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Dependence on a partner facilitates various types of relationship maintenance effort. In this paper, we report on two experiments in which the level of dependence was manipulated. Study 1 tested whether dependence promotes other enhancement (a form of ingratiation, whereby the likeability of the partner is positively distorted). Study 2 tested whether dependence amplifies a sense of guilt after inadvertently committing a mild form of transgression against the partner, and whether amplified guilt facilitates self-punishment. In both experiments, dependence was manipulated in a conceptually similar manner: Participants' experimental rewards were partially determined by their partner's decision. Dependence promoted other enhancement (Study 1) but did not amplify guilt, and failed to promote self-punishment (Study 2). Possible reasons for the contradictory findings of the two studies are discussed., Author(s): Yohsuke Ohtsubo [sup.1] , Ayano Yagi [sup.1] , Koji Kandori [sup.1] , Asami Matsumura [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0001 1092 3077, grid.31432.37, Faculty of Letters, Department of Psychology, [...]

Objective: The aim of this investigation was to test whether interdependence in dyads living with breast cancer could account for person-partner crossover effects in distress outcomes. Method: The sample consisted of 95 dyads with early-stage breast cancer. By using reciprocal dyadic data from women with breast cancer and their partners, we fit a structural equation model of the actor-partner interdependence model to examine the interaction of participants' depression and stress in predicting their partner's health outcomes. Results: Results revealed a pattern of influence whereby the interaction of high levels of depression coupled with high levels of stress in women with breast cancer was associated with lowered physical health and well-being in their partners. Although depression seemed to be the key mechanism in predicting distressing outcomes, when depression was combined with any additional stress, the level of physical distress was significantly greater. Results provided preliminary empirical support for crossover effects in the physical well-being of close relational partners in a cancer-related context. Further, results showed that distressing outcomes need not be limited to emotional distress but can also include physical distress. Conclusions: The findings from this study illustrate why it is not sufficient to concentrate care solely on the patient with cancer. Monitoring the social well-being of patients as they go through the cancer process could be as important as assessing their psychological state or other peripheral biomarkers. This line of inquiry would be advanced by including methods other than self-report in assessments of psychological and physical health. Keywords: breast cancer, dyadic, interdependence, health outcomes DOI: 10.1037/a0017724

This diary study examined situational dependence within daily interactions with family members and close friends over a 2-week period. Experiencing low personal control (high situational dependence) when interacting with family members and friends was associated with lower perceived regard and intimacy. Participants generally regulated felt dependence by derogating and withdrawing from their interaction partner (self-protective dependence regulation) and exhibiting lower levels of positive behavior, such as expressing thoughts and feelings or trying to improve the interaction (relationship-promotive dependence regulation). Furthermore, higher rejection sensitivity (but not low self-esteem) was associated with more negative evaluations of perceived regard and intimacy, greater self-protective dependence regulation, and lower relationship-promotive dependence regulation within low control interactions. These results identify dependence as a key element of rejection risk contexts and support the situation-specific nature of rejection sensitivity. Keywords: dependence regulation; rejection sensitivity; self-esteem; family and friends; multilevel mediation

The authors examined the relationship between self-criticism, dependency, and treatment outcome for 102 participants who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria for major depressive disorder. The participants were randomly assigned to receive either cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT), or pharmacotherapy with clinical management (PHT-CM) and completed the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (Blatt, D'Affilitti, & Quinlan, 1976), a measure of self-criticism and dependency, as part of a broader research protocol. Regression analyses indicated that among individuals in IPT, self-criticism predicted poorer treatment outcome based on depressive symptom severity measured using the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Hamilton, 1960, 1967). In addition, there were trends toward dependency predicting worse treatment response in CBT and self-criticism predicting better treatment response in PHT-CM. Keywords: Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; dependency; self-criticism; depression; treatment outcome; cognitive-behavioral therapy; interpersonal therapy

The extent to which accommodation reduces negative outcomes connected to dependence in daily interactions with romantic partners is examined. The findings suggest that pro-relationship reactions to situational dependency do minimize the negative outcomes associated with dependence.

