Author: "Department of Zoology and Entomology" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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2,249 results on '"Department of Zoology and Entomology"'

1. RU Department of Zoology and Entomology: Research Data

Author: Department of Zoology and Entomology Rhodes University
Abstract: Materials and research data sets produced as part of research undertaken at various departments at Rhodes University, including the Department of Zoology and Entomology.
Published: 2020

2. Theses on wildlife and fisheries research

Author: Iowa. State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Department of Zoology and Entomology, University Library, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, and Iowa. State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Department of Zoology and Entomology
Subjects: Bibliography, Dissertations, Academic, Fisheries, Research, Wildlife research
Published: 1950

3. Theses on wildlife and fisheries research

Author: Iowa. State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Department of Zoology and Entomology, University Library, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, and Iowa. State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Department of Zoology and Entomology
Subjects: Bibliography, Dissertations, Academic, Fisheries, Research, Wildlife research

4. RU Department of Zoology and Entomology: Research Data

Author: Rhodes University, Department of Zoology and Entomology, primary
Published: 2020
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5. The Great Basin naturalist

Author: Brigham Young University, Brigham Young University. Department of Zoology and Entomology, M.L. Bean Museum, and Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ernst Mayr Library
Subjects: Great Basin, Natural history, Periodicals

6. The Great Basin naturalist

Author: Brigham Young University, Brigham Young University. Department of Zoology and Entomology, M.L. Bean Museum, and Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ernst Mayr Library
Subjects: Great Basin, Natural history, Periodicals

7. The Great Basin naturalist

Author: Brigham Young University, Brigham Young University. Department of Zoology and Entomology, M.L. Bean Museum, and Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ernst Mayr Library
Subjects: Great Basin, Natural history, Periodicals

8. Making use of multiple surveys: Estimating breeding probability using a multievent‐robust design capture–recapture model

Author: P J Nico de Bruyn, Roger Pradel, W. Chris Oosthuizen, Marthán N Bester, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Department of Zoology and Entomology, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Computer science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Climate change, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Unobservable, breeding propensity, Mark and recapture, 03 medical and health sciences, Statistics, robust design, Elephant seal, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Semelparity and iteroparity, 030304 developmental biology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Original Research, intermittent breeding, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Ecology, biology, Sampling (statistics), Variance (accounting), unobservable state, biology.organism_classification, auxiliary data, incidental observations, 13. Climate action, elephant seal
Abstract: International audience; Increased environmental stochasticity due to climate change will intensify temporal variance in the life-history traits, and especially breeding probabilities, of long-lived iteroparous species. These changes may decrease individual fitness and population viability and is therefore important to monitor. In wild animal populations with imperfect individual detection, breeding probabilities are best estimated using capture-recapture methods. However, in many vertebrate species (e.g., amphibians, turtles, seabirds), nonbreeders are unobservable because they are not tied to a territory or breeding location. Although unobservable states can be used to model temporary emigration of nonbreeders, there are disadvantages to having unobservable states in capture-recapture models. The best solution to deal with unobservable life-history states is therefore to eliminate them altogether. Here, we achieve this objective by fitting novel multievent-robust design models which utilize information obtained from multiple surveys conducted throughout the year. We use this approach to estimate annual breeding probabilities of capital breeding female elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). Conceptually, our approach parallels a multistate version of the Barker/robust design in that it combines robust design capture data collected during discrete breeding seasons with observations made at other times of the year. A substantial advantage of our approach is that the nonbreeder state became "observable" when multiple data sources were analyzed together. This allowed us to test for the existence of state-dependent survival (with some support found for lower survival in breeders compared to nonbreeders), and to estimate annual breeding transitions to and from the nonbreeder state with greater precision (where current breeders tended to have higher future breeding probabilities than nonbreeders). We used program E-SURGE (2.1.2) to fit the multievent-robust design models, with uncertainty in breeding state assignment (breeder, nonbreeder) being incorporated via a hidden Markov process. This flexible modeling approach can easily be adapted to suit sampling designs from numerous species which may be encountered during and outside of discrete breeding seasons.
Published: 2019

9. Differential proteomics reveals novel insights into Nosema–honey bee interactions

Author: Julia Grassl, Yves Le Conte, Boris Baer, Ryan Dosselli, Robin F. A. Moritz, Per Kryger, Christoph Kurze, Institute for Biology-Molecular Ecology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Bayliss Building (M316), The University of Western Australia (UWA), Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Abeilles et Environnement (AE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Avignon Université (AU), Department of Agroecology/Section of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Institute for Biology/Molecular Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG SPP 1399 MO373/26-2, Aarhus University, and Department of Zoology and Entomology
Subjects: Proteomics, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Proteome, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], approche protéomique, Bioinformatics, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry, apis mellifera, Nosema, protéome, Genetics, tolerance, résistance aux parasites, Bees, host-parasite interaction, 3. Good health, coevolution, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Insect Proteins, Apis mellifera, Nosema ceranae, proteome, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Fungal Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, nosema ceranae, Animals, Host-parasite interaction, Molecular Biology, Gene, Host (biology), fungi, Honey bee, nosema apis, biology.organism_classification, interaction hôte parasite, Gastrointestinal Tract, 030104 developmental biology, coévolution, Insect Science, Adaptation, Tolerance
Abstract: Host-parasite interaction; Apis mellifera; Nosema ceranae; Tolerance; Proteome; Coevolution; Host manipulation is a common strategy by parasites to reduce host defense responses, enhance development, host exploitation, reproduction and, ultimately, transmission success. As these parasitic modifications can reduce host fitness, increased selection pressure may result in reciprocal adaptations of the host. Whereas the majority of studies on host manipulation have explored resistance against parasites (i.e. ability to prevent or limit an infection), data describing tolerance mechanisms (i.e. ability to limit harm of an infection) are scarce. By comparing differential protein abundance, we provide evidence of host-parasite interactions in the midgut proteomes of N. ceranae-infected and uninfected honey bees from both Nosema-tolerant and Nosema-sensitive lineages. We identified 16 proteins out of 661 protein spots that were differentially abundant between experimental groups. In general, infections of Nosema resulted in an up-regulation of the bee's energy metabolism. Additionally, we identified 8 proteins that were differentially abundant between tolerant and sensitive honey bees regardless of the Nosema infection. Those proteins were linked to metabolism, response to oxidative stress and apoptosis. In addition to bee proteins, we also identified 3 Nosema ceranae proteins. Interestingly, abundance of two of these Nosema proteins were significantly higher in infected Nosema-sensitive honeybees relative to the infected Nosema-tolerant lineage. This may provide a novel candidate for studying the molecular interplay between N. ceranae and its honey bee host in more detail.
Published: 2016

10. Animal-Borne Telemetry: An Integral Component of the Ocean Observing Toolkit

Author: Rob Harcourt, Ana M. M. Sequeira, Xuelei Zhang, Fabien Roquet, Kosei Komatsu, Michelle Heupel, Clive McMahon, Fred Whoriskey, Mark Meekan, Gemma Carroll, Stephanie Brodie, Colin Simpfendorfer, Mark Hindell, Ian Jonsen, Daniel P. Costa, Barbara Block, Mônica Muelbert, Bill Woodward, Mike Weise, Kim Aarestrup, Martin Biuw, Lars Boehme, Steven J. Bograd, Dorian Cazau, Jean-Benoit Charrassin, Steven J. Cooke, Paul Cowley, P. J. Nico de Bruyn, Tiphaine Jeanniard du Dot, Carlos Duarte, Víctor M. Eguíluz, Luciana C. Ferreira, Juan Fernández-Gracia, Kimberly Goetz, Yusuke Goto, Christophe Guinet, Mike Hammill, Graeme C. Hays, Elliott L. Hazen, Luis A. Hückstädt, Charlie Huveneers, Sara Iverson, Saifullah Arifin Jaaman, Kongkiat Kittiwattanawong, Kit M. Kovacs, Christian Lydersen, Tim Moltmann, Masaru Naruoka, Lachlan Phillips, Baptiste Picard, Nuno Queiroz, Gilles Reverdin, Katsufumi Sato, David W. Sims, Eva B. Thorstad, Michele Thums, Anne M. Treasure, Andrew W. Trites, Guy D. Williams, Yoshinari Yonehara, Mike A. Fedak, Department of Biological Sciences [North Ryde], Macquarie University, The University of Western Australia Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences [Australia], The University of Western Australia (UWA), First Institute of Oceanography [China], Equipe Physique de l'Ocean Austral (DMPA), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences [Kashiwa], The University of Tokyo, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science (USIMS), The University of Sydney, Ocean Tracking network, Dalhousie University, Australian Institute of Marine Science [Perth] (AIMS Perth), Environmental Research Division [USA], NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center [USA], James Cook University (JCU), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Horbat] (IMAS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), LaSIGE [Lisboa], Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA)-Faculdade de Ciências, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment [USA], Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, NOAA Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Office of Naval Research [USA], National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit (NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit), NERC, Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU), University of Saint Andrews, Lab-STICC_ENSTAB_CID_TOMS, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Carleton University, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR), Department of Global Change Research, Institut Mediterrani d´Estudis Avançats (IMEDEA), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), CSIC-UIB, IFISC, CSIRO Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre [Australia], Instituto de Fısica Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences [Australia], School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (University of California Santa Cruz), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Malaysia Institute of Oceanography, University of Malaysia, Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC), FRAM Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, Integrated Marine Observing System, Aeronautical Technology Directorate [Japan], Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology [Portugal], Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Insitute of Polar Research, National Institute of Polar Research [Tokyo] (NiPR), Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Department of Oceanography and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Fisheries Centre (Marine Mammal Research Unit), University of British Columbia (UBC), Department of Marine Sciences [Gothenburg], University of Gothenburg (GU), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [Santa Cruz], Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews [Scotland], École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne), Sorbonne Université (SU), Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria, Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd [New Zealand], Marine Biological Association of the UK, The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Sea Mammal Research Unit [University of St Andrews] (SMRU), School of Biology [University of St Andrews], University of St Andrews [Scotland]-University of St Andrews [Scotland]-Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Universidade do Porto, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Hobart] (IMAS), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), National Research Foundation [South Africa] (NRF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universidade do Porto = University of Porto
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, Home range, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Big data, Ocean Engineering, Aquatic Science, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, movement analysis, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, [INFO.INFO-NI]Computer Science [cs]/Networking and Internet Architecture [cs.NI], Telemetry, Ecosystem, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 14. Life underwater, Animal telemetry, lcsh:Science, Animal movement, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Remote sensing, Abiotic component, Global and Planetary Change, geography, ocean observing, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, Continental shelf, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, EOV, Sampling (statistics), animal movement, Habitat, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, business, animal telemetry
Abstract: International audience; Animal telemetry is a powerful tool for observing marine animals and the physical environments that they inhabit, from coastal and continental shelf ecosystems to polar seas and open oceans. Satellite-linked biologgers and networks of acoustic receivers allow animals to be reliably monitored over scales of tens of meters to thousands of kilometers, giving insight into their habitat use, home range size, the phenology of migratory patterns and the biotic and abiotic factors that drive their distributions. Furthermore, physical environmental variables can be collected using animals as autonomous sampling platforms, increasing spatial and temporal coverage of global oceanographic observation systems. The use of animal telemetry, therefore, has the capacity to provide measures from a suite of essential ocean variables (EOVs) for improved monitoring of Earth's oceans. Here we outline the design features of animal telemetry systems, describe current applications and their benefits and challenges, and discuss future directions. We describe new analytical techniques that improve our ability to not only quantify animal movements but to also provide a powerful framework for comparative studies across taxa. We discuss the application of animal telemetry and its capacity to collect biotic and abiotic data, how the data collected can be incorporated into ocean observing systems, and the role these data can play in improved ocean management.
Published: 2019

11. Space Use and Leadership Modify Dilution Effects on Optimal Vigilance under Food-Safety Trade-Offs

Author: Rémi Patin, Cédric Sueur, Simon Chamaillé-Jammes, Daniel Fortin, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Département de Biologie [Université Laval], Université Laval, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], and University of Pretoria [South Africa]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Trade offs, Space use, Spatial Behavior, Feeding Behavior, Group living, Food safety, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Predation, Leadership, Vigilance (behavioural ecology), Predatory Behavior, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Animals, Social Behavior, business, Psychology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Demography
Abstract: International audience; Dilution of predation risk within groups allows individuals to be less vigilant and forage more while still facing lower risk than if they were alone. How group size influences vigilance when individuals can also adjust their space use and whether this relationship differs among individuals contributing differently to space use decisions remain unknown. We present a model-based study of how dilution affects the optimal antipredator behavior of group members in groups where all individuals determine their vigilance level while group leaders also determine space use. We showed that optimal vigilance did not always decrease with group size, as it was sometimes favorable for individuals in larger groups to use riskier patches while remaining vigilant. Followers were also generally less vigilant than leaders. Indeed, followers needed to acquire more resources than leaders, as only the latter could decide when to go to richer patches. Followers still benefit from dilution of predation risk compared with solitary individuals. For leaders, keeping their leadership status can be more important than incorporating new group members to increase dilution. We demonstrate that risk dilution impacts both optimal vigilance and space use, with fitness reward being tied to a member's ability to influence group space use.
Published: 2019

12. A global cline in a colour polymorphism suggests a limited contribution of gene flow towards the recovery of a heavily exploited marine mammal

Author: Hoffman, J. I., Bauer, E., Paijmans, A. J., Humble, E., Beckmann, L. M., Kubetschek, C., Christaller, F., Kröcker, N., Fuchs, B., Moreras, A., Shihlomule, Y. D., Bester, M. N., Cleary, A. C., De Bruyn, P. J. N., Forcada, J., Goebel, M. E., Goldsworthy, S. D., Guinet, C., Hoelzel, A. R., Lydersen, C., Kovacs, K. M., Lowther, A., Department of Animal Behaviour, Universität Bielefeld, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Norwegian Polar Institute, British Antarctic Survey NERC [UK], Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Marine Fisheries Service, South Australian Research and Development Institute [Australia], Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Durham University, Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR), Department of Biosciences - Durham University [UK], and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: fur seal, Biology (Whole Organism), population structure, melanocortin 1 receptor, colour polymorphism, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, melanocortin 1 receptor gene, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, Research Article, pinniped
Abstract: International audience; Evaluating how populations are connected by migration is important for understanding species resilience because gene flow can facilitate recovery from demographic declines. We therefore investigated the extent to which migration may have contributed to the global recovery of the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella), a circumpolar distributed marine mammal that was brought to the brink of extinction by the sealing industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is widely believed that animals emigrating from South Georgia, where a relict population escaped sealing, contributed to the re-establishment of formerly occupied breeding colonies across the geographical range of the species. To investigate this, we interrogated a genetic polymorphism (S291F) in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene, which is responsible for a cream-coloured phenotype that is relatively abundant at South Georgia and which appears to have recently spread to localities as far afield as Marion Island in the sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean. By sequencing a short region of this gene in 1492 pups from eight breeding colonies, we showed that S291F frequency rapidly declines with increasing geographical distance from South Georgia, consistent with locally restricted gene flow from South Georgia mainly to the South Shetland Islands and Bouvetøya. The S291F allele was not detected farther afield, suggesting that although emigrants from South Georgia may have been locally important, they are unlikely to have played a major role in the recovery of geographically more distant populations.
Published: 2018

