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The relationship between social media use and adolescents' depression is gaining increasing research attention. However, studies have shown mixed results and little is known about the mediating mechanisms underlying this relationship. The present study investigates whether psychological security mediates the link between mobile social media use and depression, and explores the potential gender differences within this relationship. The sample included 860 Chinese adolescents (47.6% male) who completed the Adolescents' Mobile Social Media Usage Behavior Scale, the Security Questionnaire, and the Children's Depression Inventory. Results indicate that: (1) mobile social media use is negatively associated with adolescents' depression; (2) psychological security serves as an important mediator between mobile social media use and adolescents' depression; and (3) the relation between mobile social media use and psychological security differs by gender, such that this relation is positive for boys but negative for girls. In addition, the link between psychological security and depression is stronger for girls than for boys. These findings present important implications for the intervention in improper mobile social media use and depression., Author(s): Fanchang Kong [sup.1] , Huiying Deng [sup.1] , Sujie Meng [sup.1] , Yue Ge [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411407.7, 0000 0004 1760 2614, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and [...]

The most common negative consequences of trauma exposure are depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, both of which are promoted by personality type-D in the form of negative affectivity and social inhibition (Denollet et al. Psychosomatic Medicine, 8(12), 749-756, 2008 (See CR13); Vibhakar et al. Journal of Affective Disorders, 255, 77-89, 2019 (See CR57)). The aim of the study was to determine the links between the dimensions of type-D personality, depression and PTSD in a group of adolescents exposed to trauma. The sample comprised 99 high school students from Poland, aged from 17 to 18 (M = 17.4, SD = 0.49) who reported experiencing at least one traumatic event in their life. The participants were surveyed with the Life Events Checklist (LEC-5), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Children's Depression Inventory 2 (CDI 2) and DS14 to measure of two type-D personality dimensions. The most frequently-experienced traumatic events were road accident (79.8%), fire or explosion (62.6%) and physical assault (62.6%). Both type-D personality dimensions were positively associated with depression and PTSD symptoms. Mediation analysis showed that depression played a mediating role between type-D personality and PTSD, and that PTSD mediated the relationship between type-D personality and depression. Decreasing the tendency to experience negative emotions and social inhibition may contribute to reducing the symptoms of depression and PTSD after exposure to trauma., Author(s): Nina Oginska-Bulik [sup.1] , Paulina Michalska [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.10789.37, 0000 0000 9730 2769, Department of Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Lódz, , 91-433, Lódz, Poland [...]

Adolescence is a developmental phase marked by a high risk of depressive symptoms. The Diathesis-Stress Model of Depression proposed that different types of coping strategy can determine depression level in individuals differently. It was found that low self-esteem is linked with greater depressive symptoms among adolescents. Although past studies have discovered the effects of problem-focused coping on depression, there are limited studies examining the underlying mechanism among Malaysian adolescents. Thus, the present study investigated the intervening role of self-esteem on the association between problem-focused coping and depression among adolescents. A total of 852 secondary school students in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were recruited through multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants filled out self-reported questionnaires on depression, self-esteem, and problem-focused coping. SPSS macro was used to analyze the mediation model. The findings showed both self-esteem and problem-focused coping negatively correlated with adolescents' depression. Self-esteem in turn partially mediated the association between problem-focused coping and adolescents' depression. Thus, it is recommended that intervention on reducing depressive symptoms should focus on providing adolescents with the skills to use problem-focused coping. Workshops could be conducted to heighten adolescents' self-esteem through the help of teachers, parents and school counselors in reducing depressive symptoms among adolescents., Author(s): Chin Wen Cong [sup.1] , Wu Shin Ling [sup.2] , Tan Soon Aun [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.444472.5, 0000 0004 1756 3061, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences [...]

