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66 results on '"Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg]"'

1. Isotopic ratios of H, C, N, O, and S in comets C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)

Author: Biver, N., Moreno, R., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Sandqvist, Aa., Colom, P., Crovisier, J., Lis, D. C., Boissier, J., Debout, V., Paubert, G., Milam, S., Hjalmarson, A., Lundin, S., Karlsson, T., Battelino, M., Frisk, U., Murtagh, D., team, the Odin, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Biologie et écologie tropicale et méditerranéenne [2007-2010] (BETM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopologue, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Chemical composition, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Line (formation), Physics, Heavy water, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Isotope, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Deuterium, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The apparition of bright comets C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) in March-April 2013 and January 2015, combined with the improved observational capabilities of submillimeter facilities, offered an opportunity to carry out sensitive compositional and isotopic studies of the volatiles in their coma. We observed comet Lovejoy with the IRAM 30m telescope between 13 and 26 January 2015, and with the Odin submillimeter space observatory on 29 January - 3 February 2015. We detected 22 molecules and several isotopologues. The H$_2^{16}$O and H$_2^{18}$O production rates measured with Odin follow a periodic pattern with a period of 0.94 days and an amplitude of ~25%. The inferred isotope ratios in comet Lovejoy are $^{16}$O/$^{18}$O = 499 $\pm$ 24 and D/H = 1.4 $\pm$ 0.4 $\times 10^{-4}$ in water, $^{32}$S/$^{34}$S = 24.7 $\pm$ 3.5 in CS, all compatible with terrestrial values. The ratio $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C = 109 $\pm$ 14 in HCN is marginally higher than terrestrial and $^{14}$N/$^{15}$N = 145 $\pm$ 12 in HCN is half the Earth ratio. Several upper limits for D/H or 12C/13C in other molecules are reported. From our observation of HDO in comet C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy), we report the first D/H ratio in an Oort Cloud comet that is not larger than the terrestrial value. On the other hand, the observation of the same HDO line in the other Oort-cloud comet, C/2012 F6 (Lemmon), suggests a D/H value four times higher. Given the previous measurements of D/H in cometary water, this illustrates that a diversity in the D/H ratio and in the chemical composition, is present even within the same dynamical group of comets, suggesting that current dynamical groups contain comets formed at very different places or times in the early solar system., Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published: 2016

2. Observing ice clouds in the submillimeter spectral range: the CloudIce mission proposal for ESA's Earth Explorer 8

Author: Eric Defer, Susanne Crewell, Salomon Eliasson, Albin J. Gasiewski, C. Prigent, Jana Mendrok, F. Evans, Yasuko Kasai, Stefan A. Buehler, C. Jimenez, Clare Lee, Patrick Eriksson, Ralf Bennartz, National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie [Köln], Universität zu Köln, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology [Tokyo, Japan] (NICT), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Space technology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, Range (aeronautics), Radiative transfer, Radar, lcsh:TA170-171, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Remote sensing, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Microwave sounding unit, business.industry, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Ranging, lcsh:Environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, Millimeter, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: International audience; The disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) method is an interesting alternative to the conventional eddy covariance (EC) method because it allows the estimation of turbulent fluxes of species for which fast sensors are not available. We have developed and validated a new disjunct sampling system (called MEDEE). This system is built with chemically inert materials. Air samples are taken quickly and alternately in two cylindrical reservoirs, the internal pressures of which are regulated by a moving piston. The MEDEE system was designed to be operated either on the ground or aboard an aircraft. It is also compatible with most analysers since it transfers the air samples at a regulated pressure. To validate the system, DEC and EC measurements of CO 2 and latent heat fluxes were performed concurrently during a field campaign. EC fluxes were first compared to simulated DEC (SDEC) fluxes and then to actual DEC fluxes. Both the simulated and actual DEC fluxes showed a good agreement with EC fluxes in terms of correlation. The determination coefficients (R 2) were 0.93 and 0.91 for DEC and SDEC latent heat fluxes, respectively. For DEC and SDEC CO 2 fluxes R 2 was 0.69 in both cases. The conditions of low fluxes experienced during the campaign impaired the comparison of the different techniques especially for CO 2 flux measurements. Linear regression analysis showed an 14 % underestimation of DEC fluxes for both CO 2 and latent heat compared to EC fluxes. A first field campaign, focusing on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions, was carried out to measure isoprene fluxes above a downy oak (Quercus Pubescens) forest in the southeast of France. The measured standard emission rate was in the lower range of reported values in earlier studies. Further analysis will be conducted through ground-based and airborne campaigns in the coming years.
Published: 2012