13. Habitat modelling of tracking data from multiple marine predators identifies important areas in the Southern Indian Ocean

Author: Azwianewi B. Makhado, Delia Davies, Marthán N Bester, Mia Wege, Stefan Schoombie, S. P. Kirkman, Michael D. Sumner, Ben J. Dilley, Robert J. M. Crawford, Simon Wotherspoon, Ben Raymond, Mark A. Hindell, Peter G. Ryan, P J Nico de Bruyn, Pierre A. Pistorius, Thomas Otto Whitehead, Ryan R. Reisinger, Kim L. Stevens, Cheryl Ann Tosh, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Antartic Wildlife Research Unit, School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, University of Luxembourg [Luxembourg], Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Horbat] (IMAS), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR), Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Tasmania (UTAS), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Environmental change, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Subtropics, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Predation, Sea surface temperature, Geography, Habitat, 13. Climate action, Abundance (ecology), [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Ecosystem, Marine protected area, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Aim: The distribution of marine predators is driven by the distribution and abundance of their prey; areas preferred by multiple marine predator species should therefore indicate areas of ecological significance. The Southern Ocean supports large populations of seabirds and marine mammals and is undergoing rapid environmental change. The management and conservation of these predators and their environment relies on understanding their distribution and its link with the biophysical environment, as the latter determines the distribution and abundance of prey. We addressed this issue using tracking data from 14 species of marine predators to identify important habitat. Location: Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean. Methods: We used tracking data from 538 tag deployments made over a decade at the Subantarctic Prince Edward Islands. For each real track, we simulated a set of pseudo‐tracks that allowed a presence‐availability habitat modelling approach that estimates an animal's habitat preference. Using model ensembles of boosted regression trees and random forests, we modelled these tracks as a response to a set of 17 environmental variables. We combined the resulting species‐specific models to evaluate areas of mean importance. Results: Real tracking locations covered 39.75 million km2, up to 7,813 km from the Prince Edward Islands. Areas of high mean importance were located broadly from the Subtropical Zone to the Polar Frontal Zone in summer and from the Subantarctic to Antarctic Zones in winter. Areas of high mean importance were best predicted by factors including wind speed, sea surface temperature, depth and current speed. Main conclusions: The models and predictions developed here identify important habitat of marine predators around the Prince Edward Islands and can support the large‐scale conservation and management of Subantarctic ecosystems and the marine predators they sustain. The results also form the basis of future efforts to predict the consequences of environmental change.
Published: 2018

14. Evolution, systematics and historical biogeography of Palparini and Palparidiini antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae): Old origin and in situ diversification in Southern Africa

Author: Noémie M.‐C. Hévin, Gael. J. Kergoat, Anne‐Laure Clamens, Bruno Le Ru, Mervyn W. Mansell, Bruno Michel, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Université de Poitiers, Evolution, génomes, comportement et écologie (EGCE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), ICIPE, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and Financial support was provided by CIRAD (for B. Michel), INRAE (for G.J. Kergoat), by IRD and ICIPE (for B. Le Ru). Some of the sequencing was also supported by the programme BdV (Project ICONE) supported by a joint CNRS, INRAE, and MNHN consortium and through a collaboration with F.L. Condamine (CNRS, UMR ISEM) as part of another research project.
Subjects: paleoendemism, historical biogeography, Insect Science, Southern Africa, systematics, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Afrotropics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, antlions, out of Africa
Abstract: Newly generated sequences were deposited in GenBank, and are registered with the following accession numbers: OQ581997–OQ582070(cob), OQ603605–OQ603608(18S), OQ606012–OQ606168(cox1), OQ624960–OQ625111(rrnL), OQ625113–OQ625252(rrnS) and OQ625254–OQ625279(28S) (see Table S2 for details).This study is dedicated to Dr. André Prost, who passed away on February 3, 2023. André Prost was a well-recognized Neuroptera specialist (former secretary of the International Association of Neuropterology), with a special interest for the West African fauna.Merwyn W.Mansell gratefully acknowledges the following organizations and people who contributed to research on antlion diversity in SouthernAfrica: Oppenheimer Generations Research and Conservation, the Tswalu Foundation, and Nicky, Jonathan and Strilli Oppenheimer ,who have actively encouraged and permitted Neuroptera research in their private reserves, Tswalu Kalahari Reserve and Rooipoort; Duncan MacFadyen (Oppenheimer Generations, Head Research and Con-servation), Dylan Smith (Tswalu Kalahari Reserve), who facilitated ourvisits and provided key specimens. Also, (i) the National Parks Boardof South Africa is acknowledged for permits enabling Neuroptera research in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (now Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park), the Kruger National Park and Karoo National Park,and the staff of these parks who enabled the visits and provided valuable material: (L.E.O. Braack, A. Braack, H. Braack; Dr S. Joubert), (C.E.O., Kruger Park); (ii) Northern Cape Nature Conservation is thanked for providing permits for the northern Cape region; (iii) the KwaZulu-Natal Parks are acknowledged for permission to work on their reserves. Dr M.K. Seely, Director of the Namib Desert Research Station at Gobabeb is thanked for providing facilities and much scientifico-operation over the years; (iv) the Directorate of Nature Conservation and Recreational Resorts of Namibia are acknowledged for use offacilities at Gobabeb and permission to work in the Namib/NaukluftPark, many years ago. Professor Clarke H. Scholtz (University of Pretoria) is especially thanked for organizing many of the field trips thatprocured important material. Merwyn W. Mansell also gratefullyacknowledges the following people especially, for providing crucial specimens: J.B. Ball (University of Pretoria), A.K. (Tony) Brinkman, A.J.Gardiner, H. de Klerk, P. Hawkes, D.M. Kroon, W. Jubber, A.P. Marais,R.W. Mansell, L.R. Minter, R.G. Oberprieler, H.S Staude, R.D. Stephenand those mentioned in Mansell and Oswald (2023). The JRS Biodiversity Foundation and GBIF are sincerely thanked for funding M.W.Mansell’s Southern African Lacewing project, especially the development of the “Palpares Relational Database” designed by Brian Kenyon,which underpinned the accumulation and collation of much data usedin this presentation, for which he is gratefully acknowledged. Whileworking at icipe (African Insect Science for Food and Health), B. Le Rubenefited from research and collect permits delivered by the KenyaPlant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) (B. Le Ru thanks A. Kibe,B. Musyoka, L. Ngala, G. Okuku and G. Ong’amo) and the Plant Pro-tection Division of the Ministry of Agriculture of Botswana (B. Le Ru EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS OF PALPARINE ANTLIONS thanks C. Nyakumondiwa, R. Mutamisha and E. Moeng). Bruno Michel also thanks the following people for providing several interesting specimens: B.F. Jacobs (Southern Methodist University, USA), M.Martinez (INRAE) and J.-Y. Rasplus (INRAE). We gratefully acknowledge the late A. Prost for communicating important information on the genusNosa. We are also indebted to the following persons whogave us permission to use pictures they took: S. Akame, T. Cardenos,H. de Klerk, G. Kunz, D. Robertson, H. Robertson, H. Roland, W.Roland and A.T. Schoeman. Laboratory facilities were provided by CBGP in France. We are grateful to the Genotoul bioinformatics platform Toulouse Occitanie (Bioinfo Genotoul, https://doi.org/10.15454/1.5572369328961167E12) for providing help and/or computing and/or storage resources.; International audience; Palparine and palparidiine antlions constitute an emblematic clade of large and occasionally colourful insects that are only distributed in the western portion of the Eastern hemisphere, with about half of the known species diversity occurring exclusively in Southern Africa. Little is known about their evolutionary history, and the boundaries and relationships of most genera are still unresolved. In this study, we analyse a molecular dataset consisting of seven loci (five mitochondrial and two nuclear genes) for 144 antlion species and provide the first phylogenetic hypothesis for a representative sampling of Palparini and Palparidiini (62 Palparini species, representing 15 of the 17 known genera, and all three known Palparidiini species). In addition, we reconstruct their timing of diversification and historical biogeography. The resulting tree indicates that several extant palparine genera are polyphyletic or paraphyletic and provides interesting leads that ought to be helpful for future taxonomic revisions; it also enables us to re-evaluate the taxonomic utility and relevancy of a number of morphological characters that were previously used to define some genera. Molecular dating analyses indicate that the most recent common ancestor of both groups originated about 92 million years ago (Ma) in the Late Cretaceous. Finally, the results of historical biogeography analyses provide strong support for an origin in Southern Africa, which further acted as both a cradle of diversification and a springboard for successive waves of northern dispersals.
Published: 2023

15. Size-Dependent Response of the Mussel Collective Behaviour to Plastic Leachates and Predator Cues

Author: Uguen, Marine, Gaudron, Sylvie, Nicastro, Katy, Zardi, Gerardo, Spilmont, Nicolas, Seuront, Laurent, Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Sorbonne Université - UFR Sciences de la vie (UFR 927 ), Sorbonne Université (SU), and Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
Subjects: Risk of predation, plastic leachate, Environmental Engineering, clumping behaviour, blue mussel, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, toxicity, Environmental Chemistry, Pollution, Waste Management and Disposal
Abstract: International audience; Both individual and collective anti-predator behaviours are essential for the survival of many species. This is particularly true for ecosystem engineers such as intertidal mussels, which through their collective behaviour create novel habitats for a range of organisms and biodiversity hotspots. However, contaminants may disrupt these behaviours and consequently indirectly affect exposure to predation risk at the population level. Among these, plastic litter is a major and ubiquitous contaminant of the marine environment. Here, we assessed the impact of microplastic (MP) leachates of the most produced plastic polymer, polypropylene (PlasticsEurope, 2022), at a high but locally relevant concentration (i.e. ca. 12 g L-1) on the collective behaviours and anti-predator responses of both small and large Mytilus edulis mussels. Indeed, in contrast to large mussels, small ones reacted to MP leachates, showing a taxis towards conspecifics and stronger aggregations. All mussels reacted to the chemical cues of the predatory crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, but with two different collective anti-predator behaviours. Small mussels only showed a taxis towards conspecifics when exposed to predator cues. This response was also found in large ones with a tendency to form more strongly bound aggregations and a considerable reduced activity, i.e. they significantly delayed their time to start to form aggregations and decreased their gross distance. These anti-predator behaviours 2 were respectively inhibited and impaired in small and large mussels by MP leachates. The observed collective behavioural changes may reduce individual fitness by enhancing predation risk, particularly in small mussels that are the crab H. sanguineus's favourite preys. Given the key role of mussels as ecosystem engineers, our observations suggest that plastic pollution may have implication on M. edulis at the species level, but also enhancing a cascading effect towards a higher level of organisation such as population, community and ultimately structure and function of intertidal ecosystem.
Published: 2023

16. Combined stomach content, lipid and stable isotope analyses reveal spatial and trophic partitioning among three sympatric albatrosses from the Southern Ocean

Author: Christopher D. McQuaid, Malcolm J. Smale, Yves Cherel, Maëlle Connan, Bo T Bonnevie, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Information Technology Division, Port Elizabeth Museum at Bayworld, Zoology Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University [Port Elizabeth, South Africa], Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Spatial segregation, Foraging, Moulting period, Breeding season, Aquatic Science, Biology, Trophic segregation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Predation, Phoebetria palpebrata, Phoebetria, Thalassarche chrysostoma, Seasonal breeder, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Trophic level, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Niche differentiation, biology.organism_classification, Sympatric speciation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Phoebetria fusca
Abstract: International audience; A combination of dietary techniques that integrate data on food and feeding habits over days, weeks and months was used to investigate resource partitioning among 3 sympatric albatrosses, namely the grey-headed Thalassarche chrysostoma (GHA), light-mantled sooty Phoebetria palpebrata (LMSA) and sooty Phoebetria fusca (SA) albatrosses. These medium-size albatrosses typically breed every 2 yr, and Marion Island (southern Indian Ocean) is the only breeding site where the 3 species are accessible. Stomach content analysis provided dietary information about the most recent meal, analysis of fatty acids in stomach oils about the last foraging trip, and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values of blood and feathers about the chick-rearing (breeding) and moulting periods, respectively. The combination of techniques highlighted a complex pattern regarding the spatial and trophic segregation between the 3 species. During both seasons, SA were spatially segregated from LMSA and GHA, foraging farther north (in subantarctic and subtropical areas) than the 2 other species (subantarctic and Antarctic waters). When feeding for themselves during the breeding season (blood isotopic signatures), adults showed a clear spatial segregation. When bringing back food for their chicks (stomach contents), trophic segregation became obvious, with the 2 Phoebetria species specializing mostly on squids. The results illustrate how sympatrically breeding birds can show niche partitioning through both spatial segregation and prey specialization.
Published: 2014

17. Trophic overlap between sexes in the dimorphic African black oystercatcher foraging on an alien mussel

Author: Kohler, Sophie, Connan, Maëlle, Kolasinski, Joanna, Cherel, Yves, Mcquaid, Christopher D., Jaquemet, Sébastien, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Marine (ECOMAR), Université de La Réunion (UR), Department of Zoology and Entomology, Zoology and Entomology and Botany, Rhodes University, IRD - Botany Department, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Rhodes University, Grahamstown, and Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Haematopus moquini, trophic ecology, South Africa, Mytilus galloprovincialis, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, stable isotopes, sexual differences
Abstract: International audience; Sex-specific feeding segregation related to sexual bill dimorphism has been described in several oystercatcher species, including the African black oystercatcher. For the latter, studies concerned only a small number of breeding pairs and were done prior the invasion of the South African rocky shores by the Mediterranean mussel, which is believed to have benefited oystercatchers by increasing overall biomass. Here, we investigated geographic variability in the segregation of diet, biometrics and body condition between sexes in the African species, in relation to changes in foraging habitats along the South African coastline, using stable isotope analyses. Males and females and their potential prey (mussels, limpets, polychaetes and ascidians) were sampled on the southern African west, south-west and south-east coasts for stable isotope analyses and biometrics and body conditions of birds were measured. Bill dimorphism occurred throughout the study area and south-west males had lower body conditions than other males and females in general. Sexes displayed little differences in their δ13C ratios and in the relative consumption of the different prey throughout the study area, except on the south-east coast where males were slightly depleted in 13C relative to females and the most abundant prey elsewhere (the Mediterranean mussel) is rare. Females were slightly but significantly enriched in 15N by 0.3‰ compared to their breeding partners and this did not link clearly to differences in diet.We argue that the combined effect of biogeographic variations in rocky shores diversity and biomass, heterogeneous invasion by the Mediterranean mussel on the South African coastline and bill dimorphism may have altered the sex-specific feeding behaviour of oystercatchers differently between coastal regions and possibly had an additional cost for male oystercatchers faced with lower prey biomass and diversity on the south-west coast.
Published: 2014