A number of recent papers have suggested that the series of time intervals produced in continuation tapping may have fractal properties. This proposition, nevertheless, was only based on the visual appraisal of graphical results, and was not statistically supported. In the present study, we applied the ARMA/ARFIMA modeling procedures proposed by Wagenmakers, Farrell, and Ratcliff (2005) to test for the presence of long-range dependencies in continuation tapping data. Our results demonstrate the presence of long-range dependencies in most series and offer strong support for the hypothesis that fluctuations in tapping series are fractal in nature. Resume Un certain nombre d'articles recents ont suggere que les series d'intervalles de temps produites lors de taches de tapping en continuation peuvent presenter des caracteristiques fractales. Neanmoins, cette proposition ne reposait que sur l'evaluation visuelle des resultats graphiques et ne s'appuyait pas par des donnees statistiques. Dans la presente etude, nous avons applique les procedures de modelisation ARMA/ARFIMA proposees par Wagenmakers, Farrell et Ratcliff (2005) pour tester la presence de dependances a long terme dans les series de tapping en continuation. Nos resultats revelent la presence de dependances a long terme dans la plupart des series et offrent consolident l'hypothese selon laquelle les fluctuations dans des series de tapping sont de nature fractale.

Research indicates that economic dependency in women and emotional dependency in men independently contribute to domestic-partner abuse risk and that high levels of emotional dependency in an abused partner may reduce the likelihood that the victimized person will terminate the relationship. An analysis of psychological factors and social forces that contribute to domestic violence suggests that multimodal intervention strategies are needed to combat this complex problem. Keywords: emotional dependency, economic dependency, partner abuse, physical abuse, domestic violence

This research examined the associations of unipolar depression with immature dependence and self-criticism (S.J. Blatt et al., 1995) in a sample of graduate students with a diagnosed history of depression. A battery of tests was completed by 158 students, and a subset (n = 102) was reached approximately 20 months later for the assessment of new depressive onsets. Self-criticism and neuroticism were uniquely associated with a past history of depression, and self-criticism and immature dependence interacted in predicting past occurrences of depression. Self-criticism was increasingly associated with past depressive episodes as level of immature dependence increased. The interaction of immature dependence and self-criticism was also evident in predicting future occurrence of depression after controlling statistically for the effects of current symptoms, neuroticism, certain Axis II diagnoses, and number of previous depressive episodes. This interactive effect suggests that individuals with high levels of both self-criticism and immature dependence are particularly prone to depressive episodes. Keywords: self-criticism; immature dependence; major depression

A study was conducted at the New York City Department for the Aging Elderly Crime Victim' s Unit (ECVU) to examine the relationship between dependency and compliance rates. Dependency was defined by the total score for each case on the Victim Dependency Scale and Abuser Dependency Scale. Compliance was defined as the act of accepting a referral and compliance rates were determined by counting the total number of referrals the victim accepted. Findings indicated that the only factor associated with compliance rates was if the abuser had a mental illness/substance abuse problem. If the abuser did have this problem, the victim was significantly more likely to accept a referral for services as compared to victims whose abusers did not have a mental illness/substance abuse problem (t = -2.774, df = 36.899, p < .01). The authors offer explanations as to why this research was important and the implications it has on future research. KEYWORDS. Elder abuse, dependency, compliance, mental illness, substance abuse

The authors present a model that explains how subordinates perceive the power of their supervisors and the causal mechanisms by which these perceptions translate into subordinate outcomes. Drawing on identity and resource-dependence theories, the authors propose that supervisors have power over their subordinates when they control resources needed for the subordinates' enactment and maintenance of current and desired identities. The joint effect of perceptions of supervisor power and supervisor intentions to provide such resources leads to 4 conditions ranging from highly functional to highly dysfunctional: confirmation, hope, apathy, and progressive withdrawal. Each of these conditions is associated with specific outcomes such as the quality of the supervisor--subordinate relationship, turnover, and changes in the type and centrality of various subordinate identities. Keywords: social power, dependence, role identity, self verification

SOCIAL INTERDEPENDENCE THEORY Nature of Social Interdependence Social interdependence exists when the outcomes of individuals are affected by each other's actions (D. W. Johnson & Johnson, 1989). There are two [...]