3. Origin and Formation of Planetary Systems

Author: Giovanna Tinetti, Carlos Eiroa, Huub Röttgering, Charles Beichman, Thomas Henning, Alain Léger, Willy Benz, René Liseau, Glenn J. White, William C. Danchi, Malcolm Fridlund, Andreas Quirrenbach, Günther Wuchterl, Lisa Kaltenegger, Francesco Paresce, Helmut Lammer, Jean Schneider, Christophe Sotin, Jonathan I. Lunine, Tom Herbst, C. Broeg, Alan J. Penny, Olivier Grasset, Daphne Stam, Franck Selsis, Yann Alibert, Laboratoire d'astrophysique de l'observatoire de Besançon (UMR 6091) (LAOB), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), NASA ExoPlanet Science Institute (NExScI), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC (RSSD), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Agency (ESA), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Landessternwarte Königstuhl [ZAH] (LSW), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Observatoire de Paris - Site de Meudon (OBSPM), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), University College of London [London] (UCL), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and European Southern Observatory (ESO)
Subjects: Terrestrial exoplanets, Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Habitability, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Planets, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Kepler-47, Planet, Ice giants, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Planetary migration, Planet formation, Physics, Astronomy, Planetary system, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Exoplanet, Gas giants, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Terrestrial planet, Gases, Solar System, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Planetary mass, Ice giant
Abstract: International audience; To estimate the occurrence of terrestrial exoplanets and maximize the chance of finding them, it is crucial to understand the formation of planetary systems in general and that of terrestrial planets in particular. We show that a reliable formation theory should not only explain the formation of the Solar System, with small terrestrial planets within a few AU and gas giants farther out, but also the newly discovered exoplanetary systems with close-in giant planets. Regarding the presently known exoplanets, we stress that our current knowledge is strongly biased by the sensitivity limits of current detection techniques (mainly the radial velocity method). With time and improved detection methods, the diversity of planets and orbits in exoplanetary systems will definitely increase and help to constrain the formation theory further. In this work, we review the latest state of planetary formation in relation to the origin and evolution of habitable terrestrial planets.
Published: 2010