18. Wildlife–livestock interactions in animal production systems: what are the biosecurity and health implications?

Author: Salome Dürr, Victoria Brookes, Ferran Jori, Ioannis Magouras, Marta Hernandez-Jover, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Charles Sturt University [Australia], City University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong] (CUHK), and University of Bern
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biosecurity, L73 - Maladies des animaux, medicine.disease_cause, Rinderpest virus, Interactions biologiques, 0302 clinical medicine, Food Animals, Global health, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, biodiversity, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, 630 Agriculture, biology, Agroforestry, Santé animale, Système de production, 3. Good health, Geography, interface, Livestock, Bétail, wildlife, Gestion du risque, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Wildlife, Rinderpest, diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, education, Transmission des maladies, 030304 developmental biology, business.industry, L01 - Élevage - Considérations générales, L70 - Sciences et hygiène vétérinaires - Considérations générales, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Feature Articles, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, livestock, Biosécurité, 13. Climate action, AcademicSubjects/SCI00960, Animal Science and Zoology, Production animale, business, spill-over
Abstract: The ongoing COVID-19 crisis has emphasized more than ever the relevance of wildlife as a potential source of pathogens for other species, including humans, and the potential importance that interactions with wildlife can have on global health. Nevertheless, in the veterinary world, the concept of wildlife as a potential reservoir and source of pathogens detrimental to livestock production and health has been known for centuries. Well-known examples of livestock diseases in which the interface with wildlife plays, or has played, an important role include rinderpest, avian influenza, foot and mouth disease (FMD), and African swine fever (ASF). Rinderpest, caused by a morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae, is one of only two diseases that have been globally eradicated (the other being smallpox in humans), after having caused major disease outbreaks in domestic and wild artiodactyl species for centuries. After a globally coordinated eradication campaign, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations announced in 2011 that rinderpest virus had been eliminated from livestock, thus declaring global freedom from this disease (Hamilton et al., 2017). Circulation of rinderpest virus in endemic regions in wild susceptible species was an important consideration in the eradication campaign, and lack of recognition of wildlife reservoirs was one of the factors to which failure of initial campaigns in the 1960s and 70s was attributed (Morens et al., 2011). Other diseases, such as ASF and FMD, are still endemic and expanding across different regions of the world. FMD is estimated to be endemic in 77% of the global livestock population, in Africa, Asia, and some parts of South America (OIE, 2021a) and ASF is becoming endemic in Africa, Europe, Asia, and some parts of Oceania (OIE, 2021b). Efforts to control or eradicate these diseases are challenging, particularly in those areas where wild reservoir hosts contribute to their maintenance and spread. African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been known for more than a century to be maintained in the soft tick-warthog sylvatic cycle in natural savannah environments in East and Southern Africa. Occasional interactions between ASFV-infected ticks and domestic pigs have facilitated the dissemination of several ASFV genotypes into the domestic pig value-chain in Africa and subsequently into other parts of the world (Dixon et al., 2020). During the currently ongoing pandemic of ASF, the wild boar population in Europe has played a central role in the propagation of the virus into new areas. While most ASF spread appears to occur within domestic pig populations due to anthropogenic factors, incursions of ASFV into low biosecurity domestic pig farming systems from wild boar are also important (Brookes et al., 2021). Likewise, transboundary spread of FMD in susceptible domestic livestock such as cattle and pigs is commonly mediated by anthropogenic factors, such as movement of infected livestock, or the feeding of infected products to susceptible species (Di Nardo et al., 2011). However, in East and Southern Africa, the African buffalo interface plays an important role in maintaining FMD virus (FMDV) strains and disseminating them to adjacent susceptible livestock populations (Jori and Etter, 2016). These examples provide only a snapshot illustration of the potential role of wildlife on livestock disease and demonstrate the importance of the wildlife–livestock interface. At a planetary scale, several factors act as major drivers of increased wildlife–livestock interactions at these interfaces (Magouras et al., 2020). Critical drivers include the need to feed an ever-increasing world human population, which has altered the way in which livestock are farmed, the way in which we interact with the ecosystem, and climate change. These drivers not only increase the intensity and frequency of interactions between wildlife and potential spillover populations (e.g., humans and domesticated animals such as livestock) but also facilitate new transmission pathways for potential emerging pathogens. Some of the impacts of these interactions have been well-described in the literature, particularly those affecting livestock production and health. However, these interactions can also have very significant and devastating effects on wildlife populations and the environment. Importantly, circulation of undetected pathogens in the domestic and wild animal compartments also provides opportunity for the development of potentially dangerous emerging infectious diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the drivers of wildlife–livestock interactions and their potential impacts on terrestrial livestock production. We define wildlife as any domesticated or non-domesticated species that is free-ranging and does not depend on mankind for food or reproduction. In addition, we present and discuss the major tools and methods to reduce wildlife–livestock contact and to mitigate its health implications, including biosecurity measures and the approaches and potential solutions for improved cohabitation between livestock and wildlife to encourage biodiversity and reduce negative impacts such as disease spillover.
Published: 2021

19. COMBINED USE OF REMOTE SENSING AND SPATIAL MODELLING: WHEN SURFACE WATER IMPACTS BUFFALO (SYNCERUS CAFFER CAFFER) MOVEMENTS IN SAVANNA ENVIRONMENTS

Author: F. Rumiano, C. Gaucherel, P. Degenne, E. Miguel, S. Chamaillé-Jammes, H. Valls-Fox, D. Cornélis, M. de Garine-Wichatitsky, H. Fritz, A. Caron, A. Tran, Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre de Recherche en Ecologie et Evolution de la Santé (CREES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa]-University of Pretoria [South Africa], Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), CNRS Zone Atelier Hwange, Institut cellule souche et cerveau (U846 Inserm - UCBL1), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), World Wildlife Fund, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), N. Paparoditis, C. Mallet, F. Lafarge, M. Y. Yang, J. Jiang, A. Shaker, H. Zhang, X. Liang, B. Osmanoglu, U. Soergel, E. Honkavaara, M. Scaioni, J. Zhang, A. Peled, L. Wu, R. Li, M. Yoshimura, K. Di, O. Altan, H. M. Abdulmuttalib, and F. S. Faruque, Paparoditis, N., Mallet, C., Lafarge, F., Yang, M. J., Raynaud, Christelle, Génétique et évolution des maladies infectieuses (GEMI), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Institut cellule souche et cerveau (SBRI)
Subjects: Technology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Combined use, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Ungulates, 01 natural sciences, Syncerus caffer caffer, Savanna, Applied optics. Photonics, Animal movement, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, African buffalo, National park, Spatial modelling, Surface water, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), Random forest, TA1501-1820, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Remote sensing (archaeology), Environmental science, Mechanistic model, Satellite, TA1-2040, Scale (map)
Abstract: In semi-arid savannas, the availability of surface water constrains movements and space-use of wild animals. To accurately model their movements in relation to water selection at a landscape scale, innovative methods have to be developed to i) better discriminate water bodies in space while characterizing their seasonal occurrences and ii) integrate this information in a spatially-explicit model to simulate animal movements according to surface water availability. In this study, we propose to combine satellite remote sensing (SRS) and spatial modelling in the case of the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) movements at the periphery of Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe).An existing classification method of satellite Sentinel-2 time-series images has been adapted to produce monthly surface water maps at 10 meters spatial resolution. The resulting water maps have then been integrated into a spatialized mechanistic movement model based on a collective motion of self-propelled individuals to simulate buffalo movements in response to surface water.The use of spectral indices derived from Sentinel-2 in combination with the short-wave infrared (SWIR) band in a Random Forest (RF) classifier provided robust results with a mean Kappa index, over the time series, of 0.87 (max = 0.98, min = 0.65). The results highlighted strong space and time variabilities of water availability in the study area. The mechanistic movement model showed a positive and significant correlation between observations/simulations movements and space-use of buffalo’s herds (Spearman r = 0.69, p-value -114) despite overestimating the presence of buffalo individuals at proximity of the surface water.
Published: 2021

20. A global analysis of molecular markers and phenotypic traits in local chicken breeds in Taiwan

Author: Chang, Chi-Shen, Chen, C.F., Berthouly-Salazar, C., Chazara, O., Lee, Y.P., Chang, C.M., Chang, K.H., Bed'Hom, Bertrand, Tixier-Boichard, Michèle, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Department of Animal Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], and AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, microsatellite, melanocortin 1 receptor, body weight, mitochondrial dna, local chicken, major histocompatibility complex, immune response
Abstract: Chantier qualité GA; Molecular and phenotypic data have been combined to characterize the genetic diversity of six local chicken breeds maintained with a long-term conservation programme. Hua-Tung, Hsin-Yi, Ju-Chi and Quemoy originated from Taiwan, Shek-Ki is from South China, and Nagoya is from Japan. Molecular tools included 24 microsatellite markers, melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) (MC1R), the LEI0258 marker located within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and mitochondrial DNA. Performance was recorded on the same individuals for body weight, panting rate in summer and antibody response (antigens: Newcastle disease virus and sheep red blood cells). A multivariate method previously proposed for taxonomy was used to combine the different data sets. Melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) and the MCW330 marker contributed the most to the first axis of the multiple coinertia analysis of molecular markers. Melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) showed evidence of selection, probably related to its effect on feather colour. The MHC exhibited a large diversity, with 16 alleles of the LEI0258 marker. Immune response traits contributed the most to the principal component analysis of phenotypic data. Eight mitochondrial DNA haplotypes related to clades A, B, C and E were distributed across breeds and revealed an important contribution of Indian and European breeds to Ju-Chi, Quemoy and Hsin-Yi. Phenotypic data contributed less than molecular data to the combined analysis, and two markers, LEI0258 and LEI0228, contributed the most. The combined analysis could clearly discriminate all breeds, except Ju-Chi, which was similar to Quemoy for many criteria, except immune response.
Published: 2012

21. How many species in the Southern Ocean? Towards a dynamic inventory of the Antarctic marine species

Author: De Broyer, Claude, Danis, Bruno, Allcock, Louise, Angel, Martin, Arango, Claudia, Artois, Tom, Barnes, David, Bartsch, Ilse, Bester, Marthan, Blachowiak-Samolyk, Kasia, Blazewicz, Magda, Bohn, Jens, Brandt, Angelika, Brandao, Simone Nunes, David, Bruno, de Salas, Miguel, Downey, Rachel, Eleaume, Marc, Emig, Christian, Fautin, Daphne, George, Kai-Horst, Gillan, David, Gooday, Andrew, Hopcroft, Russ, Jangoux, Michel, Janussen, Dorte, Koubbi, Philippe, Kouwenberg, Juliana, Kuklinski, Piotr, Ligowski, Ryszard, Lindsay, Dhugal, Linse, Katrin, Longshaw, Matt, Lopez-Gonzalez, Pablo, Patrick, Martin, Munilla, Tomas, Muehlenhardt-Siegel, Ute, Neuhaus, Birger, Norenburg, Jon, Ozouf-Costaz, Catherine, Pakhomov, Evgeny, Perrin, William, Petryashov, Victor, Pena-Cantero, Alvaro L, Piatkowski, Uwe, Pierrot-Bults, Annelies, Rocka, Anna, Saiz-Salinas, Jose, Salvini-Plawen, Luitfried, Scarabino, Victor, Schiaparelli, Stefano, Schroedl, Michael, Schwabe, Enrico, Scott, Fiona, Sicinski, Jacek, Siegel, Volker, Smirnov, Igor, Thatje, Sven, Utevsky, Andrei, Vanreusel, Ann, Wiencke, Christian, Woehler, Eric, Zdzitowiecki, Krzysztof, Zeidler, Wolfgang, Department of Invertebrates, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences ( RBINS ), Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute, National University of Ireland [Galway] ( NUI Galway ), Comité français d'histoire de la géologie ( COFRHIGEO ), Natural Environments Program, Queensland Museum, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Epilepsy Centre, University Hospital Freiburg, Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques ( BOREA ), Université des Antilles ( UA ) -Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), BrachNet, National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] ( NOC ), University of Southampton [Southampton], Sektion Marine Evertebraten I, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Juliana Children's Hospital, Haga Teaching Hospital, Natural History Museum, Institute of Oceanology, Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ), British Antarctic Survey ( BAS ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Biodiversidad y Ecología de Invertebrados Marinos, Departamento de Fisiología y Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Laboratorio de Zoologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] ( UAB ), Biology education, University of Munich, Systématique, adaptation, évolution ( SAE ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] ( GEOMAR ), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences ( DISTAV ), Universita degli studi di Genova, Ocean and Earth Science, Marine Biology Department, Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies ( IMAS ), University of Tasmania, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles ( I.R.Sc.N.B. ), Biologie des Eaux Douces, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Department of Zoology [Galway], Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway)-National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Comité français d'histoire de la géologie (COFRHIGEO), Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Haga Teaching Hospital [Hague], The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Systématique, adaptation, évolution (SAE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Horbat] (IMAS), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles (I.R.Sc.N.B.), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Hobart] (IMAS), and Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (IRSNB)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Species complex, Biodiversity, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Biology, Oceanography, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Information system, Taxonomic impediment, Species inventory, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Southern Ocean, Taxonomy, Barcoding, [ SDV.BID ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Global change, 15. Life on land, Taxon, Habitat, Antarctic, Cybertaxonomy, Global biodiversity
Abstract: 13 pages; International audience; The IPY sister-projects CAML and SCAR-MarBIN provided a timely opportunity, a strong collaborative framework and an appropriate momentum to attempt assessing the “Known, Unknown and Unknowable” of Antarctic marine biodiversity. To allow assessing the known biodiversity, SCAR-MarBIN “Register of Antarctic Marine Species (RAMS)” was compiled and published by a panel of 64 taxonomic experts. Thanks to this outstanding expertise mobilized for the first time, an accurate list of more than 8100 valid species was compiled and an up-to-date systematic classification comprising more than 16,800 taxon names was established. This taxonomic information is progressively and systematically completed by species occurrence data, provided by literature, taxonomic and biogeographic databases, new data from CAML and other cruises, and museum collections. RAMS primary role was to establish a benchmark of the present taxonomic knowledge of the Southern Ocean biodiversity, particularly important in the context of the growing realization of potential impacts of the global change on Antarctic ecosystems. This, in turn, allowed detecting gaps in knowledge, taxonomic treatment and coverage, and estimating the importance of the taxonomic impediment, as well as the needs for more complete and efficient taxonomic tools. A second, but not less important, role of RAMS was to contribute to the “taxonomic backbone” of the SCAR-MarBIN, OBIS and GBIF networks, to establish a dynamic information system on Antarctic marine biodiversity for the future. The unknown part of the Southern Ocean biodiversity was approached by pointing out what remains to be explored and described in terms of geographical locations and bathymetric zones, habitats, or size classes of organisms. The growing importance of cryptic species is stressed, as they are more and more often detected by molecular studies in several taxa. Relying on RAMS results and on some case studies of particular model groups, the question of the potential number of species that remains to be discovered in the Southern Ocean is discussed.In terms of taxonomic inputs to the census of Southern Ocean biodiversity, the current rate of progress in inventorying the Antarctic marine species as well as the state of taxonomic resources and capacity were assessed. Different ways of improving the taxonomic inputs are suggested.
Published: 2011

22. Geographic variation in the trophic ecology of an avian rocky shore predator, the African black oystercatcher, along the southern African coastline