RESEARCH ON SOCIAL INTERDEPENDENCE Amount of Research The study of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic efforts is commonly recognized as the oldest field of research in American social psychology. In the [...]

Purpose: This study explores the development and testing of an instrument to measure long-term-care planning behavior. Design and Methods: Researchers operationalized proposed constructs and response styles as statements in a questionnaire. A telephone survey involved 150 randomly selected residents of Miami-Dade County, Florida who were between the ages of 55 and 70. Responses underwent exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and reliability testing. Results: The trimmed long-term-care planning instrument of 23 items had five subscales with high internal reliability (coefficients > .70), a comparative fit index of .987, and a root mean square error of approximation of .050. Responses involved making choices about housing, readiness to use help from family and friends, maintaining one's health, saving and investing money, and not accepting the need to ask for help. Implications: Future research of long-term-care planning behaviors can use the instrument. Practitioners may use the instrument as a diagnostic inventory, alone or in combination with personalized educational interventions aimed at increasing awareness of and planning for future dependency and long-term-care assistance. Key Words: Instrument, Concept development, Dependency, Formal care, Informal care

This article reviews the current status of career theory in practice and presents a theoretical overview of relational theory and its logical extension to the career domain. Despite the emergence of literature regarding the interconnectedness of career progress and the quality of relationships in one&apos;s life (e.g., D. L. Blustein, 2001; D. L. Blustein, M. S. Prezioso, & D. E. R Schultheiss, 1995; D. E. P. Schultheiss, H. M. Kress, A. J. Manzi, & J. M. Glasscock, 2001), counseling practice is limited by the absence of a meaningful approach to intervene in clients&apos; relational and career worlds. The relational career counseling approach moves counseling toward a contextually based relational perspective to facilitating career progress. This approach is illustrated with a case example., Embedded in our mainstream culture is the propensity to equate the need for connection and relationship with dependency--something to be avoided in favor of independent thought and judgment (Stiver, 1991). [...]

The study investigated whether both mothers' and daughters' paternalism beliefs influenced the daughters' paternalistic caregiving decision making. Fifty mother-daughter dyads (mothers' age was 82.6, daughters' age was 54.9), where daughters provided at least 10 hours of caregiving help weekly and mothers retained their cognitive functioning, were interviewed individually. Each was assessed on paternalism beliefs, instrumental activities of daily living, the number of paternalistic caregiving decisions made by the daughter, conflict over caregiving decisions, and satisfaction with the decisions. Both mother's and daughter's paternalism beliefs were related to the number of the daughter's paternalistic decisions, as was the degree of the mother's dependency (p < .05). Daughters' reports of conflict over decisions were related to differences in mothers' and daughters' paternalism beliefs, whereas mothers' reports of conflict were related only to the daughters' paternalism beliefs. Decision satisfaction was unrelated to beliefs. Implications for practitioners are suggested.

Byline: Jo Ann Lee (1), Matthew Walker (2), Richard Shoup (2) Keywords: elder care; caregiver; work/family conflict Abstract: The current study investigated the effects of balancing elder care and work on emotional health. Responses from 43 retired caregivers, 211 not retired caregivers, 49 retired non-caregivers, and 224 not retired non-caregivers, who had participated in the national Health and Retirement Study, served as the data base. Results indicate that Caregiver Status (Caregiver vs. Non-caregiver) and Retirement Status (Retired vs. Not Retired) interact, depending on the measure of emotional health. The relationship between the number of depression symptoms reported and Caregiver Status depended on whether the respondent was also retired or employed a significant interaction was not found when emotional health was measured with one overall item. A significant difference was not found between employed caregivers and employed non-caregivers, in terms of emotional health. Employed caregivers who gave more caregiving hours did report poorer emotional health than employed caregivers who gave fewer hours. Female caregivers reported more depression symptoms than male caregivers. The results suggest that employers may need to develop interventions which may help caregivers who are highly involved with caregiving responsibilities. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Psychology, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223 (2) University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA Article History: Registration Date: 17/10/2004

This article examines social factors that contribute to the high incidence of physical, sexual, emotional, and disability-related abuse among disabled women. Women with disabilities have an increased risk of abuse due to negative stereotypes, social stigma, and an increased reliance on personal care providers and intimate partners.