Depression is a common mental health problem in adolescence. In this study it was aimed to investigate attachment properties, emotion regulation skills and anger expression patterns in adolescents diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) and to compare the results with healthy controls' findings. Effects of having comorbid anxiety disorder (AD) to these psychological properties were also evaluated. The study was planned as three-centered, single-disciplinary, a cross-sectional study with a control group in Turkey. Depression group was consisted of 97 adolescents while control group was 101 adolescents. All participants were administered Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). Depression group had statistically lower scores in peer attachment and parent attachment, and higher scores in all subscales of DERS compared to the controls. Due to STAXI, it was observed that depression group obtained statistically significant higher scores in trait anger, repression of anger, expression of anger and statistically lower scores in control of anger, compared the controls. There was no difference in state anger between groups. In depression group, there were no significant differences for any promising psychiatric properties between adolescents with MDD and those with MDD + AD. The findings of this study supported that anger expression and emotional regulation difficulties were related with depression and that this relationship was also associated by attachment security. These findings are important for clinical practice to increase understanding of the association between attachment security, emotion regulation, anger expression and depression., Author(s): Gonca Özyurt [sup.1] , Yusuf Öztürk [sup.2] , Merve Onat [sup.3] , Caner Mutlu [sup.4] , Aynur Akay [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411795.f, 0000 0004 0454 9420, Department of [...]

This study examined self-esteem as a moderator of the influence of perceived stress and coping on symptoms of depression in a sample of 713 college students. The results suggest that [...]

We examined the relations between depression, emotional autonomy quality-related constructs of separation and detachment, and suicidal ideation, focusing on the unique and common contribution that depression, separation and detachment made to suicidal ideation. We also examined gender differences. 403 adolescents, 196 boys and 207 girls, completed self-report measures of depression, separation and detachment, and suicidal ideation. The data showed a significant relation between depression and suicidal ideation both for boys and girls, and between detachment and suicidal ideation only for boys. Results for boys supported an additive model such that depression and detachment each contributed unique variance to boys' suicidal ideation, and an interactive model such that detachment contributed to exacerbate the risk of suicidal ideation when boys were already at risk because of depression. The data for girls supported an interactive, but not additive, model such that depression and detachment did not contribute independently to girls' suicidal ideation but in a joint way. Keywords Adolescence * Suicidal ideation * Depression * Separation * Detachment DOI 10.1007/s10826-010-9364-9

This study aims to evaluate the predictive validity of the Children's Depression Inventory items for major depression disorder (MDD) in an outpatient clinic sample of Puerto Rican adolescents. The sample consisted of 130 adolescents, 13 to 18 years old. The five most frequent symptoms of the Children's Depression Inventory that best predict the presence of MDD were 'I worry about others' aches and pains,' 'I don't have any friends,' 'I have to push myself to do my schoolwork,' 'I have trouble sleeping every night,' and 'I do very badly in subjects I used to be good in.' Results demonstrated that the symptoms that best predict MDD in Puerto Rican adolescents are not necessarily the ones commonly described as characteristic of the disorder.

Byline: Pei-Chen Wu (1) Keywords: Differential item functioning (DIF); Mean and covariance structure analysis (MACS); Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II-C); Depression Abstract: The objectives of this study were (a) to investigate whether items of the Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II-C Chinese Behavioral Science Corporation in Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II [in Chinese]. The Chinese Behavioral Science Corporation, Taiwan, 2000) exhibited DIF across adolescent gender groups, in addition to exploring meaningful patterns of item content by gender and (b) to methodologically show how detecting DIF can be done by utilizing a well-known factor-analysis method--a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis with mean and covariance structure (MACS Sorbom in Br J Math Stat Psychol 27: 229--239, 1974 Sorbom in Structural equation models with structured means. North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 183--195, 1982). Two samples composed of 1,344 adolescent males and 1,578 adolescent females were analyzed. One nonuniform DIF item and seven uniform DIF items were identified across gender groups. The effects of DIF were inconsequential on the raw scores but significant on the latent mean. In regard to the patterns of item content by gender, the results have found that females were relatively more likely to endorse the item contents reflecting negative self-evaluation (item 7: self-dislike), emotional vulnerability (item 9: suicidal wishes item 10: crying) and irritation (item 17) whereas males were relatively more likely to endorse the item contents associated with frustration (item 3: failure), moodiness (item 4: loss of pleasure) and somatic habits (item 16: sleep pattern). Also, the universal and culturally specific influences on DIF items across gender groups were suspected. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Pingtung University of Education, No. 4--18 Ming Shen Road, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC Article History: Registration Date: 14/05/2009 Received Date: 14/01/2009 Accepted Date: 12/05/2009 Online Date: 28/05/2009

Puberty-specific brain function changes and their association with mood are studied. Reward-related brain function changes in puberty are associated with positive affect and depressive symptoms in adolescents. These changes may be compensated by increased reward-seeking behavior.

