too early or too late. Rocks and logs clogged the rivers, choking the fish. Trees fell down without warning, endangering the lives of birds and animals. The time had come, many of the animals thought, to choose a ruler who would establish order in the forest and lead the animal kingdom. But who would be best for the job? All the animals had different ideas and many thought they would make the best candidate. The arguments rolled on and on until the screeching, chattering, roaring, and whistling became a cacophony of noise that filled the forest.

Background: Previous studies analyzed the clinical validity of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for screening primary depressive disorders (major depression and dysthymia). Other psychiatric disorders with depressive symptomatology (e.g. adjustment disorders with depressive reaction) have not been a research focus to date. This study aims to examine the utility of the CBCL scales Anxious/Depressed and Affective Problems in screening both primary depressive disorders and other disorders with depressive symptomatology. Methods: The two samples consisted of 1445 outpatients and 698 inpatients aged 11–18 who were referred for child and adolescent psychiatric services. The predictive power of the CBCL scales was examined using ROC-analysis. Results: Both CBCL scales showed small to medium predictive power when screening for primary and other depressive disorders in clinically referred outpatients (AUCs = .694 − .780). Within the inpatient sample, only primary depressive disorders were detected with small predictive power different from chance level (AUCs = .625 − .673). Both CBCL scales did not differ significantly with regards to predicting depressive disorders. Limitations: A limitation of this study is the lack of reliability checks for consensus classification process of the ICD-10 diagnoses. However, comparable prior work using structured interviews resulted in similar AUC values, supporting our findings. Conclusions: In outpatient samples, the CBCL is suitable for screening other depressive disorders in addition to primary depressive disorders. This is not the case for inpatients due to a misclassification number of 40%; thus using CBCL scales screen for depressive disorders in such populations warrants caution.

I am not a psychologist, sociologist, or philosopher, and my goal this evening is not to pass on weighty truths about the human condition. But I have been in radiology now for 43 years, and I would like to frame my remarks in light of my experiences and also with the hope that nonradiologist spouses and significant others with us this evening may better understand some of the challenges we face together. Each one of us has a story about when he or she decided to become a radiologist. I was in the middle of a class exercise on performing physical examinations when the instructor said to me, “Okay, Thrall, now look in the left ear.” The problem was, I had seen nothing in the right ear that motivated me to want to look in the left ear. My life flashed before me, and I had this acute depressive reaction where all I could see were miles and miles of ears stretching until the end of time. As luck would have it, shortly thereafter, I had the opportunity to visit the Department of Radiology at the University of Michigan, where I was going to medical school. I noticed several things. First, the radiologists actually seemed to be happy. Moreover, it was quite clear that the radiologists were highly respected by the referring physicians for their knowledge and their ability to discern subtle findings amidst the hades of gray (apparently some peo

Objective: This study aims to compare generic coping styles adopted by adolescents suffering from in. flammatory bowel disease (IBD) to styles used by their healthy peers, and to assess the association between coping styles and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Methods: A generic coping style instrument, a disease-related coping style instrument and a disease-specific HRQoL instrument were administered to 65 adolescents ( 12 - 18 years old) with IBD. Normative data from the generic instrument were available. Mean domain scores of IBD patients were compared to normative scores. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed on models with HRQoL domains as dependent, and preselected demographic and disease-related characteristics and coping styles as independent variables. Results: Adolescents with IBD use more avoidant coping styles than their healthy peers. HRQoL is associated with disease-related coping styles and with disease activity. More use of a predictive coping style ( having positive expectations about the disease) and less use of a depressive reaction pattern are associated with better HRQoL in three out of six HRQoL domains. Conclusion: This study suggests an association between coping styles and HRQoL