The Challenger space shuttle disaster of 1986 is used to demonstrate the detrimental effects of excessive centrality of control and the resultant intensification of dependency relations. Excessive centrality produced a culture of conformity in which individual and group conflicts were suppressed.

A new study examines the links between tobacco/nicotine dependance and Eysenck's personality traits in male long-term smokers in Japan.

Individuals remarrying following divorce have a greater probability of a subsequent divorce than those marrying for the first time. Societal factors, unequal exchanges, and personality traits have been identified as risk factors for this higher probability. Attachment theory (Bowlby, 1983) suggests attachment style, as a personality trait, has implications for the higher divorce rate. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between attachment style and marrying multiple times. The findings indicate that multiple marriers are more likely to be avoidantly attached and less likely to be anxiously attached. Additionally, those marrying for the first time to a previously married person have similar insecure attachment styles. Keywords. Divorce, remarriage, attachment

D.C. McClelland, R. Koestner, and J. Weinberger (1989) argued that self-report tests assess self-attributed needs (i.e., motives that are openly acknowledged by the actor), whereas projective tests assess implicit needs (i.e., motives that affect behavior without conscious awareness on the actor's part). The present studies examined the effects of implicit and self-attributed dependency strivings on laboratory and field measures of help seeking. In Study 1, college students were prescreened with widely used objective and projective dependency tests, then underwent an information manipulation designed to influence their attention to dependency-related issues. As expected, dependency status and information condition interacted to predict help-seeking behavior. Study 2 used experience-sampling procedures to demonstrate that implicit and self-attributed dependency needs differentially predict direct and indirect help seeking in vivo.

Aspects of interpersonal, personality, and cognitive models of depression were tested in a college sample. The perceptions and actual interpersonal behaviors of dependent and self-critical women and their romantic partners were assessed during a conflict-resolution task. Dependent women were characterized by positive biases in the perception of lovingness expressed within the relationship. The partners of dependent women, however, experienced a decrease in positive affect and a trend toward increasing hostility during the conflict-resolution task. Self-critical women were objectively rated as less loving and more hostile, and their partners were also rated as less loving. Self-critics also exhibited negative biases in self-perceptions of submissiveness. The results are interpreted within a comprehensive framework integrating various elements of interpersonal, personality, and cognitive models of depression.

As computer game playing is a popular activity among adolescents, a questionnaire study was undertaken with 387 adolescents (12-16 years of age) to establish their 'dependence' using a scale adapted from the DSM-III-R criteria for pathological gambling. Analysis indicated that one in five adolescents were currently 'dependent' upon computer games. Boys played significantly more regularly than girls and were more likely to be classified as 'dependent.' The earlier children began playing computer games it appeared the more likely they were to be playing at 'dependent' levels. These and other results are discussed in relation to research on other gaming dependencies.

Cognitive and interpersonal models of depression were integrated by examining the links between parental representations and the interpersonal behaviors of individuals at risk for depression. Study 1 assessed the quantity and type of social support associated with Dependency and Self-Criticism. Study 2 examined the parental representations related to these personality styles, in an effort to document cognitive variables that might contribute to interpersonal behaviors. Self-critics were found to be more dysphoric over a 21-day, self-monitoring period, made fewer requests for social support, and showed lower perceptions of support. Peers did not report providing less support to self-critics, but found them less expressive and did not know them as well. Study 2 found pervasive, negative parental representations associated with Self-Criticism providing a cognitive underpinning to social distancing. Dependent participants reported higher levels of support, which was corroborated by the peer reports. Study 2 found Dependency to be related to favorable representation of parents for friendly and submissive, but not hostile, situations. The impact of cognitive representations for interpersonal functioning is highlighted, and reciprocal processes between the two are discussed.