We examined the epidemiology and phenomenology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and minor depression among a community sample of 496 female adolescents. Diagnostic interviews were conducted annually for 7 years, allowing us to examine onset, course, and symptom presentation among participants 12 through 20 years old. Approximately 1 of 6 girls experienced MDD. MDD episodes hada mean duration of 5.3 months (SD = 4.2). One-year prevalence for MDD peaked at age 16 (5.3%). White racial status and younger age were associated with greater worthlessness and suicidality during an MDD episode. One of 5 girls met criteria for minor depression. Adolescents from racial/ethnic minority groups were at especially high risk for minor depression. Adolescence is a high-risk period for depression in young women, although its prevalence and phenomenology vary asa function of age and race/ethnicity. Keywords: unipolar depression; adolescents; epidemiology; phenomenology; race DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20629

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a potentially useful tool for clinicians who are exploring ways to improve treatment outcomes with depressed clients. MI techniques may be particularly appropriate with depressed adolescents, for whom motivation to engage in therapy is often a problem and who often experience ambivalence about life choices. The present article presents a case description of MI with a depressed adolescent who was ambivalent about what life change to pursue. MI was used to help the client identify conflicts between her values, learn how they were contributing to her distress, and move toward resolving them. Advantages and limitations of these techniques are discussed. [c] 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65:1168-1179, 2009. Keywords: motivational interviewing; depression; adolescent depression; psychotherapy integration; client-centered therapy DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20636

The elements and feasibility of a manual-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention are investigated using data from 110 suicidal adolescents with depression. The method involves a 12-week acute stage and a continuation stage, which is done in 6 months of contact. The method is mainly an individual therapy, but may also include family interventions.

Factors that predict suicidal attempts and events are studied using data from 124 adolescents with depression under an open treatment trial. Results show that on a 6-month follow-up, morbid risks of suicidal attempts and events were 0.12 and 0.19. Findings also reveal that significant treatment targets should include family cohesion and suicidal ideation.

Belief in a concerned God has been shown to be associated with lower depression through the mediation of hopelessness. This study hypothesized that this relationship would also be true longitudinally. Shortly after admission to treatment and 8 weeks later, 136 adults with clinical depression completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Religious Well-Being Scale (RWB). Logistic regression models supported an association of baseline RWB, but not baseline hopelessness, with a 50% reduction in symptoms after 8 weeks. Persons in the upper third of RWB at admission were 75% more likely to have a response to treatment than persons in the lower third. Clinicians need to be aware of the role of religion for their clients. Keywords: spirituality; religion; clinical depression; response to treatment; clinical sample

Anxiety sensitivity represents a robust risk factor for the development of anxiety symptoms among both adolescents and adults. However, the development of anxiety sensitivity among adolescents remains inadequately understood. In this study, the authors examined the role of stressful life events as a risk factor for the development of elevated anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety sensitivity was then examined in a longitudinal design as a mechanism linking stressful life events to changes in anxiety symptoms. Stressful life events, anxiety sensitivity, and internalizing symptoms were assessed in a diverse community sample of adolescents (N = 1,065) at 3 time points spanning 7 months. The results indicated that stressful life events were longitudinally associated with increases in anxiety sensitivity and that certain types of stressful life events, specifically events related to health and events related to family discord, were differentially predictive of increases in anxiety sensitivity. Moreover, anxiety sensitivity mediated the longitudinal relation between stressful life events and anxiety symptoms. Evidence was also found for the predictive specificity of anxiety sensitivity to symptoms of anxiety but not depression. Keywords: anxiety sensitivity, stress, anxiety, depression, adolescence