Author: Jessica Kemper, Bo T Bonnevie, Sébastien Jaquemet, Cécile Mablouké, Jaclyn M. Hill, Maëlle Connan, Christopher D. McQuaid, Johan Huisamen, Leslie G. Underhill, Sophie Kohler, Yves Cherel, Katrin Ludynia, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Marine (ECOMAR), Université de La Réunion (UR), Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Information Technology Division, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, African Penguin Conservation Project, CapeNature, Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Marine ( ECOMAR ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ), Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé ( CEBC ), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, animal structures, Shorebirds, Intertidal zone, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [ SDE ] Environmental Sciences, Haematopus moquini, Rocky shore, Oystercatcher, Mussels, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Apex predator, Trophic level, Ecology, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, fungi, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Stable isotope mixing model, Food web, Fishery, Biogeography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Limpets, δ13C, Upwelling, δ15N
Abstract: International audience; The reflection of baseline isotopic signals along marine food chains up to higher trophic levels has been widely used in the study of oceanic top predators but rarely for intertidal predators. We investigated variation in the δ13C and δ15N ratios of a sedentary, rocky shore predator, the African black oystercatcher Haematopus moquini, over ~2000 km of the southern African coastline, which is characterized by strong biogeographic patterns in primary productivity and intertidal communities. Blood and feathers from breeding adults and chicks and muscle tissues from primary prey items (mussels and limpets) were sampled between southern Namibia and the southeast coast of South Africa. 15N enrichment was observed between the southeast and west coasts in oystercatcher tissues and their prey, mirroring an isotope shift between the oligotrophic Agulhas Current on the east coast and the eutrophic Benguela upwelling system on the west coast. Oystercatcher blood showed δ13C values that varied between those of the carbon-depleted mussels and the carbon-enriched limpets along the coastline, which reflected changes in the proportion of grazers and filter feeders in the oystercatcher diet across the sampling range. The geographic shift in diet, dominated by mussels on the west coast and composed of mixed proportions of mussels and limpets on the southeast coasts, strongly reflected regionally high abundances of the invasive Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Finally, isotope signatures of blood and feathers displayed a strong correlation throughout the study area, indicating seasonal stability in environmental conditions and feeding habits of the adults. There were, however, local discrepancies on the south coast that indicated movement of adults occurred outside the breeding season possibly in response to a lower abundance of food in this region. Overall, the results indicate that the influence of regional oceanic conditions on the base of the food web can penetrate to the predator level, but that local effects can be incorporated within this pattern.
Published: 2011

23. Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) can improve soil hydrological properties

Author: Clarke H. Scholtz, Séraphine Grellier, Jacqueline Brown, Jean-Louis Janeau, Pascal Podwojewski, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology University of KwaZulu-Natal, PB X01, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Runoff, Soil biology, Soil Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Paracoprid, Animal science, Water content, 2. Zero hunger, Scarabaeidae, Ecology, biology, Moisture, Infiltration, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, beetles, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Bulk density, Infiltration (hydrology), Erosion, Soil water, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Land degradation, Surface runoff
Abstract: Although dung beetles are known to perform a multitude of ecosystem services, their effects on water infiltration, runoff, porosity, moisture and erosion of soil have never been thoroughly researched. Maintenance of these hydrological properties is important in agro-ecosystem functioning where overgrazing results in negative impacts on the soil. The study site was located in the Potshini catchment in Kwazulu-Natal (South Africa), an area heavily grazed by livestock. We conducted two rainfall simulations on three 1 m(-2) control (no dung) and six dung-treated plots in December 2008, and repeated the study in June 2009 on the same plots. Natural populations of dung beetles were allowed to colonise the dung. Simulations were conducted for 30 min at an intensity of 30 mm h(-1). Key variables calculated were pre-runoff amounts (Pi), infiltration ratios (Ki), and soil losses. Samples were collected for bulk density determination during the same time periods in order to measure differences in porosity and moisture in control and dung-treated plots at different depths. Using multivariate statistics we found significant differences between dung-treated and control plots in three of four simulations. After 48 h of beetle activity, Pi and Ki values were significantly increased and remained at elevated levels six months later. Soil losses were initially higher in dung-treated plots than controls, but had declined to less than control values after six months. Bulk density in the A-horizon (0-10 cm) was significantly reduced after 48 h of beetle activity and remained so for six months. No difference in bulk density was observed at greater depths. Soil moisture initially increased significantly in the A-horizon, as well as at 20 and 30 cm depths after six months of activity. We conclude that dung beetles positively influence hydrological properties of the soil by increasing water infiltration and soil porosity, and reducing surface water runoff. Contrasting effects on soil losses are problematic to reconcile from this study. High losses initially observed may be offset in the long-term by reductions associated with the increased infiltration ratios, though this remains to be confirmed.
Published: 2010

24. A whale of a plastic tale: A plea for interdisciplinary studies to tackle micro- and nanoplastic pollution in the marine realm

Author: Seuront, Laurent, Zardi, Gerardo I., Uguen, Marine, Bouchet, Vincent M.P., Delaeter, Camille, Henry, Solène, Spilmont, Nicolas, Nicastro, Katy, Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology (TUMSAT), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Centro de Ciências do Mar [Faro] (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Department of Marine Resources and Energy, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Centre of Marine Sciences [Faro] (CCMAR), University of Algarve [Portugal], Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 [LOG], Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology [TUMSAT], and Centro de Ciências do Mar [Faro] [CCMAR]
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Polymers, Anthropogenic pollution, Microplastics, Whales, Interdisciplinarity, Leachate, Interdisciplinary Studies, Toxicity assay, Pollution, Analytical chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental Chemistry, Animals, Humans, [SDV.TOX.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology/Ecotoxicology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Waste Management and Disposal, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Plastic is one of the most ubiquitous sources of both contamination and pollution of the Anthropocene, and accumulates virtually everywhere on the planet. As such, plastic threatens the environment, the economy and human well-being globally. The related potential threats have been identified as a major global conservation issue and a key research priority. Asa consequence, plastic pollution has become one of the most prolific fields of research in research areas including chemistry, physics, oceanography, biology, ecology, ecotoxicology, molecular biology, sociology, economy, conservation, management, and even politics. In this context, one may legitimately expect plastic pollution research to be highly interdisciplinary. However, using the emerging topic of microplastic and nanoplastic leachate (i.e., the desorption of molecules that are adsorbed onto the surface of a polymer and/or absorbed into the polymer matrix in the absence of plastic ingestion) in the ocean as a case study, we argue that this is still far from being the case. Instead, we highlight that plastic pollution research rather seems to remain structured in mostly isolated monodisciplinary studies. A plethora of analytical methods arc now available to qualify and quantify plastic monomers, polymers and the related additives. We nevertheless show though a survey of the literature that most studies addressing the effects of leachates on marine organisms essentially still lack of a quantitative assessment of the chemical nature and content of both plastic items and their leachates. In the context of the ever-increasing research effort devoted to assess the biological and ecological effects of plastic waste, we subsequently argue that the lack of a true interdisciplinary approach is likely to hamper the development of this research field. We finally introduce a roadmap for future research which has to evolve through the development of a sound and systematic ability to chemically define what we biologically compare. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2022

25. Strong and lasting impacts of past global warming on baleen whales and their prey

Author: Cabrera, Schall, Andrea A., Elena, Bérubé, Martine, Anderwald, Pia, Bachmann, Lutz, Berrow, Simon, Best, Clapham, Peter B., Cunha, Phillip J., Dalla Rosa, Haydée A., Luciano, Dias, Carolina, Findlay, Haug, KennethundefinedP., Tore, Heide‐jørgensen, Mads Peter, Hoelzel, undefinedRus, Kovacs, A., Landry, Kit M., Scott, Larsen, Finn, Lopes, Lydersen, Xênia M., Christian, Mattila, Oosting, David K., Tom, Pace, Papetti, Richard M., Papetti, Chiara, Angeliki, Pastene, Prieto, Luis A., Rui, Ramp, Robbins, Jooke, Sears, Richard, Secchi, Silva, Eduardo R., Simon, Mónica A., Malene, Víkingsson, Gísli, Wiig, Øystein, Øien, Nils, Palsbøll, Per, J., Palsbøll lab, Marine Biology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Center for Coastal Studies, Provincetown, Massachusetts, USA, Swiss National Park, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, Zernez, Switzerland, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland, Irish Whale and Dolphin Group, Merchants Quay, Kilrush, County Clare, Ireland, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa, Seastar Scientific Inc., Vashon Island, Washington, USA, Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicators Laboratory (MAQUA), Faculty of Oceanography, State University of Rio de Janeiro -UERJ, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Genetics Department of the Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro -UERJ, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Marine Megafauna, Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Department Conservation and Marine Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Oceans Economy, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa, Research Group Marine Mammals, Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Denmark, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway, Section for Ecosystem-based Marine Management, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation - 'DIMITRA', Herakleion, Crete, Greece, Institute of Cetacean Research, Tokyo, Japan, and The work was supported by the University of Groningen (P.J.P., M.B., and A.A.C.), Copenhagen University (P.J.P. and A.A.C.), Bangor University (P.J.P. and M.B.), University of California Berkeley (P.J.P. and M.B.), University of Oslo (L.B. and Ø.W.), and University of Stockholm (P.J.P. and M.B.). Funding was also provided by the Greenland Home Rule Government (P.J.P.), the Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland (P.J.P.), the Greenland Nature Resource Institute (P.J.P.), WWF-DK (P.J.P.), the Aage V. Jensen Foundation (P.J.P.), the Danish Natural Science Research Council (P.J.P.), and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq grant numbers 442637/2018-7 and 408096/2013-6) of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) under the scope of the Brazilian Antarctic Program (L.D.R., E.R.S., H.A.C., and C.D.) and the Irish Research Council (C.R.). A.A.C. was supported by a fellowship from Dutch Research Council—NWO— ( Rubicon project 019.183EN.005). X.M.L. was funded by a Brazilian scholarship from CNPq (201709/2014-7). Additional funding from the Norwegian Polar Institute, WWF Norway, and the Norwegian Research Council (ICE-whales programme) financed Norwegian data collection and participation. Funds were also provided by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through research and individual grants TRACE-PTDC/ MAR/74071/2006, IF/00943/2013, SFRH/BPD/108007/2015, UID/MAR/04292/2019, and UIDB/05634/2020.
Subjects: ATLANTIC, DYNAMICS, North Atlantic Ocean, Polar ecosystems, Population Dynamics, glaciation, SEA-ICE EXTENT, Global Warming, cetaceans, Glaciation, Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, EUBALAENA, Marine ecosystem, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Climate change, Animals, Environmental Chemistry, genetics, GLACIAL MAXIMUM, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, Southern Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Ecosystem, ARCTIC MARINE MAMMALS, SDG 15 - Life on Land, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Cetaceans, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Ecology, Whales, polar ecosystems, GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION, Demographic inference genetics, demographic inference, MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD-ESTIMATION, climate change, marine ecosystem, cetaceans, climate change, demographic inference, genetics, glaciation, marine ecosystem, North Atlantic Ocean, polar ecosystems, Southern Ocean, FOOD-WEB
Abstract: Global warming is affecting the population dynamics and trophic interactions across a wide range of ecosystems and habitats. Translating these real-time effects into their long-term consequences remains a challenge. The rapid and extreme warming period that occurred after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (7-12 thousand years ago) provides an opportunity to gain insights into the long-term responses of natural populations to periods with global warming. The effects of this post-LGM warming period have been assessed in many terrestrial taxa, whereas insights into the impacts of rapid global warming on marine taxa remain limited, especially for megafauna. In order to understand how large-scale climate fluctuations during the post-LGM affected baleen whales and their prey, we conducted an extensive, large-scale analysis of the long-term effects of the post-LGM warming on abundance and inter-ocean connectivity in eight baleen whale and seven prey (fish and invertebrates) species across the Southern and the North Atlantic Ocean; two ocean basins that differ in key oceanographic features. The analysis was based upon 7032 mitochondrial DNA sequences as well as genome-wide DNA sequence variation in 100 individuals. The estimated temporal changes in genetic diversity during the last 30,000 years indicated that most baleen whale populations underwent post-LGM expansions in both ocean basins. The increase in baleen whale abundance during the Holocene was associated with simultaneous changes in their prey and climate. Highly correlated, synchronized and exponential increases in abundance in both baleen whales and their prey in the Southern Ocean were indicative of a dramatic increase in ocean productivity. In contrast, the demographic fluctuations observed in baleen whales and their prey in the North Atlantic Ocean were subtle, varying across taxa and time. Perhaps most important was the observation that the ocean-wide expansions and decreases in abundance that were initiated by the post-LGM global warming, continued for millennia after global temperatures stabilized, reflecting persistent, long-lasting impacts of global warming on marine fauna.
Published: 2022

26. Habitat model forecasts suggest potential redistribution of marine predators in the southern Indian Ocean

Author: Stefan Schoombie, Delia Davies, Stephen P. Kirkman, Stuart Corney, Mia Wege, Ari S. Friedlaender, Ben Raymond, Cédric Cotté, P J Nico de Bruyn, Michael D. Sumner, Kim L. Stevens, Amanda T. Lombard, Ben J. Dilley, Yan Ropert-Coudert, T. Otto Whitehead, Marthán N Bester, Pierre A. Pistorius, Cheryl Ann Tosh, Ryan R. Reisinger, Mark A. Hindell, Robert J. M. Crawford, Peter G. Ryan, Simon Wotherspoon, Azwianewi B. Makhado, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Institute for Marine Sciences [California, USA], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Institute for Coastal Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Fisheries Research and Development, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence - Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology [South Africa], Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University [Port Elizabeth, South Africa], Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture [Australia], Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, 7050, Australia, Research Office, Faculty of Health Sciences [South Africa], Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology [South Africa], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Nelson Mandela University [Port Elizabeth], and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, projection, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Predation, distribution, 14. Life underwater, Southern Ocean, marine mammals, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ecology, Redistribution (cultural anthropology), prediction, 15. Life on land, Indian ocean, Oceanography, climate change, Habitat, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, seabirds
Abstract: Aim: Climate change will likely lead to a significant redistribution of biodiversity in marine ecosystems. We examine the potential redistribution of a community of marine predators by comparing current and future habitat distribution projections. We examine relative changes among species, indicative of potential future community-level changes and consider potential consequences of these changes for conservation and management. Location: Southern Indian Ocean. Methods: We used tracking data from 14 species (10 seabirds, 3 seals and 1 cetacean, totalling 538 tracks) to model the habitat selection of predators around the Prince Edward Islands. Using random forest classifiers, we modelled habitat selection as a response to a static environmental covariate and nine dynamic environmental covariates obtained from eight IPCC-class climate models. To project the potential distribution of the predators in 2071–2100, we used climate model outputs assuming two greenhouse gas emission scenarios: RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5.Results: Analogous climates are projected to predominantly shift to the southeast and southwest. Species’ potential range shifts varied in direction and magnitude, but overall shifted slightly to the southwest. Despite the variable shifts among species, current species co-occurrence patterns and future projections were statistically similar. Our projections show that at least some important habitats will shift out of national waters and marine protected areas by 2100, but important habitat area will increase in the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Area. Predicted areas of common use among predators decreased north of the islands and increased to the south, suggesting that multiple predator species may use southerly habitats more intensively in the future. Consequently, Southern Ocean management authorities could implement conservation actions to partially offset these shifts. Main conclusions: Overall, we predict that marine predator biodiversity in the southern Indian Ocean will be redistributed, with ecological, conservation and management implications.
Published: 2022