Byline: P. Bizouarn (1), Y. Blanloeil (1), C. Billaud-Debarre (1) Keywords: Key words Right ventricle; Right ventricular function; Cardiac surgery; Ventilation; mechanical: weaning; Spontaneous ventilation; Hemodynamics Abstract: Objective: The study was designed to investigate the right ventricular (RV) reaction to weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV) in patients with and without volume loading after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Design: Controlled study. Setting: Surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients: 18 patients were randomized in two groups, Control group (n = 9) and Volume group (n = 9), when the established criteria for weaning from the respirator were satisfied. Intervention: During MV, patients in the Volume group received in rapid (10-min) 6 ml/kg infusion of a 6 % hydroxyethyl starch preparation. Measurements and results: Hemodynamic parameters were measured using a combined right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction-oximetry pulmonary artery catheter at T0 (during MV: baseline), T1 (during MV: 10 min after volume loading or at the same time in the Control group), T2 [after 20 min of spontaneous ventilation (SV)]. In the Control group, RV volumes did not differ throughout the study, while cardiac index (CI) and RV stroke work index (RVSWI) increased from T1 to T2. In the Volume group, RV volumes increased from T0 to T1, further increasing from T1 to T2, whereas CI increased only from T0 to T1. In this group, RVSWI increased from T0 to T1 in 8/9 patients and from T1 to T2 in 6/9 patients. Conclusions: An increase in RV volumes with a concomitant increase in RVSWI was observed in high preload patients when going from MV to SV, suggesting a preserved RV function during weaning from MV in this group compared with control patients. The depression in RV contractility observed in some patients suggested that rapid volume expansion before weaning from MV in CABG patients must be done carefully. Author Affiliation: (1) Service d'Anesthesie-Reanimation, Hopital G. et R. LaA< Article note: Received: 25 April 1997 Accepted: 24 September 1997

The origins and functions of feeling economically dependent on one's job were examined among a sample of 168 hospital workers. As predicted, economic dependency was found to be greater the more dependents workers have, the less money they earn from their jobs, the less other income they have in their family units, the more they adhere to an instrumental work orientation, and the less mobile they perceive themselves to be. Also as predicted, it was found that economic dependency fully mediated the relationship between 4 of the 5 antecedents (number of dependents, other income, instrumental values, and perceived mobility) and the subjective well-being of workers. Job-related income was observed to have both direct and indirect effects. Further, the relationship between economic dependency and subjective well-being was negative. These latter findings are discussed and implications drawn for the future use of the economic dependency construct.

Byline: M. Boussarsar (1), L. Besbes (1), H. Gamra (2), S. Nouira (1), S. Elatrous (1), F. Betbout (2), M. Ben Farhat (2), F. Abroug (1) Keywords: Key words Weaning; Mechanical ventilation; Balloon mitral commissurotomy Abstract: Successful weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV) following percutaneous balloon mitral commissurotomy (BMC) is reported in a 59-year-old woman with severe symptomatic rheumatic mitral stenosis. The patient was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit for acute respiratory failure secondary to pulmonary edema requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. After resolution of the acute phase, she became completely dependent on mechanical ventilatory support. In spite of the reinforcement of conventional therapy (diuretics, digitalis, vasodilators), weaning attempts were unsuccessful because of persisting elevated left atrial pressure. Percutaneous BMC was performed with favorable hemodynamic results, allowing the removal of external ventilatory support 24 h later and discharge from the Intensive Care Unit the same day. Author Affiliation: (1) Service de Reanimation Polyvalente, CHU F. Bourguiba, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia FAX: +2 16 (3) 46 06 78 (2) Service de Cardiologie, CHU F. Bourguiba, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia Article note: Received: 27 August 1996 Accepted: 29 May 1997