Data from two large longitudinal studies were used to analyze reciprocal relations between self-esteem and depressive symptoms across the adult life span. Study 1 included 1,685 participants aged 18 to 96 years assessed 4 times over a 9-year period. Study 2 included 2,479 participants aged 18 to 88 years assessed 3 times over a 4-year period. In both studies, cross-lagged regression analyses indicated that low self-esteem predicted subsequent depressive symptoms, but depressive symptoms did not predict subsequent levels of self-esteem. This pattern of results replicated across all age groups, for both affective-cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression, and after controlling for content overlap between the self-esteem and depression scales. The results suggest that low self-esteem operates as a risk factor for depressive symptoms at all phases of the adult life span. Keywords: self-esteem, depression, age differences, life span

Objective: The present investigation examined anxious arousal and anhedonic depression symptoms in relation to frequency of past-30-day marijuana use, as well as the role of marijuana-use coping motives in terms of mediating this relation. Method: The present sample included current young adult marijuana users (N = 154; 48.1% female; mean [SD] age = 20.75 [5.97] years) who were recruited via study flyers and printed advertisements in local newspapers placed throughout the Burlington, VT, community. Results: After controlling for daily cigarette smoking rate, alcohol consumption, and gender, anxious arousal symptoms, but not anhedonic depression symptoms, were significantly and uniquely associated with the frequency of marijuana use. In addition, coping motives for marijuana use mediated the relation between anxious arousal symptoms and the frequency of current marijuana use. Conclusions: These results provide novel information related to the explanatory role of marijuana-use coping motives in the relation between anxious arousal symptoms and the frequency of marijuana use among young adult active users. Clinical implications for the current findings are discussed., MARIJUANA CONTINUES TO BE THE MOST commonly used illicit drug in the United States and the world (Patton et al., 2002; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2004). Approximately [...]

The purpose of the present study was to uncover patterns in the generation of life events from symptom profiles and specific depression symptoms in an effort to obtain a fine-grained understanding of the stress-generation phenomenon. A community sample of 161 adolescents completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (A. T. Beck, 1996) at Time 1, and then 88 returned 1 year later for an assessment of life events using a rigorous contextual interview and rating system. Consistent with hypotheses, and controlling for baseline stress, cognitive-affective symptoms of depression prospectively predicted higher levels of dependent interpersonal life events. In contrast, somatic symptoms prospectively predicted higher levels of independent life events. Further examination of the types of events generated by specific symptoms suggests that different mechanisms may drive specific patterns of symptom-event generation and suggests that broadening the definition of independence may be necessary to capture the full context of event generation. Keywords: depression, symptoms, stressful life events, stress generation, adolescence

Research has addressed the consequences of being a victim of physical and relational aggression but less so the consequences of being an aggressor during adolescence. Consequently, relatively little is known about the extent to which aggression in early adolescence increases the risk of later aggression and other psychosocial problems. This study involves a representative sample of seventh- and ninth-grade students from Washington State (N = 1,942). Students were surveyed on recruitment and then again 1 and 2 years later to learn about ongoing behavior problems, substance use, depression, and self-harm behaviors. Surveys also included measures of several hypothesized promotive factors: attachment to family, school commitment, and academic achievement. Findings suggest that being physically and/or relationally aggressive in grades 7 to 9 increases the risk of aggression and possibly other problem behaviors after accounting for age, gender, race, and a prior measure of each outcome. Independent promotive effects were observed in most analyses, although family attachment appeared a less robust predictor overall. Implications for prevention include acting on the behavior itself and enhancing promotive influences to lessen the risk of agression and other related problems. Keywords: physical aggression; relational and indirect aggression; adolescence; substance abuse; depression; self-harm