27. Spatial-Temporal Movements of Free Ranging Pigs at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface of Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda: Potential of Disease Control at a Local Scale

Author: Payne, Ariane, Ogweng, Peter, Stahl, Karl, Masembe, Charles, Jori, Ferran, Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda] (MAK), National Veterinary Institute [Uppsala] (SVA), Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], and This study was financed by APHIS (US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, APHIS Agreement No. 13-7440-0989-GR) Wellcome trust (Grant 105684/Z/14/Z) and French Embassy in Uganda (Convention de subvention 10/10/2016. Appui CIRAD 185UGA0079)
Subjects: homestead, pig diseases, General Veterinary, GPS harness, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], home range, Veterinary Science, African swine fever, pig farming, Original Research, biosecurity
Abstract: International audience; In many Ugandan rural communities, pigs are generally kept under traditional smallholder systems without basic biosecurity measures in place. In some instances, these systems are at the livestock-wildlife interface, as it is the case in Nwoya district, which is bordered by Murchison Falls National Park (MFNP). This pig system has potential for the maintenance and transmission of pathogens like African swine fever (ASF) between different herds, and also with wild pigs (warthogs and bushpigs). In this paper, we describe the spatial and temporal pattern of the movements of free ranging domestic pigs in a rural setting in Northern Uganda where ASF is endemic. We also determine their use of habitat to highlight the potential interaction hotspots between domestic pigs and between domestic and wild pig populations. We fitted 10 free-ranging domestic pigs owned by different homesteads with GPS harnesses during rainy and dry seasons. The pig home range, daily distance, activity pattern and habitat use were calculated. Our results show that the maximum area covered (MCP 100%) by the pigs varied between 35,965 and 475,077 m 2 . The core area varied from 1,317 to 50,769 m 2 . The pigs' home ranges were significantly bigger during the dry season than during the rainy season (Wilcoxon test, W = 22, p = 0.04). The mean full day (24 h) distance was longer in the dry season than in the rainy season (Student test, t = 2.7, p = 0.03). The pigs were mostly located within their own homestead, but they also used other homesteads, grass and crop fields. This study highlights that free-ranging domestic pigs may cover a wide area, especially during the dry season. Interestingly, the home range of pigs from different herds may overlap with areas used by wild pigs which share crops and other resources in this area. This study provides insights into a better understanding of the potential for spread of diseases such as ASF at small-scale and can be used to raise awareness of such risks and to better target implementation of preventive measures.
Published: 2021

28. Inter‐Group Social Behavior, Contact Patterns and Risk for Pathogen Transmission in Cape Buffalo Populations

Author: Wielgus, Elodie, Caron, Alexandre, Bennitt, Emily, de Garine‐wichatitsky, Michel, Cain, Bradley, Fritz, Herve, Miguel, Eve, Cornélis, Daniel, Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon, Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Eduardo Mondlane, Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of Botswana, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine [Kasetsart University, Thaïlande], Kasetsart University (KU)-Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Reconciling Ecological and Human Adaptations for a Biosphere-based Sustainability (REHABS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University [Port Elizabeth, South Africa], Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre de Recherche en Ecologie et Evolution de la Santé (CREES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], The project was implemented under the framework of the Research Platform 'Production and Conservation in Partnership' (RP-PCP) and within the framework of the AHEAD initiative. This research was funded by CIRAD, South African National Parks, Veterinary Services in South Africa's Department of Agriculture, the Ministere Francais des Affaires Etrangeres through the French Embassy in Zimbabwe, the Francois Sommer Foundation (Paris), J. and M. Bennitt, the Dulverton Trust, H. Ferguson, I. Fuhr, R. Fuhr, D. Hawk, Idea Wild, the North of England Zoological Society, the Roberts Fund, and Wilderness Safaris Wildlife Trust., Reconciling Ecological and Human Adaptations for Biosphere Sustainability (REHABS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Nelson Mandela University [Port Elizabeth], Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: contact patterns, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], home range, Comportement de groupe, dyadic interactions, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Agent pathogène, télémétrie, parasitic diseases, Brucellose, Syncerus caffer caffer, Transmission des maladies, disease transmission, seasonality, telemetry, Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, Comportement social, Vecteur de maladie, southern Africa, Écologie animale, L20 - Écologie animale, Comportement animal, geographic locations
Abstract: International audience; In social species, the transmission and maintenance of infectious diseases depends on the contact patterns between individuals within groups and on the interactions between groups. In southern Africa, the Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) is a vector for many pathogens that can infect sympatric livestock. Although intragroup contact patterns of Cape buffalo have been relatively well described, how groups interact with each other and risks for pathogen transmission remain poorly understood. We identified and compared spatial behavior and contact patterns between neighboring groups of Cape buffalo under contrasting environments: within the seasonally flooded environment of the Okavango Delta in Botswana and the semi-arid environment of northern Kruger National Park in South Africa. We used telemetry data collected between 2007 and 2015 from 10 distinct groups. We estimated seasonal overlap and proximity between home ranges of pairwise neighboring groups, and we quantified seasonal contact patterns between these groups. We defined contact patterns within variable spatiotemporal windows compatible with the transmission of diseases carried by the Cape buffalo: bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, and Rift Valley fever (mosquito-borne transmission). We examined the effects of habitat and distance to water on contact location. In both study populations, neighboring buffalo groups were highly spatially segregated in the dry and rainy seasons. Inter-group contact patterns were characterized by very few direct and short-term indirect (within 0-2 days) contacts, lasting on average 1 hour and 2 hours, respectively. Contact patterns were generally consistent across populations and seasons, suggesting species-specific behavior. In the drier study site, the probability of indirect and vector-borne contacts generally decreased during the dry season with increasing distance to water. In the seasonally flooded area, only the probability of vector-borne contact decreased with increasing distance to water. Our results highlight the importance of dry season water availability in influencing the dynamics of indirectly transmitted Cape buffalo pathogens but only in areas with low water availability. The results from this study have important implications for future modeling of pathogen dynamics in a single host, and the ecology and management of Cape buffalo at the landscape level.
Published: 2021

29. Epidemiology of African swine fever in Africa today: Sylvatic cycle versus socio‐economic imperatives

Author: Armanda D.S. Bastos, Mary-Louise Penrith, Daniel Beltran-Alcrudo, Eric Etter, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria (UPSpace), Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Production Animal Studies, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Subjects: sub-Saharan Africa, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Swine, Sus scrofa, wild suids, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Disease Outbreaks, 0403 veterinary science, Porcin, domestic pigs, Socioeconomics, bushpigs, Phacochoerus, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, biology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, African Swine Fever Virus, Épidémiologie, Domestic pig, Geography, Peste porcine africaine, Livestock, Sylvatic cycle, L20 - Écologie animale, Faune, 040301 veterinary sciences, Population, Animals, Wild, Environment, African swine fever virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Ornithodoros moubata, parasitic diseases, Animals, education, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, L01 - Élevage - Considérations générales, Outbreak, biology.organism_classification, Socioeconomic Factors, sylvatic cycle, Africa, socio-economic factors, Écologie animale, African swine fever, business, control, warthogs
Abstract: International audience; African swine fever (ASF) is believed to have evolved in eastern and southern Africa in a sylvatic cycle between common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) and argasid ticks of the Ornithodoros moubata complex that live in their burrows. The involvement of warthogs and possibly other wild suids in the maintenance of ASF virus means that the infection cannot be eradicated from Africa, but only prevented and controlled in domestic pig populations. Historically, outbreaks of ASF in domestic pigs in Africa were almost invariably linked to the presence of warthogs, but subsequent investigations of the disease in pigs revealed the presence of another cycle involving domestic pigs and ticks, with a third cycle becoming apparent when the disease expanded into West Africa where the sylvatic cycle is not present. The increase in ASF outbreaks that has accompanied the exponential growth of the African pig population over the last three decades has heralded a shift in the epidemiology of ASF in Africa, and the growing importance of the pig husbandry and trade in the maintenance and spread of ASF. This review, which focuses on the ASF situation between 1989 and 2017, suggests a minor role for wild suids compared with the domestic cycle, driven by socio‐economic factors that determine the ability of producers to implement the control measures needed for better management of ASF in Africa.
Published: 2019

30. Plastic leachates: Bridging the gap between a conspicuous pollution and its pernicious effects on marine life

Author: Delaeter, Camille, Spilmont, Nicolas, Bouchet, Vincent M.P., Seuront, Laurent, Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Department of Marine Resources and Energy, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology (TUMSAT), Department of Zoology and Entomology, and Rhodes University, Grahamstown
Subjects: Aquatic Organisms, Environmental Engineering, Polymers, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Animals, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, Plastics, Pollution, Waste Management and Disposal, Ecosystem, Water Pollutants, Chemical
Abstract: With 4 to 12 million tons of plastic entering the marine environment each year, plastic pollution has become one of the most ubiquitous sources of pollution of the Anthropocene threatening the marine environment. Beyond the conspicuous physical damages, plastics may release a cocktail of harmful chemicals, i.e. monomers, additives and persistent organic pollutants. Although known to be highly toxic, plastic leachates seemingly appear, however, as the "somewhat sickly child" of the plastic pollution literature. We reviewed the only 26 studies investigating the impact of plastic leachates on marine microbes and invertebrates, and concluded that the observed effects essentially depend on the species, polymer type, plastic composition, accumulated contaminants and weathering processes. We identified several gaps that we believe may hamper progress in this emerging area of research and discussed how they could be bridged to further our understanding of the effects of the compounds released by plastic items on marine organisms. We first stress the lack of a consensus on the use of the term 'leachate', and subsequently introduce the concepts of primary and secondary leachates, based on the intrinisic or extrinsic origin of the products released in bulk seawater. We discuss how methodological inconsistencies and the discrepancy between the polymers used in experiments and their abundance in the environment respectively limit comparison between studies and a comprehensive assessment of the effects leachate may actually have in the ocean. We also discuss how the imbalanced in the variety of both organisms and polymers considered, the mostly unrealistic concentrations used in laboratory experiments, and the lack of investigation on key ecosystem engineers may considerably narrow the spectrum of our understanding of the plastic leachates' effects. We finally discuss how increasing multi-disciplinarity through collaborations between different research fields may benefit to an area of research which is still in its early infancy.
Published: 2022

31. Female Seals that Breed Young Also Enjoy a Slower Rate of Aging

Author: Marthán N Bester, W. Chris Oosthuizen, Roger Pradel, P J Nico de Bruyn, Guillaume Péron, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Mammal Research Institute - Department Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria (UPSpace), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 05 social sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 050301 education, General Medicine, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 0503 education, 01 natural sciences, Breed, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Demography
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

32. Ecology of Moroteuthopsis longimana at the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands, revealed through stable isotope analysis of squid beaks

Author: A. van Tonder, Miguel Guerreiro, Yves Cherel, José C. Xavier, Nico Lübcker, Pjn de Bruyn, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Laboratório Marítimo da Guia MARE [Portugal], Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), and Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Cephalopods, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Foraging, Albatross, Aquatic Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Predation, Thalassarche chrysostoma, 14. Life underwater, Southern Ocean, Stableisotope analysis, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Isotope analysis, Trophic level, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, δ15N, biology.organism_classification, Moroteuthopsis longimana, Crustacean, Prince Edward Islands, Habitat, Ontogeny, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Understanding the underlying ecological factors that affect the distribution patterns of organisms is vital for their conservation. Cephalopods such as giant warty squids Moroteuthopsis longimana are important in the diets of marine predators, including grey-headed albatrosses Thalassarche chrysostoma, yet our understanding of their habitat and trophic ecology remains limited. We investigated the habitat and trophic niche utilised by M. longimana through the δ13C and δ15N profiles captured in their beaks. M. longimana beaks were collected around grey-headed albatross nests at the Prince Edward Islands during 2004 and 2013 (n = 40 beaks). The results showed distinctly Antarctic distributions (δ13C = -24.0 ± 1.0‰, mean ± SD) for M. longimana, consistent with albatrosses foraging at the Southwest Indian Ridge, as opposed to broader foraging zones utilised by albatrosses from Îles Crozet and Îles Kerguelen. Slightly lower δ15N values (5.4 ± 0.7‰) were found compared to other islands in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean, which may indicate more crustaceans in the squid diets. Sequential sampling along the lateral walls of individual beaks (n = 4) revealed ontogenetic shifts in δ13C and δ15N values, but individual variation in these shifts requires further investigation.
Published: 2021

33. African elephants can detect water from natural and artificial sources via olfactory cues

Author: Matthew Wood, Simon Chamaillé-Jammes, Adrian M. Shrader, Almuth Hammerbacher, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa]-University of Pretoria [South Africa], Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), ANR-16-CE02-0001,LANDTHIRST,Les paysages de la soif: changement climatique et ajustements comportementaux face au manque d'eau(2016), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, smell of water, 0303 health sciences, 2-methylisoborneol, Ecology, Water source, dimethyl sulphide, Olfactory cues, surface water, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Geosmin, Natural (archaeology), 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, volatile organic compounds, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol, Surface water, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: International audience; Water is vital for mammals. Yet, as ephemeral sources can be difficult to find, it raises the question, how do mammals locate water? Elephants (Loxodonta africana) are waterdependent herbivores that possess exceptional olfactory capabilities, and it has been suggested that they may locate water via smell. However, there is no evidence to support this claim. To explore this, we performed two olfactory choice experiments with semi-tame elephants. In the first, we tested whether elephants could locate water using olfactory cues alone. For this, we used water from two natural dams and a drinking trough utilised by the elephants. Distilled water acted as a control. In the second, we explored whether elephants could detect three key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) commonly associated with water (geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, and dimethyl sulphide). We found that the elephants could locate water olfactorily, but not the distilled water. Moreover, they were also able to detect the three VOCs associated with water. However, these VOCs were not in the odour profiles of the water sources in our experiments. This suggests that the elephants were either able to detect the unique odour profiles of the different water sources or used other VOCs that they associate with water. Ultimately, our findings indicate that elephants can locate water olfactorily at small spatial scales, but the extent to which they, and other mammals, can detect water over larger scales (e.g. km) remains unclear.
Published: 2021

34. Ultra-conserved elements and morphology reciprocally illuminate conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses in Chalcididae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)