IntroductionAccording to the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, internally displaced persons are persons who have been forced or obliged to leave their homes, in particular as a result of extreme situations, and who have not crossed an state border. As of May 21, 2015 UNHCR has information about 1,299,800 IDPs.AimTo study clinical features of neurotic disorders in IDPs.MethodsWe have a complex psychopathological and psychodiagnostic research 97 IDPs in volunteer center, located at the central train station in Kharkiv.ResultsIn total, 75.9% of IDPs observed have violations of adaptation: long-term depressive reaction (F 43.21) and predominant disturbance of other emotions (F 43.23). The men reactive alarm indicators (average – 37.7 ± 3.0), were higher than trait anxiety (average – 32.6 ± 2.9). On the contrary, women figures trait anxiety (average – 38.6 ± 2.9) were higher than reactive anxiety (average – 34.7 ± 3.0). Severity of depressive symptoms also slightly prevailed in women. The mean score on the Hamilton scale for men was 17.0 ± 2.3 points, women – 18.0 ± 2.3 points. Test results on a scale of quality of life showed no significant differences between men and women. We have developed a medical and psychological support system to correct the neurotic disorders in IDPs.ConclusionsThe majority of people who left the ATO zone have emotional disorders of different severity and require a further correction in the specialized medical institutions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Existing hypotheses for an evolutionary function of depression are insufficient, primarily because they fail to show convincingly the advantages that might compensate for the high evolutionary costs of its features, such as general passivity, decreased appetite and sex drive. In this article, it is shown that depression may have the function of motivating a period of reduced activity after a major loss. It thus allows for time out to update the cognitive structures for altered circumstances, and avoids dangerous actions based on the use of inadequate cognitive maps. This cognitive map hypothesis provides a viable evolutionary explanation for the high incidence of depression reaction, in spite of its apparently unfavorable characteristics. The article discusses how this hypothesis may also shed light on the occurrence of clinical depression, proposing that it is caused by a failure to update complex conceptual cognitive structures. Finally, recommendations for the treatment of depression that derive from this hypothesis are presented.

The paper reports the case of a bulimic client who approaches a cognitive constructivist therapy after more than twenty years of suffering. She has a long history of treatments with poor success. The chooses to exclude every interpretative act at the beginning of the therapy and to work primarly on motivating the client. She needs to be conscious of her illness to acquire the responsability of it. The goal of this first step is to depress the client in order to motivate her to begin a psychological, emotional and behavioral change. After the depressive reaction of the client the therapy begins with a more active and motivated attitude and focuses on rumination and drive to control.

It has been a clinical case of a polimorphic psychotic disorder in a male of 26-year-old, affected by brain palsy, previously with adequate cognitive function, undergoing remarkable confusional fluctuations and a waking state apparently well-preserved. As possible comorbidities or triggers we could count on a tonsillitis and/or a depressive reaction a few days before. Serious consideration must be given to a differential diagnosis with an encephalitis but, despite the presence of an intermittent febricula, it was rejected by both units: internal medicine and neurology, after performing some complementary tests, albeit some more specific tests are still pending. His psychiatric background was also checked, which initially was orientated as a questionable bipolar disorder. At all events, symptoms stopped progressively until, almost complete remittance in the moment he was discharged from the hospital. He recovered his normal functionality. The treatment given was risperidon 2 mL/day, quetiapin 50 mg/8 h and baclofen 10 mg/12 h. This can be used as an example of how many difficulties we usually found to catalogue an acute disorder in first phases, even to encompass the clinical profile within the limits of psychiatry or neurology.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

AimTo study clinical features of PTSD and adjustment disorders in refugees from the zone ATO.MethodsWe have a complex psychopathological and psychodiagnostic research 156 refugees in volunteer center in Kharkiv.ResultsAmong the IDPs observed, 75.9% have violations of adaptation: long-term depressive reaction and predominant disturbance of other emotions. The men reactive alarm indicators (average – 37.7 ± 3.0), were higher than trait anxiety (average – 32.6 ± 2.9). On the contrary, women figures trait anxiety (average – 38.6 ± 2.9) were higher than reactive anxiety (average – 34.7 ± 3.0). Severity of depressive symptoms also slightly prevailed in women. The mean score on the Hamilton scale for men was 17.0 ± 2.3 points, women – 18.0 ± 2.3 points.Test results on a scale of quality of life showed no significant differences between men and women. We have developed a medical and psychological support system to correct the neurotic disorders in refugees.ConclusionsThe majority of people who left the ATO zone have psycho-emotional disorders of different severity and require a further correction in the specialized medical institutions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Claude Gorretta's film, The Lacemaker, centres around Beatrice, a girl who becomes depressed after having her heart broken by a boyfriend. As Beatrice's depressive reaction was predictable from her family background and personality, this film could be used as an educative tool to sensitize clinicians to patients susceptible to depression.