4. A Roadmap for the Detection and Characterization of Other Earths

Author: Thomas Henning, René Liseau, Charles Beichman, Jonathan I. Lunine, Giovanna Tinetti, Alan J. Penny, Alain Léger, Tom Herbst, Carlos Eiroa, Helmut Lammer, Franck Selsis, Andreas Quirrenbach, William C. Danchi, Glenn J. White, Huub Röttgering, Malcolm Fridlund, Daphne Stam, Jean Schneider, Lisa Kaltenegger, Francesco Paresce, Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC (RSSD), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Agency (ESA), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), NASA ExoPlanet Science Institute (NExScI), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Landessternwarte Königstuhl [ZAH] (LSW), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Observatoire de Paris - Site de Meudon (OBSPM), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), University College of London [London] (UCL), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Milton Keynes], and The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)
Subjects: Physics, 0303 health sciences, Cosmic Vision, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Agency (philosophy), Planets, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Space exploration, Exoplanet, Astrobiology, 03 medical and health sciences, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Planet, Extraterrestrial life, 0103 physical sciences, Darwin (spacecraft), Solar System, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 030304 developmental biology, Theme (narrative)
Abstract: The European Space Agency and other space agencies such as NASA recognize that the question with regard to\ud life beyond Earth in general, and the associated issue of the existence and study of exoplanets in particular, is of\ud paramount importance for the 21st century. The new Cosmic Vision science plan, Cosmic Vision 2015–2025, which is built around four major themes, has as its first theme: \ud "What are the conditions for planet formation and the emergence of life?" This main theme is addressed through further questions:\ud \ud (1) How do gas and dust give rise to stars and planets?\ud \ud (2) How will the search for and study of exoplanets eventually lead to the detection of life outside Earth (biomarkers*)?\ud \ud (3) How did life in the Solar System arise and evolve?\ud \ud Although ESA has busied itself with these issues since the beginning of the Darwin study in 1996, it has\ud become abundantly clear that, as these topics have evolved, only a very large effort, addressed from the ground\ud and from space with the utilization of different instruments and space missions, can provide the empirical results required for a complete understanding. The good news is that the problems can be addressed and solved within\ud a not-too-distant future. In this short essay, we present the present status of a roadmap related to projects that are related to the key long-term goal of understanding and characterizing exoplanets, in particular Earthlike\ud planets.
Published: 2010

5. Nitric acid in the stratosphere based on Odin observations from 2001 to 2009 – Part 1: A global climatology

Author: Matthieu Pommier, Michelle L. Santee, Yvan J. Orsolini, Donal P. Murtagh, Joachim Urban, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), and Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Radiometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Latitude, Microwave Limb Sounder, Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, Altitude, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Polar vortex, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, 0103 physical sciences, Potential temperature, Environmental science, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Stratosphere, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) on board the Odin satellite, launched in February 2001, observes thermal emissions of stratospheric nitric acid (HNO3) originating from the Earth limb in a band centred at 544.6 GHz. Height-resolved measurements of the global distribution of nitric acid in the stratosphere were performed approximately on two observation days per week. An HNO3 climatology based on more than 7 years of observations from August 2001 to April 2009 covering the vertical range between typically ~19 and 45 km (~1.5–60 hPa or ~500–1800 K in terms of potential temperature) was created. The study highlights the spatial and seasonal variation of nitric acid in the stratosphere, characterised by a pronounced seasonal cycle at middle and high latitudes with maxima during late fall and minima during spring, strong denitrification in the lower stratosphere of the Antarctic polar vortex during winter (the irreversible removal of NOy by the sedimentation of cloud particles containing HNO3), as well as large quantities of HNO3 formed every winter at high-latitudes in the middle and upper stratosphere. A strong inter-annual variability is observed in particular at high latitudes. A comparison with a stratospheric HNO3 climatology, based on over 7 years of UARS/MLS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite/Microwave Limb Sounder) measurements from the 1990s, shows good consistency and agreement of the main morphological features in the potential temperature range ~465 to ~960 K, if the different characteristics of the data sets such as the better altitude resolution of Odin/SMR as well as the slightly different altitude ranges are considered. Odin/SMR reaches higher up and UARS/MLS lower down in the stratosphere. An overview from 1991 to 2009 of stratospheric nitric acid is provided (with a short gap between 1998 and 2001), if the global measurements of both experiments are taken together.
Published: 2009