Author: Bonnie B. Blaimer, Simon Van Noort, Jean-Pierre Rossi, Gérard Delvare, Sariana Faure, Sujeevan Ratnasingham, Seán G. Brady, Marguerite Chartois, Astrid Cruaud, Jean-Yves Rasplus, Sabine Nidelet, Laure Sauné, Michael W. Gates, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of Guelph, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Smithsonian Institution, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Department of Zoology and Entomology, South African Cultural History Museum of Cape Town, Iziko South African Museum, University of Cape Town, This work is part of a large NSF project led by John Heraty (UC Riverside USA), Jim Woolley (Texas A&M University USA) and Matt Yoder (University of Illinois USA) that attempts to solve the phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea with NGS approaches and was funded by the INRA SPE department (recurrent funding to JYR and AC)., Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, systematic bias, Phylogénie, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Tree of life, Morphology (biology), Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, topological conflict, 03 medical and health sciences, morphology, Animals, Supermatrix, Chalcididae, Conserved Sequence, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Base Composition, Likelihood Functions, 0303 health sciences, Phylogenetic tree, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Biodiversity, biology.organism_classification, Missing data, L10 - Génétique et amélioration des animaux, Biological Evolution, Hymenoptera, Divergent evolution, Tree (data structure), Ultra Conserved Elements, 030104 developmental biology, Taxon, Genetic Techniques, morphologie, Evolutionary biology
Abstract: Fastq paired reads for analyzed samples are available as a NCBI Sequence Read Archive (ID#PRJNA606284). Custom script to detect cross-contamination is available from https://github.com/DNAdiversity/UCE-Cross-Contamination-Check.Datasets (morphological matrix, concatenated UCEs) and trees have been uploaded on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3666638).; International audience; Recent technical advances combined with novel computational approaches have promised the acceleration of our understanding of the tree of life. However, when it comes to hyperdiverse and poorly known groups of invertebrates, studies are still scarce. As published phylogenies will be rarely challenged by future taxonomists, careful attention must be paid to potential analytical bias. We present the first molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the family Chalcididae, a group of parasitoid wasps, with a representative sampling (144 ingroups and seven outgroups) that covers all described subfamilies and tribes, and 82% of the known genera. Analyses of 538 Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCEs) with supermatrix (RAxML and IQTREE) and gene tree reconciliation approaches (ASTRAL, ASTRID) resulted in highly supported topologies in overall agreement with morphology but reveal conflicting topologies for some of the deepest nodes. To resolve these conflicts, we explored the phylogenetic tree space with clustering and gene genealogy interrogation methods, analyzed marker and taxon properties that could bias inferences and performed a thorough morphological analysis (130 characters encoded for 40 taxa representative of the diversity). This joint analysis reveals that UCEs enable attainment of resolution between ancestry and convergent/divergent evolution when morphology is not informative enough, but also shows that a systematic exploration of bias with different analytical methods and a careful analysis of morphological features is required to prevent publication of artifactual results. We highlight a GC content bias for maximum-likelihood approaches, an artifactual mid-point rooting of the ASTRAL tree and a deleterious effect of high percentage of missing data (>85% missing UCEs) on gene tree reconciliation methods. Based on the results we propose a new classification of the family into eight subfamilies and ten tribes that lay the foundation for future studies on the evolutionary history of Chalcididae.
Published: 2021

35. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems

Author: Marthán N Bester, Birgitte I. McDonald, Karine Delord, Ben Raymond, Jaimie Cleeland, Steven L. Chown, Jean-Benoît Charrassin, Daniel P. Costa, Norman Ratcliffe, Michael E. Goebel, Henri Weimerskirch, Bruno Danis, Rachael Alderman, Simon D. Goldsworthy, Akiko Kato, Keith W. Nicholls, Peter G. Ryan, Nick Gales, Luciano Dalla Rosa, Andrew D. Lowther, Pierre A. Pistorius, Rochelle Constantine, P J Nico de Bruyn, Christian Lydersen, Mike Double, Jefferson T. Hinke, Stuart Corney, Arnaud Tarroux, Kieran Lawton, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Colin Southwell, Kerstin Jerosch, Silvia Olmastroni, Richard A. Phillips, Dominik A Nachtsheim, David R. Thompson, Robert J. M. Crawford, Ian D. Jonsen, Kimberly T. Goetz, Mary-Anne Lea, José C. Xavier, Sébastien Descamps, Charles-André Bost, Michael A. Fedak, Grant Ballard, Robert Harcourt, Mônica M. C. Muelbert, Klemens Pütz, Christophe Guinet, Simon Wotherspoon, Kit M. Kovacs, Iain J. Staniland, Leigh G. Torres, Luis A. Hückstädt, Phil O'b. Lyver, Ari S. Friedlaender, Arnoldus Schytte Blix, Azwianewi B. Makhado, Mercedes Santos, Roger Kirkwood, Peter L. Boveng, John L. Bengtson, Erling S. Nordøy, Barbara Wienecke, Mark A. Hindell, Ryan R. Reisinger, Wayne Z. Trivelpiece, Joachim Plötz, Knowles Kerry, Ben Arthur, Akinori Takahashi, Virginia Andrews-Goff, Horst Bornemann, M. E. I. Marquez, Clive R. McMahon, Gerald L. Kooyman, Anton Van de Putte, Ewan D. Wakefield, Lars Boehme, Philip N. Trathan, Louise Emmerson, Antarctic Wildlife Research Unit, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), CESAB-FRB [France], Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (University of California Santa Cruz), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [Santa Cruz], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), School of Biological Sciences [Victoria, Australia] (Monash University), Monash University [Victoria, Australia], Marine Biology Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Hobart] (IMAS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University (OSU), BEDIC, OD Nature [Brussels, Belgium], Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences [Belgium], Department of Primary Industries [Australia], Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, PRBO Conservation Science, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], The Arctic University of Norway [Tromsø, Norway] (UiT), Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews [Scotland], School of Biological Sciences [Auckland, New Zealand], University of Auckland [Auckland], Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Department of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries [South Africa] (Oceans and Coasts), Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha [Rio Grande, Brazil], Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), Norvegian Polar Research Institute (NPRI), Norwegian Polar Institute, Institute of Marine Sciences, Long Marine Laboratory, South Australian Research and Development Institute [Australia], Department of Biological Sciences [North Ryde], Macquarie University, Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Marine Fisheries Service, Scholander Hall, Scripps Institution of Oceanography [CA, USA], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), FRAM Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Instituto Antartico Argentino, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories [CA, USA] (San José State University), San Jose State University [San Jose] (SJSU), University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science (USIMS), The University of Sydney, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Tromsø (UiT), Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali 'G. Sarfatti', Università degli Studi di Siena = University of Siena (UNISI), National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Antarctic Research Trust, British Antarctic Survey NERC [UK], DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute for African Ornithology [South Africa], Nelson Mandela University [Port Elizabeth], Instituto Antártico Argentino, National Insitute of Polar Research, National Institute of Polar Research [Tokyo] (NiPR), Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Natural Environment Research Council - British Antarctic Survey [Cambridge, UK], Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University (Australia), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Horbat] (IMAS), The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Jose State University [San José] (SJSU), and Nelson Mandela University
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Conservation of Natural Resources, Aquatic Organisms, Food Chain, bird, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Science & Technology, Oceans and Seas, Climate Change, Fishing, Population Dynamics, Animal Identification Systems, Climate change, Antarctic Regions, climate chang, mammal, 01 natural sciences, Predation, long-term change, Birds, bird, climate chang, econtinental shelf, exploitation, long-term change, mammal, predator tracking, Animals, Ecosystem, Ice Cover, 14. Life underwater, econtinental shelf, Life Below Water, Exploitation of natural resources, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Mammals, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental shelf, predator tracking, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Fishes, Biodiversity, Fishery, Climate Action, 13. Climate action, Predatory Behavior, Ecological significance, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, exploitation, Sciences exactes et naturelles
Abstract: International audience; Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change1,2. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.
Published: 2020

36. Are fission–fusion dynamics consistent among populations? A large‐scale study with Cape buffalo

Author: Simon Chamaillé-Jammes, Elodie Wielgus, Hugo Valls-Fox, Michel De Garine-Wichatitsky, Hervé Fritz, Bradley Cain, Alexandre Caron, Daniel Cornélis, Eve Miguel, Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Kasetsart University - KU (THAILAND), Kasetsart University (KU), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), CNRS, LTSER France, Zone Atelier Hwange, Hwange Natl Pk,Bag 62, Dete, Zimbabwe, Partenaires INRAE, Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], ANR-08-BLAN-0022,FEAR,Paysage de la peur et utilisation de l'hétérogénéité spatiale des ressources par des herbivores de taille corporelle différente: nouvelles hypothèses de coexistence interspécique(2008), ANR-11-CEPL-0003,SAVARID,Effet de l'augmentation de l'aridité et de la fréquence des sécheresses sur les systèmes socio-écologiques de savane dépendant de la biodiversité : scénarios exploratoires pour une aire protégée contrainte par l'eau de surface(2011), ANR-16-CE02-0001,LANDTHIRST,Les paysages de la soif: changement climatique et ajustements comportementaux face au manque d'eau(2016), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, multi‐population, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], dyadic interactions, 01 natural sciences, Dynamique des populations, Original Research, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, biology, Fission fusion, National park, seasonality, Facteur du milieu, Geography, Habitat, home range overlap, association patterns, multi-population, L20 - Écologie animale, Wet season, Buffle africain, Facteur écologique, Home range, 010603 evolutionary biology, Intraspecific competition, 03 medical and health sciences, Variation génétique, Syncerus, lcsh:QH540-549.5, medicine, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Cape buffalo, 030304 developmental biology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, 15. Life on land, Seasonality, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: Fission–fusion dynamics allow animals to manage costs and benefits of group living by adjusting group size. The degree of intraspecific variation in fission–fusion dynamics across the geographical range is poorly known. During 2008–2016, 38 adult female Cape buffalo were equipped with GPS collars in three populations located in different protected areas (Gonarezhou National Park and Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe; Kruger National Park, South Africa) to investigate the patterns and environmental drivers of fission–fusion dynamics among populations. We estimated home range overlap and fission and fusion events between Cape buffalo dyads. We investigated the temporal dynamics of both events at daily and seasonal scales and examined the influence of habitat and distance to water on event location. Fission–fusion dynamics were generally consistent across populations: Fission and fusion periods lasted on average between less than one day and three days. However, we found seasonal differences in the underlying patterns of fission and fusion, which point out the likely influence of resource availability and distribution in time on group dynamics: During the wet season, Cape buffalo split and associated more frequently and were in the same or in a different subgroup for shorter periods. Cape buffalo subgroups were more likely to merge than to split in open areas located near water, but overall vegetation and distance to water were very poor predictors of where fission and fusion events occurred. This study is one of the first to quantify fission–fusion dynamics in a single species across several populations with a common methodology, thus robustly questioning the behavioral flexibility of fission–fusion dynamics among environments., The frequency at which Cape buffalos split and join allows them to adjust to environmental conditions. In 3 distinct populations, the associations between individuals last on average between 1 and 3 days, but seasonal differences exist: In the dry season, buffalos split and join less frequently but stay in the same subgroup for longer periods than in wet season. Vegetation openness and distance to water are poor predictors of where fission and fusion events occur.
Published: 2020

37. Combining Analytical Approaches and Multiple Sources of Information to Improve Interpretation of Diagnostic Test Results for Tuberculosis in Wild Meerkats

Author: Stuart J. Patterson, Charlene Clarke, Tim H. Clutton-Brock, Michele A. Miller, Sven D. C. Parsons, Dirk U. Pfeiffer, Timothée Vergne, Julian A. Drewe, Patterson, Stuart J [0000-0002-4907-8373], Clarke, Charlene [0000-0002-9497-2614], Miller, Michele A [0000-0002-5883-6076], Parsons, Sven DC [0000-0002-9033-9686], Pfeiffer, Dirk U [0000-0001-7000-0530], Drewe, Julian A [0000-0003-0709-8066], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, SAMRC Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa]-University of Pretoria [South Africa], Large Animal Research Group, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong] (CUHK), Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), This paper has relied on records of individual identities and life histories maintained by the Kalahari Meerkat Project, which is supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 294494), the Human Frontier Science Program (funding reference RGP0051/2017), the University of Zurich, the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Mammal Research Institute at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. This specific work was funded by BBSRC (training scholarship BB/F016891/1), the Royal Veterinary College and the Friends of the Kalahari Meerkat Project, kalahari-meerkats.com/fkmp. Thanks also to Irene Staehelin for her generous support. This research was funded partially by the South African government through the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative (Grant #86949). MM, CC, and SP were supported by the South African government through the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation Chair Initiative (grant #86949)., and European Project: 294494,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2011-ADG_20110310,THCB2011(2012)
Subjects: General Veterinary, 040301 veterinary sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], wildlife, Veterinary medicine, diagnostics, interpretation, tuberculosis, meerkats, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 01 natural sciences, Article, 3. Good health, 0403 veterinary science, 010104 statistics & probability, QL1-991, SF600-1100, Animal Science and Zoology, 0101 mathematics, Zoology
Abstract: Data presented in this study is publicly available at https://figshare.com/s/45bd5369a97b4c2489bf (accessed on 25 October 2021).Ethical permission for the study was provided by the University of Pretoria (ECO20-14), and this manuscript has been approved for publication by the Royal Veterinary College (PPS_01715). Permission to carry out research in the region was granted by the Northern Cape Department of Environment and Nature Conservation.; International audience; Simple SummaryDiagnostic tests used in animals are ideally extensively trialled to ensure that practitioners have confidence in the results; the ideal target should be 100% of infected animals testing positive (sensitivity), and 100% of uninfected animals testing negative (specificity). In these trials, a gold standard is necessary, against which the diagnostic tests may be compared. Commonly, tests of wild animals are not extensively trialled due to shortages of samples and the rarity of gold standard tests. This study uses samples collected for the purpose of diagnosing Mycobacterium suricattae infection in meerkats and estimates the sensitivity and specificity of available tests, both individually, and in combination. A small number of post-mortems (gold standard) were carried out, providing definitive evidence of infected animals against which to compare the tests. In addition, test results were unconventionally compared to survival times and clinical characteristics, aiming to quantify the prognostic capabilities of the tests. The study therefore not only estimates the required parameters against which to assess these tests, but also provides a model for future assessment of diagnostic tests in imperfect field scenarios. Wildlife diseases are increasingly recognised as important to society, and so methods to better quantify these are increasingly important.AbstractDiagnostic tests are used to classify individual animals’ infection statuses. However, validating test performance in wild animals without gold standard tests is extremely challenging, and the issue is further complicated in chronic conditions where measured immune parameters vary over time. Here, we demonstrate the value of combining evidence from different diagnostic approaches to aid interpretation in the absence of gold standards, large sample sizes, and controlled environments. Over a two-year period, we sampled 268 free-living meerkats (Suricata suricatta) longitudinally for Mycobacterium suricattae (a causative agent of tuberculosis), using three ante-mortem diagnostic tests based on mycobacterial culture, and antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, interpreting results both independently and in combination. Post-mortem cultures confirmed M. suricattae infection in 22 animals, which had prior ante-mortem information, 59% (13/22) of which were test-positive on a parallel test interpretation (PTI) of the three ante-mortem diagnostic assays (95% confidence interval: 37–79%). A similar ability to detect infection, 65.7% (95% credible interval: 42.7–84.7%), was estimated using a Bayesian approach to examine PTI. Strong evidence was found for a near doubling of the hazard of death (Hazard Ratio 1.75, CI: 1.14–2.67, p = 0.01), associated with a positive PTI result, thus demonstrating that these test results are related to disease outcomes. For individual tests, small sample sizes led to wide confidence intervals, but replication of conclusions, using different methods, increased our confidence in these results. This study demonstrates that combining multiple methodologies to evaluate diagnostic tests in free-ranging wildlife populations can be a useful approach for exploiting such valuable datasets.
Published: 2021