Extreme emotional dependence in the primary relationship has been noted as a central motivational feature in wife abuse. We report the development of gender-specific scales on dependency specific to the marital relationship. One hundred fifty nine items were assigned to 15 scales according to conceptual similarity, and administered to 196 individuals in steady dating relationships. Principal components analysis followed by item analysis resulted in three factors that best represented the 15 rational scales for both men and women: Anxious Attachment, Exclusive Dependency, and Emotional Dependency. Clinical implications are discussed and areas for further research are suggested. KEY WORDS: gender-specific scale; dependency; marital relationship; spouse-specific dependency scale.

Although dependency in adults is inextricably linked with passivity and submissiveness in the minds of many theoreticians, clinicians, and researchers, evidence has accumulated which suggests that in certain situations, dependency is actually associated with high levels of activity and assertiveness. Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that when a dependent person is concerned primarily with getting along with a peer, he or she will 'self-denigrate' (i.e., will utilize strategies that ensure that a peer will be evaluated more positively than he or she is on a laboratory task), but when a dependent person is concerned primarily with pleasing an authority figure, he or she will 'self-promote' (i.e., will adopt strategies that increase the likelihood that he or she will be evaluated more positively than a peer on a laboratory task). This hypothesis was supported in all three experiments. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed, and an interactionist model of interpersonal dependency is briefly described.

Provisional statistics are provided for MMPI-2 Dependency (Dy), Prejudice (Pr), Social Status (St), Control (Cn), and Low Back Pain (Lb) scales. The statistics were derived primarily from the 1957 MMPI normative sample of Hathaway and Briggs, but means also are given for the MMPI-2 normative group. Both men and women in the MMPI-2 group scored higher than the MMPI sample on St and Lb but lower on Dy, Pr, and Cn.

This research examined dependency and self-criticism and their relation to depression and social-personal adjustment. Seventy-seven subjects at a summer day camp, aged 8-14 years, completed the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire devised by Blatt et al. in 1992, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children devised in 1980, and a measure of self-esteem (SE) devised by Harter in 1982. Each subject was rated independently by two counselors on social, athletic, and general functioning. Results revealed that self-criticism, but not dependency, was positively related to depression. Moreover, self-criticism was associated with negative self-ratings in social and sports domains and in general SE. Counselor ratings confirmed social problems and perceptions of low SE for self-critics. Dependency was unrelated to self or counselor ratings, except for a trend toward a positive relation for social functioning. Analyses indicated a discrepancy between self and counselor ratings for self-critics but not for dependents, so that self-critics appear to exaggerate their weaknesses in social and athletic functioning. Finally, self-criticism decreased with age, while dependency was unrelated to age.

Using the interpersonal circumplex and the 5-factor model of personality as a structural framework, the authors identified 3 aspects of interpersonal dependency in structural analyses of the universe of content defined by the combined item pool of widely used self-report dependency measures: love dependency, exploitable dependency, and submissive dependency. Markers of these aspects of interpersonal dependency were reconstituted, and their relations with neuroticism (N), conscientiousness (C), and openness to experience (O) were examined. All forms of interpersonal dependency are related positively with N. Exploitable and submissive dependency are increasingly negatively correlated with C and O, whereas love dependency is positively correlated with C and O. Implications regarding the assessment of dependency and multifactor models of dependency are discussed, and hypotheses for future research linking dependency and depression are proposed.

Rusbult's investment model is used to understand the conditions under which individuals are likely to remain in abusive relationships. Analyses of data from intake interviews at a shelter for battered women provided good support for model predictions. Consistent with hypotheses, feelings of commitment were greater among women who had poorer-quality economic alternatives, were more heavily invested in their relationships (e.g., were married), and experienced lesser dissatisfaction (e.g., reported less severe abuse). Also consistent with hypotheses, commitment was strongly linked to stay/leave behavior, significantly distinguishing between women who returned to their partners immediately on leaving the shelter and women who did not. Causal modeling analyses suggested that commitment may mediate the effects of alternatives, investments, and satisfaction on stay/leave decisions. Implications for our knowledge of nonvoluntary dependence, as well as for social policy regarding family violence, are discussed.