6. Validation of ozone measurements from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)

Author: G. Forbes, Joseph M. Zawodny, C. Piccolo, Jeffrey R. Taylor, David W. Tarasick, Joe W. Waters, J. J. Jin, I. S. Boyd, B. J. Firanski, Sean D. McLeod, Larry W. Thomason, M. P. McCormick, Jonathan Davies, B.T. Marshall, E. Dupuy, H. Küllmann, C. Tétard, Michael Höpfner, F. Nichitiu, I. Kramer, I. S. McDermid, Alan Parrish, Martin McHugh, T. Steck, C. de Clercq, Nicholas B. Jones, M. De Mazière, P. Gerard, James R. Drummond, T. Blumenstock, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath, C. T. McElroy, Emmanuel Mahieu, Greg Bodeker, Ryan Hughes, Chris Roth, T. E. Kerzenmacher, Jacquelyn C. Witte, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Heinrich Bovensmann, Kimberly Strong, David W. T. Griffith, Ashley Jones, Jakub Urban, James W. Hannigan, C. D. Boone, M. A. Wolff, R. Skelton, J. Dodion, Donal P. Murtagh, D. A. Degenstein, Filip Vanhellemont, Nathaniel J. Livesey, Claude Robert, J. C. McConnell, Adam Bourassa, Johan Mellqvist, Ugo Cortesi, J. Kar, P. von der Gathen, Erkki Kyrölä, John P. Burrows, Cora E. Randall, Yasuhiro Murayama, Astrid Bracher, Corinne Vigouroux, Peter F. Bernath, Philippe Baron, T. Christensen, C. von Savigny, Denis Dufour, Florence Goutail, Nicholas D. Lloyd, Matthias Schneider, T. von Clarmann, Anne M. Thompson, S. V. Petelina, Gloria L. Manney, Tobias Borsdorff, M. T. Coffey, Armin Kleinböhl, Simon Chabrillat, Craig S. Haley, José Granville, Valéry Catoire, A. Strandberg, Yasuko Kasai, Jean-Pierre Pommereau, Chris A. McLinden, Simone Ceccherini, Herbert Fischer, D. P. J. Swart, A. Kagawa, Richard M. Bevilacqua, Hermann Oelhaf, Colette Brogniez, P. Demoulin, Kenneth W. Jucks, C. Senten, Lucien Froidevaux, Jean-Christopher Lambert, J. Zou, E. J. Llewellyn, Caroline R. Nowlan, Ralf Sussmann, Didier Fussen, Kohei Mizutani, Kevin Strawbridge, M.B. Tully, Kaley A. Walker, Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science [Halifax], Dalhousie University [Halifax], Picomole Instruments Inc., National Institute of Information and Communications Technology [Tokyo, Japan] (NICT), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Christchurch] (NIWA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Environmental Research Institute [Amherst], University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Earth and Sun Systems Laboratory (ESSL), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Centre For Atmospheric Research Experiments, Environment Canada Sable Island, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Chemistry [Wollongong], University of Wollongong [Australia], Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] (CRESS), York University [Toronto], Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering [York University - Toronto] (ESSE), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Fujitsu FIP Corporation, Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), GATS Inc., NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Department of Astronomy [Amherst], Department of Physics, La Trobe University, La Trobe University (Victoria), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), PennState Meteorology Department, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Australian Bureau of Meteorology [Melbourne] (BoM), Australian Government, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Burrows, J. P., Christensen, T., National Institute of Information and Communications Technology ( NICT ), Naval Research Laboratory ( NRL ), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung ( IMK ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Christchurch], Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung ( IMK-IFU ), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] ( ISAS ), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] ( U of S ), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] ( IUP ), University of Massachusetts [Amherst] ( UMass Amherst ), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 ( LOA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement ( LPCE ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' ( IFAC ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Danish Meteorological Institute ( DMI ), Earth and Sun Systems Laboratory ( ESSL ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), SHTI - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Wollongong, Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] ( CRESS ), Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering [Toronto] ( ESSE ), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics ( CfA ), Australian Antarctic Division, Finnish Meteorological Institute ( FMI ), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] ( NMT ), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] ( LaRC ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] ( RIVM ), Department of Meteorology [PennState], PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), Bureau of Meteorology [Melbourne] ( BoM ), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung ( AWI ), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] ( SSAI ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, and University of Oxford
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sunset, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Mesosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, 010309 optics, Troposphere, remote sensing, chemistry.chemical_compound, Altitude, atmospheric composition, 0103 physical sciences, remote-sensing, Atmospheric structrure, ddc:550, Sunrise, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Fourier transform spectroscopy, lcsh:QC1-999, Earth sciences, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric compoistion, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: This paper presents extensive validation analyses of ozone observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite instruments: the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and the Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation (ACE-MAESTRO) instrument. The ACE satellite instruments operate in the mid-infrared and ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectral regions using the solar occultation technique. In order to continue the long-standing record of solar occultation measurements from space, a detailed quality assessment is required to evaluate the ACE data and validate their use for scientific purposes. Here we compare the latest ozone data products from ACE-FTS and ACE-MAESTRO with coincident observations from satellite-borne, airborne, balloon-borne and ground-based instruments, by analysing volume mixing ratio profiles and partial column densities. The ACE-FTS version 2.2 Ozone Update product reports more ozone than most correlative measurements from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere. At altitude levels from 16 to 44 km, the mean differences range generally between 0 and +10% with a slight but systematic positive bias (typically +5%). At higher altitudes (45-60 km), the ACE-FTS ozone amounts are significantly larger than those of the comparison instruments by up to ~40% (typically +20%). For the ACE-MAESTRO version 1.2 ozone data product, agreement within ±10% (generally better than ±5%) is found between 18 and 40 km for the sunrise and sunset measurements. At higher altitudes (45-55 km), systematic biases of opposite sign are found between the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise and sunset observations. While ozone amounts derived from the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise occultation data are often smaller than the coincident observations (by as much as -10%), the sunset occultation profiles for ACE-MAESTRO show results that are qualitatively similar to ACE-FTS and indicate a large positive bias (+10 to +30%) in this altitude range. In contrast, there is no significant difference in bias found for the ACE-FTS sunrise and sunset measurements. These systematic effects in the ozone profiles retrieved from the measurements of ACE-FTS and ACE-MAESTRO are being investigated. This work shows that the ACE instruments provide reliable, high quality measurements from the tropopause to the upper stratosphere and can be used with confidence in this vertical domain
Published: 2009