38. Individual heterogeneity in life‐history trade‐offs with age at first reproduction in capital breeding elephant seals

Author: Marthán N Bester, Res Altwegg, W. Chris Oosthuizen, Roger Pradel, Marie Nevoux, Martin Postma, P J Nico de Bruyn, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), University of Cape Town, Dept Stat Sci, Ctr Stat Ecol Environm & Conservat, Rondebosch, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), University of Pretoria, Mammal Res Inst, Dept Zool & Entomol, Hatfield, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Offspring, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, cost of reproduction, individual quality, Seasonal breeder, Life history, mixture models, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, hidden heterogeneity, education.field_of_study, Individual heterogeneity, recruitment age, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Trade offs, Capital (economics), Reproduction, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Demography
Abstract: International audience; ecruitment age plays a key role in life-history evolution. Because individuals allocate limited resources among competing life-history functions, theory predicts trade-offs between current reproduction and future growth, survival and/or reproduction. Reproductive costs tend to vary with recruitment age, but may also be overridden by fixed individual differences leading to persistent demographic heterogeneity and positive covariation among demographic traits at the population level. We tested for evidence of intra- and inter-generational trade-offs and individual heterogeneity relating to age at first reproduction using three decades of detailed individual life-history data of 6,439 capital breeding female southern elephant seals. Contrary to the predictions from trade-off hypotheses, we found that recruitment at an early age was associated with higher population level survival and subsequent breeding probabilities. Nonetheless, a survival cost of first reproduction was evident at the population level, as first-time breeders always had lower survival probabilities than prebreeders and experienced breeders of the same age. However, models accounting for hidden persistent demographic heterogeneity revealed that the trade-off between first reproduction and survival was only expressed in "low quality" individuals, comprising 35% of the population. The short-term somatic costs associated with breeding at an early age had no effect on the ability of females to allocate resources to offspring in the next breeding season. Our results provide strong evidence for individual heterogeneity in the life-history trajectories of female elephant seals. By explicitly modeling hidden persistent demographic heterogeneity we show that individual heterogeneity governs the expression of trade-offs with first reproduction in elephant seals.
Published: 2019

39. The retrospective analysis of Antarctic tracking data project

Author: Luciano Dalla Rosa, Henri Weimerskirch, Kerstin Jerosch, Sébastien Descamps, Marthán N Bester, Klemens Pütz, Charles-André Bost, Phil O'b. Lyver, Christophe Guinet, Akiko Kato, Horst Bornemann, John L. Bengtson, Jaimie Cleeland, Mary-Anne Lea, Silvia Olmastroni, Rochelle Constantine, Richard A. Phillips, Jean-Benoît Charrassin, Peter G. Ryan, Simon D. Goldsworthy, Roger Kirkwood, Louise Emmerson, Wayne Z. Trivelpiece, Christian Lydersen, Ben Raymond, Mark A. Hindell, Dominik A Nachtsheim, Jefferson T. Hinke, Nick Gales, Arnaud Tarroux, Simon Wotherspoon, Robert J. M. Crawford, Mônica M. C. Muelbert, Pierre A. Pistorius, Kimberly T. Goetz, Andrew D. Lowther, David R. Thompson, Virginia Andrews-Goff, Ian D. Jonsen, M. E. I. Marquez, Clive R. McMahon, Karine Delord, Mike Double, Gerald L. Kooyman, Kit M. Kovacs, José C. Xavier, Anton Van de Putte, Colin Southwell, Ewan D. Wakefield, Erling S. Nordøy, Barbara Wienecke, Mercedes Santos, Birgitte I. McDonald, Daniel P. Costa, Lars Boehme, Norman Ratcliffe, Ryan R. Reisinger, Arnoldus Schytte Blix, Michael A. Fedak, Peter L. Boveng, Rachael Alderman, Robert Harcourt, Iain J. Staniland, Leigh G. Torres, Ari S. Friedlaender, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Azwianewi B. Makhado, M. Goebel, Kieran Lawton, Philip N. Trathan, P J Nico de Bruyn, Luis A. Hückstädt, Keith W. Nicholls, Grant Ballard, Bruno Danis, Joachim Plötz, Knowles Kerry, David G. Ainley, Ben Arthur, Akinori Takahashi, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), BEDIC, OD Nature [Brussels, Belgium], Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences [Belgium], Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [Santa Cruz], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Department of Biological Sciences [Sydney, Australia] (Macquarie University), Macquarie University, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Horbat] (IMAS), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Hatfield Marine Science Center [Newport, USA], British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), H.T. Harvey & Associates [CA, USA), Department of Primary Industries [Australia], Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, PRBO Conservation Science, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], Mammal Research Institute - Department Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria (UPSpace), University of Tromsø (UiT), Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews [Scotland], School of Biological Sciences [Auckland, New Zealand], University of Auckland [Auckland], Department of Environmental Affairs [South Africa] (Oceans and Coasts), Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha [Rio Grande, Brazil], Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), South Australian Research and Development Institute, Department of Biological Sciences [North Ryde], Center for Marine Biology and Biomedicine [La Jolla], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California-University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), FRAM Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, Biodiversity Section [Norway], Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Oceans & Coasts Branch, Instituto Antártico Argentino, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories [CA, USA] (San José State University), San Jose State University [San José] (SJSU), University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science (USIMS), The University of Sydney, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche [Siena, Italy] (Università di Siena), Università di Siena, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Antarctic Research Trust, British Antarctic Survey NERC [UK], Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, National Institute of Polar Research [Tokyo] (NiPR), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE UC), Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Department of Biological Sciences [Sydney], Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Hobart] (IMAS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), San Jose State University [San Jose] (SJSU), and Università degli Studi di Siena = University of Siena (UNISI)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Statistics and Probability, Data Descriptor, bird, Ecosystem ecology, animal experiment, Library and Information Sciences, Biodiversity informatics, animal experiment, Antarctica, biodiversity, bird, climate data,ecosystem, Southern Ocean, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Education, Information system, VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480, Tracking data, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Southern Ocean, lcsh:Science, Life Below Water, biodiversity, Apex predator, ecosystem, Science & Technology, CLIMATE-CHANGE, business.industry, Conservation biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, 15. Life on land, Computer Science Applications, Multidisciplinary Sciences, MODEL, Ocean Biogeographic Information System, Geography, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Antarctica, Science & Technology - Other Topics, ECOSYSTEM, lcsh:Q, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, business, climate data, Information Systems, Sciences exactes et naturelles, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480
Abstract: The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations., Measurement(s)geographic locationTechnology Type(s)digital curationFactor Type(s)temporal interval • geographic locationSample Characteristic – OrganismAptenodytes forsteri • Lobodon carcinophaga • Eudyptes chrysolophus • Thalassarche melanophrys • Phoebetria palpebrata • Aptenodytes patagonicus • Pygoscelis adeliae • Leptonychotes weddellii • Megaptera novaeangliae • Mirounga leonina • Arctocephalus gazella • Thalassoica antarctica • Eudyptes schlegeli • Diomedea exulans • Phoebetria fusca • Diomedea chrysostoma • Procellaria aequinoctialisSample Characteristic – Environmentpolar biomeSample Characteristic – LocationAntarctica Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11688876
Published: 2018

40. A new genus and species of owlfly from eastern and southern Africa (Neuroptera: Ascalaphidae)

Author: Bruno Michel, Mervyn W. Mansell, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], and University of Pretoria [South Africa]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Insecta, Arthropoda, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biodiversity, Zoology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Afrotropical Region, 03 medical and health sciences, lcsh:Botany, lcsh:Zoology, Animalia, lcsh:QL1-991, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Taxonomy, biology, Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae, Suhpalacsini, L60 - Taxonomie et géographie animales, Owlfly, biology.organism_classification, lcsh:QK1-989, Type species, 030104 developmental biology, Africa, Taxonomy (biology), Biodiversité, Nomen nudum
Abstract: International audience; The genus Dorsomitus Tjeder, 1992, is considered a nomen nudum. Dorsomitus gen. nov. is described and validated here. A new combination, Dorsomitus neavei (Kimmins, 1949) gen. et comb. nov. is proposed, Dorsomitus tjederi gen. et sp. nov. is described, and Disparomitus neavei Kimmins, 1949, is designated as type species of the genus Dorsomitus gen. nov.
Published: 2018

41. An alternative method for correcting fluorescence quenching

Author: Marthán N Bester, Lars Boehme, Lauren Biermann, Christophe Guinet, Andrew S. Brierley, Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU), University of Saint Andrews, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Pelagic Ecology Research Group, Scottish Oceans Institut, NERC, University of St Andrews. School of Biology, University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland, University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews. Pelagic Ecology Research Group, Sea Mammal Research Unit [University of St Andrews] (SMRU), School of Biology [University of St Andrews], University of St Andrews [Scotland]-University of St Andrews [Scotland]-Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Mixed layer, NDAS, Mineralogy, QK Botany, chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, Phytoplankton, Photic zone, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Environmental sciences, GC, lcsh:GE1-350, Quenching (fluorescence), business.industry, QK, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Fluorescence, Light intensity, chemistry, lcsh:G, 13. Climate action, Chlorophyll, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, GC Oceanography, business, Maxima
Abstract: This work received funding from the MASTS pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland) and their support is gratefully acknowledged. MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011) and contributing institutions. Under high light intensity, phytoplankton protect their photosystems from bleaching through non-photochemical quenching processes. The consequence of this is suppression of fluorescence emission, which must be corrected when measuring in situ yield with fluorometers. We present data from the Southern Ocean, collected over five austral summers by 19 southern elephant seals tagged with fluorometers. Conventionally, fluorescence data collected during the day (quenched) were corrected using the limit of the mixed layer, assuming that phytoplankton are uniformly mixed from the surface to this depth. However, distinct deep fluorescence maxima were measured in approximately 30% of the night (unquenched) data. To account for the evidence that chlorophyll is not uniformly mixed in the upper layer, we propose correcting from the limit of the euphotic zone, defined as the depth at which photosynthetically available radiation is ~ 1% of the surface value. Mixed layer depth exceeded euphotic depth over 80% of the time. Under these conditions, quenching was corrected from the depth of the remotely derived euphotic zone Zeu, and compared with fluorescence corrected from the depth of the density-derived mixed layer. Deep fluorescence maxima were evident in only 10% of the day data when correcting from mixed layer depth. This was doubled to 21% when correcting from Zeu, more closely matching the unquenched (night) data. Furthermore, correcting from Zeu served to conserve non-uniform chlorophyll features found between the 1% light level and mixed layer depth. Publisher PDF Publisher PDF
Published: 2015

42. Infection dynamics of Nosema ceranae in honey bee midgut and host cell apoptosis

Author: Thomas Müller, Yves Le Conte, Oleg Lewkowski, Christoph Kurze, Per Kryger, Robin F. A. Moritz, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System, Institute for Biology, University of Bergen (UiB), Abeilles & Environnement (UR 406 ), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa], University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, and Kurze, Christoph
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Immune defense, animal structures, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Apoptosis, spore, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-parasite interaction, Manipulation, Adaptation, Intestine, 03 medical and health sciences, apis mellifera, défense immunitaire, Nosema, nosema ceranae, intestin, Microsporidiosis, Parasite hosting, Animals, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, analyse statistique, biology, Host (biology), fungi, food and beverages, Midgut, Honey bee, Bees, biology.organism_classification, Nosema ceranae, 010602 entomology, 030104 developmental biology, analyse immunohistochimique, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, behavior and behavior mechanisms, Digestive System, Intracellular
Abstract: International audience; Nosema ceranae is an intracellular microsporidian parasite that infects epithelial cells of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) midgut. Previous studies have shown that Nosema may alter cell renewal and apoptosis in honey bees. We found that the amount of apoptotic cells progressively declines from the anterior towards posterior regions of the midgut in Nosema-infected sensitive bees. There was no such pattern in the infected Nosema tolerant honeybees and controls. These data provide additional evidence that N. ceranae appears to alter apoptosis in its host cells for its own advantage.
Published: 2017

43. The Two Populations of Kisspeptin Neurons Are Involved in the Ram-Induced LH Pulsatile Secretion and LH Surge in Anestrous Ewes

Author: Laurence Dufourny, Didier Lomet, Yuta Suetomi, Juliette Cognie, Stephanie Martinet, Satoshi Ohkura, C. Fabre-Nys, Meriem Ghenim, Olivier Lasserre, Robert P. Millar, Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements [Nouzilly] (PRC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Expérimentale de Physiologie Animale de l‘Orfrasiére (UE PAO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria (UPSpace), Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Nagoya University, Région Centre (DURAREP 2 N° 2011 00064290), National Research Foundation South Africa (RM), University of Pretoria [South Africa], DURAREP 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Expérimentale de Physiologie Animale de l‘Orfrasiére (Unité Expérimentale de Physiologie Animale de l‘Orfrasiére - UE PAO), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, endocrine system, [SDV.OT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Anestrus, 03 medical and health sciences, [SCCO]Cognitive science, Sexual Behavior, Animal, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, Kisspeptin, ovin, Arcuate nucleus, Internal medicine, Physical Stimulation, neurone, medicine, Animals, rams, anoestrus, Animal Husbandry, Ovulation, media_common, Neurons, Kisspeptins, Arc (protein), bélier, Sheep, Chemistry, kisspeptine, Antagonist, gimmers, brebis, Luteinizing Hormone, neuron, Preoptic area, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, sécrétion de lh, Female, Neuron, Luteinizing hormone, human activities, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists
Abstract: International audience; Exposure to a ram during spring stimulates luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and can induce ovulation in sexually quiescent ewes ("ram effect"). Kisspeptin (Kiss) present in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the preoptic area (POA) is a potent stimulators of LH secretion. Our aim was to investigate whether Kiss neurons mediate the increase in LH secretion during the ram effect. With double immunofluorescent detection, we identified Kiss neurons (Kiss IR) activated (Fos IR) by exposure to a ram for 2 hours (M2) or 12 hours (M12) or to ewes for 2 hours (C). The density of cells Kiss + Fos IR and the proportion of Kiss IR cells that were also Fos IR cells were higher in M2 and M12 than in C in ARC (P < 0.002) and POA (P < 0.02). In ARC, these parameters were also higher in M12 than in M2 (P < 0.02 and P < 0.05). Kiss antagonist (P234 10(-6)M) administered by retrodialysis in POA for 3 hours at the time of introduction of the ram reduced the amplitude of the male-induced increase in LH concentration compared with solvent (P < 0.02). In ARC, P234 had a more limited effect (P < 0.038 1 hour after P234) but pulse frequency increased less than after solvent (P = 0.07). In contrast, Kiss antagonist (P271 10(-4)M) infused in ARC but not POA 6 to 18 hours after introduction of the ram prevented the LH surge in the ewe (0/6 vs 4/5 and 4/6 in C). These results suggest that both populations of Kiss neurons are involved in the ram-induced pulsatile LH secretion and in the LH surge.
Published: 2017