Research has indicated that a sense of belonging is important for mental health. This study investigated sense of belonging to the general community, and sense of belonging to the lesbian community as predictors of depression among self identified lesbians (n = 178). Participants completed the Psychological subscale of the Sense of Belonging Instrument and the Depression subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Results showed that although sense of belonging to the general community and sense of belonging to the lesbian community were directly related to depression, only sense of belonging to the general community contributed significantly to the prediction of depression when they were entered together in a regression analysis. Sense of belonging to the general community and sense of belonging to the lesbian community interacted in the prediction of depression. Low sense of belonging to the general community buffered the association between sense of belonging to the lesbian community and depression, while high sense of belonging to the general community, exacerbated the association between sense of belonging to the lesbian community and depression. Results also showed that sense of belonging to the general community mediated the relation between sense of belonging to the lesbian community and depression. Results imply that enhancing a sense of belonging to the general community should be a priority for lesbians who do not feel that they belong to the lesbian community.

Genetic effects on adolescent depression have been consistently reported, but little is known about mediating pathways from the distal genotype to resultant behavioral symptoms. Identifying intermediate risk markers may provide clues on these pathways. In the present study, longitudinal twin and sibling data were used to address 3 issues pertaining to attributional style as a putative marker of genetic risk for adolescent depression: state independence by assessing predictive effects between attributional style and depressive symptoms, heritability of attributional style at different time points, and genetic links between attributional style and depressive symptoms characterizing concurrent and longitudinal associations. The authors further examined whether these predictive and genetic links varied across levels of stress, age, and gender. Negative attributions preceded, co-occurred with, and followed symptoms. The predictive association between earlier negative attributions and later depressive symptoms did not differ by stress, age, or gender. Attributional style was moderately heritable at both time points. Genetic links with concurrent and prospective depressive symptoms were larger in individuals reporting higher levels of stress, who were older and female. Implications for attributional style as a marker reflecting genetic risks are discussed. Keywords: adolescence, attributional style, depressive symptoms, genetic risk marker

This prospective study investigated a cognitive diathesis--stress model of depression in adolescents across the transition from 6th to 7th grade using individual, additive, weakest link, and keystone approaches to operationalizing the cognitive vulnerability. Participants were 240 young adolescents (mean age = 11.87 years, SD = 0.57) who differed in risk for mood disorders based on their mother's history of depression. Results of the hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated some support for the individual, additive, weakest link, and keystone diatheses. In particular, the weakest link diathesis interacted with stress and gender to predict increases in depressive symptoms in 7th grade; the form of this interaction was consistent with the cognitive diathesis--stress model for boys, whereas for girls the pattern of relations reflected more of a dual-vulnerability model. That is, high levels of depressive symptoms were found for all girls except those with more positive cognitive styles and low stress levels. These findings highlight the utility of examining different approaches to combining measures of cognitive vulnerability in conjunction with stress in predicting depressive symptoms, and the importance of exploring gender differences with regard to the cognitive diathesis--stress model. Keywords: depression, adolescents, stress, cognitive vulnerability

Objective: To examine childhood sexual abuse in Australian childbearing adolescents and the contribution of abuse variables (sexual and physical abuse) to antenatal and postpartum depression and anxiety in adolescents. Methods: Seventy-nine adolescents proceeding with a pregnancy for the first time were surveyed about abuse experiences and were administered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at the third trimester and at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Results: The prevalence of physical abuse before the age of 16 years was 20.5% and 9% of adolescents met the criteria for sexual abuse. Overall, 20.5% adolescents experienced some kind of abuse (sexual or physical) and 9% experienced both sexual and physical abuse. An experience of sexual and/or physical abuse was related to depression and anxiety in the postpartum, but not during pregnancy. Conclusions: The difficulties associated with the transition to parenting may be exacerbated for adolescent childbearers who have a history of abuse, and in turn, may increase vulnerability to experiencing depression and anxiety. Depression and anxiety may increase perceived stress and compromise their functioning and their ability to parent. Keywords: Sexual abuse Adolescents Depression Anxiety Postpartum