This study aimed to test the diathesis-stress and mediation components of the hopelessness model of depression in an academic context. University students completed measures of attributional style and depression at the beginning of the academic year and again at the end of the academic year. In addition, approximately 4 months after the initial testing session, students were asked for their particular attributions for their mid-semester examination performance and completed the depression measure again. A synchronous, but not prospective, relationship was found between attributional style and depression. However, the diathesis–stress component of the hopelessness model received strong support as there was a significant interaction between attributional style and grade satisfaction in the prediction of students' more enduring depressive reaction. Here, unlike previous studies, the longer term depressive reaction was assessed several months following the experience of a negative life event. This re...

Course of Grief Response, influencing Factors, Satisfaction with treatment, Need for Psychotherapeutic Support: The emotional response to a late miscarriage or a stillbirth was examined retrospectively in a systematic study involving 51 patients. The women had lost a child either by stillbirth (beyond the 20th week of gestation) or shortly after delivery. We assessed the long-term course of possible determinants of grief, a complicated grief response, as well as the patients' satisfaction with the treatment and their need for further psychotherapeutic support. The mourning response was complicated by a depressive reaction in 22%. Major risk factors were individual disposition, lack of partner and professional support. The findings reveal that the course of the grief response is positively influenced by: 1. open discussion (thematisation) with the skilled personnel and the patients' families, 2. direct or indirect contact with the deceased child (concretisation) and 3. the patients concerned being extensively informed as to place and circumstances of the funeral (whereabouts of the child).

Studied the relationship between verbal-cognitive and physiological measures of dental anxiety, coping styles, and personality traits among 53 undergraduate psychology students (aged 18-31 yrs). Data were collected during 2 separate sessions. The 1st (stress) session involved continuous and simultaneous physiological measurements of systolic and diastolic BP, heart period, skin-conductance level, and saliva cortisol concentration. Ss then completed self assessment inventories of dental anxiety, coping behavior, and personality traits, immediately followed by a pre-announced dental check-up. During the second session, 1 mo later, only the physiological measures were made. Coping style was assessed by the Utrecht Coping List. The personality traits under investigation included neuroticism, extraversion, self-esteem, and general trait anxiety. Self-reported dental anxiety was associated with the coping behaviors "palliative responding" and "depressive reaction", and with neuroticism. No relations were found for either extraversion, self-esteem, or trait anxiety. Physiological activity associated with the oncoming dental check-up could be predicted by emotion-focused coping styles.

As of May 21, 2015 UNHCR has information about 1,299,800 IDPs, the data provided by the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine. Since the process of establishing a centralized system for registration is still pending, the actual number of persons displaced within the country may be higher.We have a complex psychopathological and clinical research psychodiagnostic 97 internally displaced people in volunteer center, located at the central train station in Kharkiv to study the clinical features of neurotic disorders.The results showed that 75.9% of IDPs observed have violations of adaptation: long-term depressive reaction (F 43.21) and predominant disturbance of other emotions (F 43.23). The clinical picture is dominated by the depression, anxiety, inner tension, inability to relax, asthenic symptoms, various fears and paroxysmal autonomic instability.The results of the diagnostic psychological studies have found that men reactive alarm indicators (average – 37,7 ± 3,0) were higher than trait anxiety (average – 32,6 ± 2,9). On the contrary, women figures trait anxiety (average – 38,6 ± 2,9) were higher than reactive anxiety (average – 34,7 ± 3,0). Severity of depressive symptoms also slightly prevailed in women. The mean score on the Hamilton scale for men was 17,0 ± 2,3 points, women – 18,0 ± 2,3 points.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

It is often argued, that modern work and living in globalized knowledge society involve new demands and social stressors. This paper argues that it is meaningful to assume the existence of a psychological immune system that has emerged through the evolution of social mammals and humans. Accord to the theory, this system is activated in the case of social threats, loss or damage. When activated it causes psychological pain and depressive reaction. Similar to the innate immune system, the psychological immune system involves (social) behavior with the goal to limit damage and improve the odds for recovery. In the paper it is argued that modern work involves increased focus on social relations and cooperation. The experience of permanent changes at work, increased pressure and emotional demands lead to increasing risk for social loss and defeat at work. According to this theory such experiences will lead to psychological pain and depressive mental states. This theory can contribute to explaining the increasing prevalence of stress and depression.