This study examines the social psychological determinants of adolescent sexual activity. Drawing on power-dependency theory within a social exchange framework, a conceptual model of adolescent sexuality is developed and tested using survey data on 288 teenagers. It is hypothesized that attributes of power (confidence with members of the opposite sex, popularity, opposite-sex friends, and egalitarian gender role attitudes) would indirectly decrease sexual activity (participation in unwanted sex and the extent of intimate sexual behaviors) through their negative effect on dependence (discomfort with physical appearance, the need for self-disclosure and closeness, the need for physical gratification in sex and the need for emotional gratification in sex). The findings indicate that the model is a good predictor of the sexual activity of adolescent males for whom dependency is an important determinant of sexual behavior. When the model is estimated separately for the Black and white teenagers, distinct patterns are observed for the Black females. Black females' participation in unwanted sex is far below the average for the other subgroups, and the most influential factor in decreasing coercion for Black females is nontraditional gender role attitudes.

The study examines the factors contributing to the initiation, continuation and termination of use among female and male long-term users of minor and major tranquillizers. The findings show the importance of the lay-referral system as a channel of introduction to psychotropic drug use, especially for men. The issue of dependency is explored both in terms of the users' own interpretation of its nature and their reports on the professional responses to their long-term use. The findings indicate that gender and drug use are intricately linked in both the non-professional and professional treatment of anxiety and insomnia. Key words - psychotropics, dependency, gender

Study of the association between personality styles and disorders among 138 depressed-disordered outpatients shows that the sociotropic/dependent and autonomous/self-critical styles of Beck/Blatt are significantly related to many of the Axis II personality disorders given in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The sociotropic/dependent style was linked to dependent, histrionic and borderline personality disorders while the autonomous/self-critical style was related to paranoid, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, passive-aggressive and antisocial disorders as well as to dependent, histrionic and borderline personality disorders.

Although dependence in adults has typically been viewed as a flaw or deficit in functioning, a review of the literature reveals that high levels of dependency are associated with both positive and negative qualities on the part of the dependent person. Studies confirming this association are discussed, along with the theoretical and practical implications of their findings.

Comparison of baseline dependence values from a dependence scale for Alzheimer's disease (AD) for 233 patients with a series of scores that analyzed the function and cognition of AD validated the dependence scale. A scalogram analysis showed that the scale agreed well with the period of functional loss during the disease. Prospective data revealed that the scale underwent modifications during disease progression.

Psychotherapy patients with dependent personality traits exhibit behavior tendencies that are likely to influence the process and outcome of their therapy. Clinical and laboratory studies suggest that dependent individuals comply with rules and expectations of authority figures, are sensitive to interpersonal communications and have a need for support and feedback. Dependency is an aid in initiating therapy but is a drawback in its termination. It has both positive and negative effects during therapy.

This study examines Russianoff's (1981) hypothesis that emotional dependence on men inhibits heterosexual women's self-esteem and life satisfaction. The Emotional Dependence Questionnaire (EDQ) was constructed to measure Russianoff's concept of 'desperate dependence.' Fifty-four female first-year university students and 136 women from community organizations (Australian, nearly all Caucasian, and predominantly middle class and British/Celtic in origin) completed omnibus questionnaires comprising the EDQ and measures of self-esteem, life satisfaction, gender roles, feminist attitudes, and general dependence. Results indicated that women's emotional dependence on men, as defined by Russianoff, is a distinct form of dependence. In contrast to Russianoff's contention that heterosexual women uniformly display emotional dependence on men, it was found to be negatively associated with age, education, and feminist attitudes, and to be lower for career-oriented women. Life satisfaction was found to be greater for women in a relationship with a man. Implications of these findings are discussed, with recommendations for further validative and investigative studies using the EDQ.