This study focuses on the hopelessness theory to explain depressive symptoms in adolescents, The aim is to assess which dimensions of the attributional style (causal attribution, attribution of consequences, implications for the self, total score, and weakest link score) better moderate the impact of negative events on the increase of depressive symptoms. For this purpose, 856 Spanish adolescents (449 girls and 407 boys, ages between 14 and 17 years) were assessed at the beginning of the school year and at followup 6 months later. They completed measures of depressogenic cognitive style [Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2002). Measuring cognitive vulnerability to depression in adolescents: Reliability, validity, and gender differences. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 491-504], negative life events, and depressive symptoms. The results show that only the dimension of attribution of stable and global causes moderated the impact of the negative events on the increase of depression at follow-up. The results are discussed in terms of the meaning of the weakest link score and the construct of attributional style from a developmental perspective. Keywords: Hopelessness Depression Adolescents Weakest link hypothesis

The present study examined the gender differences in the relationship between victimization and depression, as well as in the buffering effect of social support, in Hong Kong adolescents. Based on social role theory, we predicted (a) that victimization would be associated with higher depression in boys than in girls, and (b) that social support would have a stronger buffering effect in boys than in girls. Results showed that boys reported more victimizations than girls, and victimization was slightly more strongly associated with depressive symptoms in boys than in girls. Parental support had a direct effect on depression, but no buffering effect. A buffering effect was found for friend support, but only in boys; high support from friends was associated with fewer depressive symptoms at high levels of victimization. Keywords: peer victimization; depression; social support; adolescents

A study to explore the distinct methods like parent self-report, and child self-report of assessing the family environment in relation to each other and to depression in mothers and children is conducted. Results provide evidence of convergence and the utilization of multiple methods in assessing positivity and negativity in the family environment of mothers and their young adolescent offspring.

The development of depressive attributional style (AS) and its role as a cognitive diathesis for depression were examined in children and adolescents (Grades 2-9). In a 4-wave longitudinal study of 3 overlapping age cohorts, AS, negative life events, and depressive symptoms were evaluated every 12 months. Consistency of children's attributions across situations was moderately high at all ages. The cross-sectional structure of AS changed with age, as stability became a more salient aspect of AS than internality and globality. The structure of AS also changed, becoming more traitlike as children grew older. In longitudinal analyses, evidence of a Cognitive Diathesis x Stress interaction did not emerge until Grades 8 and 9, suggesting that AS may not serve as a diathesis for depression at younger ages. Results suggest that attributional models of depression may require modification before they are applied across developmental levels. Keywords: depression, children, adolescents, longitudinal, cognitive style

This study examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; A. T. Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) in samples of high-school adolescents (N=414; 210 boys and 204 girls, ages 14-18 years). Confirmatory factor analyses provided satisfactory fit estimates for the two- and three-factor oblique solutions reported frequently in the extant literature. The solution to a general factor with domain-specific somatic and cognitive-affective factors was examined as an alternative model to previously established models for the current high-school sample data. Results provided stronger support for the general factor model. Estimates of internal consistency for scores on this instrument were high (coefficient [alpha] = .92, average interitem correlation =.35). The mean BDI-II total score for the nonclinical samples (M= 12.50, SD = 10.50) was compared with the mean scores reported for various adolescent normative samples in the extant literature. The BDI-II total score correlated moderately and significantly with scores on self-report measures of hopelessness (r=.63), anxiety (r= .53), and suicide-related behaviors (r=.57), providing support of adequate correlates for the BDI-II. Estimates of known-groups validity were evaluated using data from a small sample of 167 clinical adolescent inpatients. Specific study findings, limitations, and recommendations are discussed. Keywords: depression severity; factor analyses; nonclinical adolescents; psychometrics

Using symbolic interaction, we developed a research model that proposed adolescent perceptions of parental support and psychological control would be related to adolescent depressed mood directly and indirectly through self-esteem. We tested the model using self-report questionnaire data from 161 adolescents living with both of their biological parents. To examine possible gender of adolescent differences, we tested two multigroup models separately for adolescents' perceptions of mothers' and fathers' parental behaviors. Both the fathers' and mothers' models yielded (a) direct paths from self-esteem to depressed mood (for boys and girls), psychological control to depressed mood (for boys) and (b) an indirect path from support to self-esteem to depressed mood (for girls and boys) and an indirect path from psychological control to self-esteem to depressed mood (for girls). In addition, in the fathers' model a significant direct path was found between fathers' support and depressed mood (for girls). Keywords Psychological control * Support * Self-esteem * Depression * Adolescent

The reasons for the differences between early and recent meta-analytic estimates of the impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for adolescent depression are examined. Despite the differences, results indicate CBT as an effective treatment therapy.