7. Comparison between early Odin-SMR, Aura MLS and CloudSat retrievals of cloud ice mass in the upper tropical troposphere

Author: Patrick Eriksson, Mattias Ekström, Dien Wu, R.T. Austin, Donal P. Murtagh, Bengt Rydberg, EGU, Publication, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Atmospheric Science [Fort Collins], and Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, Atmospheric models, business.industry, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Mean value, Cloud computing, lcsh:QC1-999, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, Consistency (statistics), Range (statistics), Environmental science, Satellite, business, Image resolution, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Emerging microwave satellite techniques are expected to provide improved global measurements of cloud ice mass. CloudSat, Aura MLS and Odin-SMR fall into this category and early cloud ice retrievals from these instruments are compared. The comparison follows the SMR retrieval product and is made for partial ice water columns above 12 km. None of the retrievals shows a significant degree of false cloud detections, the ratio between local mean values from the instruments is fairly constant and a consistent view of the geographical distribution of cloud ice is obtained. However, important differences on the absolute levels exist, where the overall mean is 9.6, 4.2 and 3.7 g m−2 for CloudSat, SMR and MLS, respectively. Assumptions about the particle size distribution (PSD) are a consideration for all three instruments and constitute the dominating retrieval uncertainty for CloudSat. The mean for CloudSat when applying the same PSD as for MLS and SMR was estimated to 6.3 g m−2. A second main consideration for MLS and SMR are the effects caused by the poorer spatial resolution: a possible vertical misplacement of retrieved values and an impact of cloud inhomogeneities. The latter effect was found to be the dominating retrieval uncertainty for SMR, giving a possible mean value range of 2.3–8.9 g m−2. The comparison indicates a common retrieval accuracy in the order of 70%. Already this number should suffice for improved validations of cloud ice parametrisation schemes in atmospheric models, but a substantially better consistency between the datasets should be attainable through an increased understanding of main retrieval error sources.
Published: 2008