Consistent with cognitive views of depression, we aimed to investigate the mediating role of personal goals in the relationship between stressful events and distinct patterns of depressive symptoms in a nonclinical sample. Participants identified a dysphoric episode that occurred in the previous year by reporting the severity of 12 depressive symptoms and their plausible cause. A goal taxonomy was used to determine how much the event interfered with the achievement of a series of personal goals. After controlling for age and current level of depression, the patterns of symptoms differed based on the triggering events. The relationship between sadness and affective losses was partially mediated by the personal goal of lovableness, and success was a partial mediator in the association between an event of failure and symptoms of worthlessness and anhedonia. Although the cross-sectional design of the study does not allow for conclusions on the direction of effects, findings suggest the importance of motivational factors in the development of specific patterns of depressive symptoms to adverse events. Assuming a continuum from low mood to clinical depression, treatment models could benefit from a precise identification of the specific stressors that initiate depressive behaviour and the personal meaning assigned to those events.

Although the disclosure of the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is recommended by several guidelines, many clinicians do not announce the diagnosis to their patient. One of the main arguments against disclosure is the fear of a depressive reaction. Our aim was to report the experience and agreement of patients and their caregivers regarding the disclosure of the diagnosis of AD. All the patients with a diagnosis of AD attending our memory clinic were screened during 1 year. The patients and their caregivers were interviewed with a structured questionnaire. We included 108 patients (mean age = 77; Mini-Mental State Examination = 21) and matched caregivers (mean age 65). Twenty-nine percent of patients said they had suffered when the diagnosis was disclosed and 5 % wished they had not been informed. Four percent felt more sad or depressed and 14 % more anxious since the disclosure. The caregivers reported that 32 % of patients had suffered from the disclosure, but only 15 % were still suffering. In 85 % of cases, the caregivers thought that the disclosure was useful. If they could go back in time and decide whether to disclose or not the diagnosis, only 4 % of caregivers would retrospectively disagree to disclose the diagnosis to the patient. The disclosure of AD can induce anxiety and sadness. However, these negative feelings seem to persist only in a minority of patients. The vast majority of patients and caregivers agrees with the disclosure.

Objectives The problem of prevalence and medical-social consequences of depressions stipulates for necessity of improvement of diagnosis and efficacy of therapy for such patients. In this aspect an important role belongs to adherence to the therapy which provides both cure and preventive influence of pharmacotherapy. Aim The aim of the study was to investigate medication compliance in male patients with depression. Methods The clinical-psychopathological method, the investigation of the compliance level and type, statistical methods were used. In the study 117 male patients with depressive disorders (62 with F43.21 and 55 with F32.0, F32.1) were examined. The control group consisted of 98 female patients (51 with F43.21 and 47 with F32.0, F32.1). Results It was demonstrated that male patients had a complete compliance in 25.6%, a partial compliance in 36.8%, and a poor compliance in 37.6% of cases. In male patients with depression a passive compliance type prevailed in 28.3% and a formal compliance type prevailed in 24.8% of cases. Wherein a formal compliance type predominated in male patients with depressive reaction F43.21 (32.2%) and a passive compliance type predominated in male patients with depressive episode F32.1 (41.48%). As compared with the control group, a statistically significant predominance of partial and poor compliances was detected in the group of male patients with depressions. Conclusions These data suggest that derelictions of adherence to the therapy occur more often in male patients with depressions than in female patients. It determines a necessity of measures to improve the compliance.

This study aims to compare generic coping styles adopted by adolescents suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) to styles used by their healthy peers, and to assess the association between disease-related characteristics, coping styles and health-related quality of life (hrqol). A generic coping style instrument, a disease-related coping style instrument and a disease-specific hrqol instrument were administered to 65 adolescents (12-18 years old) with ibd. Normative data from the generic instrument were available. Mean domain scores of ibd patients were compared to normative scores. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed on models with hrqol domains as dependent, and preselected demographic, disease-related characteristics and coping styles as independent variables. Adolescents with ibd use more avoidant coping styles than their healthy peers. hrqol is associated with disease-related coping styles and with disease activity. More use of a predictive coping style (having positive expectations about the disease) and less use of a depressive reaction pattern are associated with better hrqol in three out of six hrqol domains. This study suggests an association between coping styles and hrqol.