This study examines gender differences in the association between symptoms of depression and substance use during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. Data are from three waves of the US-based National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 10,828). Results from latent growth curve analysis demonstrate that the association between depressive symptomatology and substance use is bi-directional. Adolescents who are initially more depressed begin the study period with substantially higher levels of substance use than their better-adjusted peers, yet they are less vulnerable to increases in smoking (girls only), binge drinking (girls and boys), and illicit drug use (girls only) across the transition to young adulthood. Also, adolescents who start out with higher than average cigarette, alcohol, and illicit drug use experience a faster rate of decline in symptoms of depression over time compared to those who start out with lower levels of substance use. This association appears to be more pronounced for girls than for boys. Despite their faster rate of decline in depressive symptoms, girls and boys who have higher initial levels of substance use report higher levels of depressive symptomatology at all three time points. Keywords: USA; Psychological distress; Substance use; Gender; Transition to adulthood; Depression

The relationship between American adolescents' participation in physical activity and severity of depressive symptoms is presented. The findings highlighted the gender variability in the psychological correlates of sporting participations.

Byline: Marjut A. Wallenius (1) Keywords: depressive mood; health; personal projects; stress Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine how personal project stress and stress related to different personal project contents are associated with subjective health and depressive mood among adults. Participants were 343 men and women (20--76 years old), who responded to the questionnaire including the Little's Personal Project Analysis, and health and depression measures. As expected, high personal project stress was related to lower perceived general health, greater number of health complaints, and higher level of depressive mood. Further analysis showed that general health, health complaints, and depressive mood were predicted by stress related to specific personal project contents. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Psychology, University of Tampere, Fin--33014, Finland Article History: Registration Date: 02/03/2006 Accepted Date: 26/02/2006 Online Date: 14/07/2006

Family relationships across 3 groups of adolescents were compared: (a) those with unipolar depressive disorders (n = 82); (b) those with subdiagnostic depressive symptoms (n = 78); and (c) those without emotional or behavioral difficulties (n = 83). Results based on multisource, multimethod constructs indicated that depressed adolescents, as well as those with subdiagnostic symptomatology, experience less supportive and more conflictual relationships with each of their parents than do healthy adolescents. These findings are notable in demonstrating that adverse father--adolescent relationships are associated with depressive symptomatology in much the same way as mother--adolescent relationships. As well, the findings add to the emerging evidence that adolescents with subdiagnostic symptoms experience difficulties in social relationships similar to those experienced by adolescents with depressive disorder. Keywords: adolescent depression, mother--child relations, father--child relations, subdiagnostic

The objective of the present analysis was to examine the relationship between vigorous/moderate or strength training exercise, and mental health in a national sample of college females. Secondary data (n = 22,073) from the National College Health Assessment administered during the Spring 2002 and 2003 semesters were used in a cross-sectional design. Depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and perceived health were the dependent variables; and two measures of weekly exercise frequency were the independent variables. Vigorous/moderate exercise was associated with positively associated perceived health and modestly negatively associated with depression. Strength training exercise was positively associated with perceived health and modestly negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. These findings support an association between two forms of exercise and several indicators of mental health. Additional longitudinal research is needed prior to endorsing exercise as treatment for mental disorders. KEYWORDS. Exercise, depression, anxiety, mental health, college students

Previous research showed concurrent validity for the Depression Self-rating Scale for Iranian adolescents, so the present purpose was to evaluate construct validity. The scale was distributed to 2,012 school students in Grades 5 to 10. Factor analysis using varimax rotation yielded four factors interpretable as depressed mood, hopelessness, lack of pleasurable activities, and physiological symptoms. These factors accounted for 44% of the variance and provide some support for construct validity of the scale in Iranian adolescents.