8. Meso-scale modelling and radiative transfer simulations of a snowfall event over France at microwaves for passive and active modes and evaluation with satellite observations

Author: V. S. Galligani, Eric Defer, Patrick Eriksson, C. Prigent, Jean-Pierre Pinty, Jean-Pierre Chaboureau, C. Jimenez, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Atmospheric Science, Brightness, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Mesoscale meteorology, Snow, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, Environmental science, Satellite, Parametrization (atmospheric modeling), Sensitivity (control systems), lcsh:TA170-171, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Microwave, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: Microwave passive and active radiative transfer simulations are performed with the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) for a mid-latitude snowfall event, using outputs from the Meso-NH mesoscale cloud model. The results are compared to the corresponding microwave observations available from MHS and CloudSat. The spatial structures of the simulated and observed brightness temperatures show an overall agreement since the large-scale dynamical structure of the cloud system is reasonably well captured by Meso-NH. However, with the initial assumptions on the single scattering properties of snow, there is an obvious underestimation of the strong scattering observed in regions with large frozen hydrometeor quantities. A sensitivity analysis of both active and passive simulations to the microphysical parameterizations is conducted. Simultaneous analysis of passive and active calculations provides strong constraints on the assumptions made to simulate the observations. Good agreements are obtained with both MHS and CloudSat observations when the single scattering properties are calculated using the "soft sphere" parameterization from Liu (2004), along with the Meso-NH outputs. This is an important step toward building a robust dataset of simulated measurements to train a statistically-based retrieval scheme.
Published: 2015

9. Human beta-2 adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms are highly frequent in obesity and associate with altered adipocyte beta-2 adrenoceptor function

Author: Valérie Large, Per Eriksson, Lars Lannfelt, Fredrik Lönnqvist, Peter Arner, Signy Reynisdottir, L Hellström, Department of Medicine, Lipid Laboratory (NOVUM), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Department of Public health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Medicine, and Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]-Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
Subjects: Adult, Agonist, medicine.medical_specialty, Human fat, Genotype, Adrenergic receptor, medicine.drug_class, Adipose tissue, Biology, MESH: Phenotype, MESH: Genotype, chemistry.chemical_compound, Gene Frequency, Internal medicine, Adipocyte, MESH: Polymorphism, Genetic, MESH: Gene Frequency, Adipocytes, medicine, MESH: Obesity, Humans, Lipolysis, Obesity, Codon, Receptor, MESH: Adipocytes, MESH: Humans, Polymorphism, Genetic, MESH: Codon, MESH: Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, MESH: Adult, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Phenotype, Endocrinology, chemistry, Female, Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2, MESH: Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2, MESH: Female, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Research Article
Abstract: International audience; Catecholamines play a central role in the regulation of energy expenditure, in part by stimulating lipid mobilization through lipolysis in fat cells. The beta-2 adrenoceptor (BAR-2) is a major lipolytic receptor in human fat cells. To determine whether known polymorphisms in codons 16, 27, and 164 of this receptor play a role in obesity and subcutaneous adipocyte BAR-2 lipolytic function, we investigated a group of 140 women with a large variation in body fat mass. Only the polymorphisms in codons 16 and 27 were common in the study population. The Gln27Glu polymorphism was markedly associated with obesity with a relative risk for obesity of approximately 7 and an odds ratio of approximately 10. Homozygotes for Glu27 had an average fat mass excess of 20 kg and approximately 50% larger fat cells than controls. However, no significant association with changes in BAR-2 function was observed. The Arg16Gly polymorphism was associated with altered BAR-2 function with Gly16 carriers showing a fivefold increased agonist sensitivity and without any change in BAR-2 expression. However, it was not significantly linked with obesity. These findings suggest that genetic variability in the human BAR-2 gene could be of major importance for obesity, energy expenditure, and lipolytic BAR-2 function in adipose tissue, at least in women.
Published: 1997