44. Effects of temperature and food quality on isotopic turnover and discrimination in a cladoceran

Author: Nicole B. Richoux, Hélène Masclaux, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), and Rhodes University
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, δ13C, Stable isotope ratio, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, δ15N, Aquatic Science, Biology, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Daphnia, Isotopes of nitrogen, Cryptomonas, Environmental chemistry, Botany, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Food quality, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Scenedesmus, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Our experimental study was designed to assess the effects of temperature on nitrogen isotope turnover and to measure the effects of temperature and food quality on the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination factors (Δ13C and Δ15N) in a cladoceran. For the first part of our study, Daphnia were fed with non-enriched or 15N-enriched Scenedesmus obliquus at 12, 15, 20, and 25 °C. For the second part, Daphnia were reared at 15, 20, and 25 °C on Scenedesmus or Cryptomonas sp. There were no clear effects of temperature on turnover rates of the nitrogen isotope of cladocerans. However, a general increase in Δ13C with increasing temperature was measured, regardless of the food source. Δ15N was also affected by temperature, but contrasting results were measured depending on the food source used. There were significant effects of food quality on Δ13C and Δ15N in Daphnia, as values obtained for Daphnia fed Scenedesmus were always higher than those obtained for Daphnia fed Cryptomonas. Our experiments produced discrimination factors that were very different from those usually considered in isotope studies and showed that the values used for isotope model implementation to analyze field data need to be adapted to environmental conditions.
Published: 2017

45. Plastic response by a small cervid to supplemental feeding in winter across a wide environmental gradient

Author: Nathan Ranc, Leif Soennichsen, Pavel Sustr, John D. C. Linnell, Michele Rocca, Atle Mysterud, Marco Heurich, Mark Hebblewhite, Anne Berger, Nicolas Morellet, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Ferdinando Urbano, Francesca Cagnacci, Federico Ossi, Petter Kjellander, Robin Sandfort, Max Kroeschel, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), University of Oslo (UiO), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Bavarian Forest National Park, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa]-University of Pretoria [South Africa], Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Leibniz Association, Associazione Cacciatori Trentina = Trentino hunters association, Università Iuav di Venezia = Iuav University of Venice (IUAV), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Harvard University, and Ossi, Federico
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Ungulate, Range (biology), winter severity, Climate behavioural responses, alimentation artificielle, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Context (language use), capreolus capreolus, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, comportement animal, facteur biotique, Capreolus, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, biology.animal, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, climate behavioral responses, Roe deer, Environmental gradient, 2. Zero hunger, roe deer, artificial feeding, ungulate management, climate change, Biotic component, Ecology, biology, 15. Life on land, roe, deer, biology.organism_classification, faune sauvage, 010601 ecology, 13. Climate action, Spatial ecology, adaptation au changement climatique
Abstract: International audience; Supplemental feeding for ungulates is a widespread practice in many human-dominated landscapes across Europe and North America, mainly intended to seasonally support populations. Surprisingly, little consideration was given so far to the effect of supplemental feeding on ungulate spatial ecology at a large scale, in management and conservation studies. Analyses of the main ecological drivers influencing the use of supplemental feeding sites by ungulates across a gradient of abiotic and biotic factors are currently lacking. We conducted a large-scale assessment of ecological and management drivers of use of feeding station sites in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), a small cervid widely distributed across Europe that is particularly sensitive to winter severity. We tested four competing hypotheses by comparing the time spent at feeding station sites by 180 individual Global Positioning System-collared roe deer from nine populations spanning a wide latitudinal and altitudinal gradient. We found that roe deer used feeding station sites highly opportunistically in response to winter severity across its range. The harshest weather conditions at the northern range limit or the highest elevations provoked an intense use of feeding station sites, which typically peaked at the end of winter, in accordance with the adverse weather and nutritional condition hypotheses. Consistently, milder winters corresponded to a reduced and/or more homogeneous use of supplemental feeding. In general, intensively used feeding station sites heavily conditioned spatial behavior of roe deer. Importantly, biotic factors such as the presence of competitors decreased roe deer use of supplemental feeding station sites. Our results emphasize the importance of this human-induced alteration to resource distribution, especially in the context of the rapidly occurring climate change that is modifying resource availability for ungulate populations.
Published: 2017

46. Do non-native pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus affect the growth, diet and trophic niche breadth of native brown trout Salmo trutta?

Author: Jean-Marc Roussel, Zhiqiang Guo, Gordon H. Copp, Julien Cucherousset, Rodolphe E. Gozlan, M. G. Godard, Saulius Stakėnas, Michelle C. Jackson, John Robert Britton, Bournemouth University [Poole] (BU), Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria (UPSpace), Salmon & Freshwater Team (SFT), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Weymouth] (CEFAS), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vilnius University, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and TULIP (ANR -10-LABX-41)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Stable isotope analysis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Alien species, Small streams, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Lepomis, Food chain, Brown trout, Environmental Science(all), Introduced species, Ecological consequences, 14. Life underwater, Salmo, education, Circular statistics, Trophic level, education.field_of_study, biology, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Interspecific competition, Environmental impacts, biology.organism_classification, Pollution, Animal ecology
Abstract: International audience; Brown trout Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758, is a priority species for conservation and management efforts in many European countries. In its native range, interactions with non-native fishes often adversely affect somatic growth rates and population abundances. Consequences of introduced North American pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) for native S. trutta were examined in stream stretches with and without L. gibbosus. Data for somatic growth rates and trophic niche breadth (using stable isotope analyses) provided little evidence of L. gibbosus presence being detrimental for S. trutta. Shifts in S. trutta diet at all sites were associated with increased piscivory with increasing body length, with no evidence to suggest that interspecific resource competition with L. gibbosus structured the food web or affected trophic positions. Three years later, and following L. gibbosus removal, data revealed slight shifts in the food web at each site, but these related to shifts in resources at the bottom of the food chain rather than a response to L. gibbosus removal. Consequently, the ecological consequences of L. gibbosus for S. trutta in the study stream were minimal, with S. trutta populations responding more to natural mechanisms regulating their populations than to the presence of this non-native fish species.
Published: 2016

47. Drosophila as models to understand the adaptive process during invasion

Author: Marta Pascual, Patricia Gibert, Christophe Plantamp, Amir Yassin, Carla M. Sgrò, John S. Terblanche, Matthew P. Hill, Génétique et évolution des interactions hôtes-parasites, Département génétique, interactions et évolution des génomes [LBBE] (GINSENG), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, School of Biological Sciences [Monash University, Australia], Monash University [Clayton], Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain., Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Drosophila subobscura, Ecology (disciplines), Local adaptation, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Introduced species, Phenotypic plasticity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Drosophila suzukii, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Drosophila, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Ecology, biology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], fungi, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Zaprionus indianus, Adaptation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; The last few decades have seen a growing number of species invasions globally, including many insect species. In drosophilids, there are several examples of successful invasions, i.e. Zaprionus indianus and Drosophila subobscura some decades ago, but the most recent and prominent example is the invasion of Europe and North America by the pest species, Drosophila suzukii. During the invasive process, species often encounter diverse environmental conditions that they must respond to, either through rapid genetic adaptive shifts or phenotypic plasticity, or by some combination of both. Consequently, invasive species constitute powerful models for investigating various questions related to the adaptive processes that underpin successful invasions. In this paper, we highlight how Drosophila have been and remain a valuable model group for understanding these underlying adaptive processes, and how they enable insight into key questions in invasion biology, including how quickly adaptive responses can occur when species are faced with new environmental conditions.
Published: 2016

48. Temperature effects on fish production across a natural thermal gradient

Author: O'Gorman, EJ, Ólafsson, OP, Demars, BOL, Friberg, N, Guðbergsson, G, Hannesdóttir, ER, Jackson, MC, Johansson, LS, McLaughlin, OB, Ólafsson, JS, Woodward, G, Gíslason, GM, Department of Life Sciences [Trieste], Università degli studi di Trieste, Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, The James Hutton Institute, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria (UPSpace), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), NERC [NE/L011840/1, NE/I009280/2], Royal Society [RG140601], British Ecological Society [4009-4884], Fisheries Society of the British Isles, Grand Challenges in Ecosystems, Environment initiative at Imperial College London, Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS), Salmonid Fisheries Management Fund in Reykjavik, Assistantship and Research Funds from the University of Iceland [GMG2006, GMG2007], Department of Life Sciences, Universita di Trieste, James Hutton Institute, Norwegian Institute of Water Research, University of Pretoria ( UPSpace ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Líf- og umhverfisvísindadeild (HÍ), Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences (UI), Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI), Háskóli Íslands, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and The Royal Society
Subjects: Hengill, Food Chain, Trout, Tilraunir, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 05 Environmental Sciences, Iceland, Vistfræði, Salmo trutta fario, PIT tag, Silungur, Arctic, FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS, FOOD-WEB STRUCTURE, GEOTHERMALLY HEATED STREAM, Animals, Primary Research Article, TROUT SALMO-TRUTTA, freshwater, Ecosystem, natural experiment, BODY-SIZE, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Ecology, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], Temperature, mark‐recapture, 06 Biological Sciences, Primary Research Articles, ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS, Diet, EMERGING AQUATIC INSECTS, YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK, Vatn, JUVENILE BROWN TROUT, ecosystem services, mark-recapture
Abstract: Global warming is widely predicted to reduce the biomass production of top predators, or even result in species loss.Several exceptions to this expectation have been identiﬁed, however, and it is vital that we understand the underlyingmechanisms if we are to improve our ability to predict future trends. Here, we used a natural warming experiment inIceland and quantitative theoretical predictions to investigate the success of brown trout as top predators across astream temperature gradient (4–25 °C). Brown trout are at the northern limit of their geographic distribution in thissystem, with ambient stream temperatures below their optimum for maximal growth, and above it in the warmeststreams. A ﬁve-month mark-recapture study revealed that population abundance, biomass, growth rate, and produc-tion of trout all increased with stream temperature. We identiﬁed two mechanisms that contributed to theseresponses: (1) trout became more selective in their diet as stream temperature increased, feeding higher in the foodweb and increasing in trophic position; and (2) trophic transfer through the food web was more efﬁcient in the war-mer streams. We found little evidence to support a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play amore important role in the diet of trout with increasing stream temperature. Resource availability was also ampliﬁedthrough the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic theory in nutrient-replete systems. These resultshighlight circumstances in which top predators can thrive in warmer environments and contribute to our knowledgeof warming impacts on natural communities and ecosystem functioning., The authors are supported by grants awarded by NERC (NE/L011840/1 and NE/I009280/2), the Royal Society (RG140601), the British Ecological Society (4009-4884), the Fisheries Society of the British Isles, the Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment initiative at Imperial College London, the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS), the Salmonid Fisheries Management Fund in Reykjavik, and Assistantship and Research Funds from the University of Iceland (GMG2006, GMG2007)., Ritrýnt tímarit
Published: 2016

49. Intra-annual variation in the foraging ecology of the endangered endemic Barau’s Petrel (Pterodroma baraui) from Réunion Island, south-western Indian Ocean: insights from a multifaceted approach

Author: Sébastien Jaquemet, Maëlle Connan, S. Kaehler, Malcolm J. Smale, C. C. Juhasz, Julie Tourmetz, Christopher D. McQuaid, Laurence Humeau, M. Le Corre, S. Orlowski, D. K. Danckwerts, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Ecologie marine tropicale dans les Océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Réunion]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Port Elizabeth Museum, Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Department of Botany, Société d'études ornithologiques de la Réunion (SEOR), Rhodes University, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, education.field_of_study, Ecology, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ecology (disciplines), [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Population, Foraging, Endangered species, Pterodroma baraui, Petrel, Context (language use), 15. Life on land, Aquatic Science, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 14. Life underwater, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Trophic level
Abstract: International audience; Population modelling for one of Réunion Island’s endemic seabirds, the Barau’s Petrel (Pterodroma baraui), has highlighted its vulnerability to extinction. Conservation action demands information on its biology during different stages of its life cycle. Whilst most aspects of the species’ terrestrial ecology have been studied, at-sea information is scarce and frequently contradictory. In this context, we combine three complementary techniques to provide new information on the trophic ecology of the Barau’s Petrel and to augment recent telemetry data. Colonies were visited periodically through a single breeding season and samples gathered from adults, downy chicks, and fledglings, permitting intra-annual comparisons within and among ontogenetic stages. Stomach contents consisted mostly of accumulated cephalopod beaks, whereas structures from other molluscs, fishes, and arthropods were rare. Variations in carbon stable isotopes matched the patterns of adult foraging behaviour, as described using telemetry, and wide variation in nitrogen isotope values indicated dietary opportunism. Finally, the total fatty acid composition of blood differed greatly among adults, further suggesting opportunistic feeding; however, consistently low incidences of long-chain monounsaturated and n-3 fatty acids indicated little importance of fish. These results offer additional insight into the Barau’s Petrels’ trophic ecology are in concordance with recent telemetry data and will assist in preliminary assessment of the threats to the species whilst foraging. We also illustrate the value of an integrated approach to diet determination for endangered species, where hyper-ethical approaches need to be considered, and when isotope and fatty acid baseline data are not available and are not logistically attainable.
Published: 2016

50. Nosema spp. infections cause no energetic stress in tolerant honeybees

Author: Christopher Mayack, Frank Hirche, Yves Le Conte, Robin F. A. Moritz, Per Kryger, Christoph Kurze, Gabriele I. Stangl, Institute for Biology, University of Bergen (UiB), Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Abeilles & Environnement (UR 406 ), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Aarhus University [Aarhus], German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], and University of Pretoria [South Africa]
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, energetic stress, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], fitness cost, adaptation, immune response, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nosema, Negatively associated, Stress, Physiological, Hemolymph, Animals, Host-parasite interaction, Adaptation, Immune response, General Veterinary, biology, Ecology, Host (biology), Energetic stress, Nosema apis, General Medicine, Bees, biology.organism_classification, host-parasite interaction, Nosema ceranae, Trehalose, Adaptation, Physiological, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, Insect Science, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Parasitology, Fitness cost, Energy Metabolism
Abstract: International audience; Host-pathogen coevolution leads to reciprocal adaptations, allowing pathogens to increase host exploitation or hosts to minimise costs of infection. As pathogen resistance is often associated with considerable costs, tolerance may be an evolutionary alternative. Here, we examined the effect of two closely related and highly host dependent intracellular gut pathogens, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, on the energetic state in Nosema tolerant and sensitive honeybees facing the infection. We quantified the three major haemolymph carbohydrates fructose, glucose, and trehalose using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a measure for host energetic state. Trehalose levels in the haemolymph were negatively associated with N. apis infection intensity and with N. ceranae infection regardless of the infection intensity in sensitive honeybees. Nevertheless, there was no such association in Nosema spp. infected tolerant honeybees. These findings suggest that energy availability in tolerant honeybees was not compromised by the infection. This result obtained at the individual level may also have implications at the colony level where workers in spite of a Nosema infection can still performaswell as healthy bees, maintaining colony efficiency and productivity.
Published: 2016

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