The author starting from a clinical vignette of a case of a young man with phobic symptoms but whose character was mainly obsessive, shows how the neurosis first became evident through a love experience in latency – his first exogamic attachment. After giving up this first love the patient falls into a depression, that later on is structured into an obsessive character disorder and colored by phobic symptoms. What remains from giving up the first love is submissiveness to the Super-ego (this last shown by the fact that the subject accuses himself and exculpates the mother-figure who is considered «not guilty»). The author sees in agreement with Roheim in neurosis more than the negative of a perversion. Neurosis in the adult is the negative of the childhood neurosis. Other solutions for the same conflict, besides the healthy adaptation to reality are: the maniac attitude, the depressive reaction (already described in the clinical vignette), homossexuality (mainly on those cases where narcissism has not been bypassed), a masochistic attitude (with erotisation of passivity and dependence).

Results are reported from a field study on 47 healthy subjects preparing and defending a PhD-thesis in the Netherlands. Measurements before, about and after thesis defense are used to quantify the temporal effects of this perceived stressor on immunological and psychological variables. Moreover, multivariate analysis of variance for repeated measurements was used to explore a potential causal relationship between changes in immune variables and changes in psychological variables. Significant temporal effects were observed for the immunological variables, percentage CD4 cells (p = 0.037), the proliferative response to pokeweed mitogen (p = 0.040), concanavalin A 10 μg/ml (p = 0.010) and concanavalin A 40 μg/ml (p = 0.005) and the psychological variables, average subjective distress (p = 0.002), highest subjective distress (p = 0.000) and the coping strategy depressive reaction pattern (p= 0.02). No evidence was obtained for a causal relation between the immunological and psychological variables.

Since 1997 in City Clinical Hospital №36 in Moscow acted the Department of Psychotherapy (DP). Psychotherapeutists and psychologists of DP contantly took place part in joint (together with internists) therapy the patients suffering from different extraordinary situations. So, 06.12.09 by airplanes of Minisry of Extraordinary Situations from Perm in Burn-Center of CCH №36 were delivered 12 patients. For our regret 3 patients died in the first days no come to consciousness. The others 9 patients have received intensive and long (22–97 bed-days) therapy in BC due to: burns from flame I-II-III-IV degree, 6–77% surface of body. Psychiatric diagnosis were: acute reaction on stress F43.0, posttraumatic stress-syndrom F43.1, disorder of adaptation F43.2 with/or not short depressive reaction 43.20 and also organic emotional labile (asthenic) disorder F06.6, organic disorder of personality F07.0, others organic disorders of personality and behavior F07.8. In result of therapy these patients by combustilogists and other internists with psychotherapeutists and psychologists (different kind of psychotherapy and psychocorrection) we received distinct improvement of somatopsychical state.In the morning 23.03.10 after explosions in two Moscow’ subway stations in CCH №36 were admitted 12 patients with diagnosis: mine-explosive, skeleton, burn and baro- traumas with concussions of brain, fractures of bones, termo-ingalation defeats and others. Psychiatric diagnosis: F43.0, F43.1, F 43.2, F 43. 20, F 06.6, F 07.0 F07.8 and also postcommotional syndrom F07.2. Rational and autogenic psychotherapy and psychological correction in all these patients added by Phenazepam and Azaphen resulted to improvement of somatopsychical state and quality of life.

When cardiac surgery first began, serious psychopathological disturbances, even culminating in psychoses, were prevalent. Since cardiac surgery has become routine and serious physical damage the exception, emotional reactions, in particular anxiety but also sadness and hostility, are receiving increased attention.

The loss of a limb is a stressful event in anyone’s life, producing emotional and psychological disturbances. How the patient reacts to amputation is very individual and chiefly depends upon their personality. However, other factors also play a part; the nature of the current experience, their previous life experiences, their expectations and attitude to disability and the support given by their family and society. Often patients showing the best early acceptance of amputation may not be the ones who come to terms with the situation best in the long term. They may later show a delayed depressive reaction.