10. Deep observations of O 2 toward a low-mass protostar with Herschel -HIFI

Author: Kinsuk Acharyya, René Liseau, Laurent Pagani, Eric Herbst, Paola Caselli, Gary J. Melnick, Umut A. Yildiz, Ruud Visser, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, Dariusz C. Lis, Maryvonne Gerin, Lars E. Kristensen, Edwin A. Bergin, Paul F. Goldsmith, Ronald L. Snell, Jo Hsin Chen, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Department of Physics, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Universiteit Leiden, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Molecular cloud, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Abundance (ecology), 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, Protostar, Spectral resolution, Low Mass, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Line (formation), Envelope (waves)
Abstract: According to traditional gas-phase chemical models, O2 should be abundant in molecular clouds, but until recently, attempts to detect interstellar O2 line emission with ground- and space-based observatories have failed. Following the multi-line detections of O2 with low abundances in the Orion and rho Oph A molecular clouds with Herschel, it is important to investigate other environments, and we here quantify the O2 abundance near a solar-mass protostar. Observations of O2, at 487 GHz toward a deeply embedded low-mass Class 0 protostar, NGC 1333-IRAS 4A, are presented, using the HIFI instrument on the Herschel Space Observatory. Complementary data of the chemically related NO and CO molecules are obtained as well. The high spectral resolution data are analysed using radiative transfer models to infer column densities and abundances, and are tested directly against full gas-grain chemical models. The deep HIFI spectrum fails to show O2 at the velocity of the dense protostellar envelope, implying one of the lowest abundance upper limits of O2/H2 at, 15 pages, 13 figures, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2013

11. Herschel Search for O2 toward the Orion Bar

Author: David J. Hollenbach, Pierre Encrenaz, Edith Falgarone, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, Gary J. Melnick, René Liseau, Åke Hjalmarson, David A. Neufeld, Maryvonne Gerin, John H. Black, Paul F. Goldsmith, Volker Tolls, Michael J. Kaufman, Di Li, Floris van der Tak, Laurent Pagani, Ronald L. Snell, Dariusz C. Lis, Astronomy, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Center for Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Procédés, Énergies Renouvelables, Systèmes Énergétiques (PERSEE), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Department of Physics and Astronomy [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universiteit Leiden
Subjects: Flux, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Photodissociation region, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, ISM: abundances, REGION, ISM: individual objects (Orion), Far infrared, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, INTERSTELLAR CHLORONIUM, MILLIMETER, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Line (formation), Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], CHEMICAL-MODELS, Line-of-sight, Filling factor, astrochemistry, WATER ICE, Astronomy and Astrophysics, THERMAL BALANCE, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, ISM: molecules, 0104 chemical sciences, Stars, SUBMILLIMETER OBSERVATIONS, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, PHOTODESORPTION, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), MOLECULAR CLOUDS, submillimeter: ISM, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], EMISSION, Bar (unit)
Abstract: We report the results of a search for molecular oxygen (O2) toward the Orion Bar, a prominent photodissociation region at the southern edge of the HII region created by the luminous Trapezium stars. We observed the spectral region around the frequency of the O2 N_J = 3_3 - 1_2 transition at 487 GHz and the 5_4 - 3_4 transition at 774 GHz using the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared on the Herschel Space Observatory. Neither line was detected, but the 3sigma upper limits established here translate to a total line-of-sight O2 column density < 1.5 10^16 cm^-2 for an emitting region whose temperature is between 30K and 250 K, or < 1 10^16 cm^-2 if the O2 emitting region is primarily at a temperature of ~< 100 K. Because the Orion Bar is oriented nearly edge-on relative to our line of sight, the observed column density is enhanced by a factor estimated to be between 4 and 20 relative to the face-on value. Our upper limits imply that the face-on O2 column density is less than 4 10^15 cm^-2, a value that is below, and possibly well below, model predictions for gas with a density of 10^4 - 10^5 cm^-3 exposed to a far ultraviolet flux 10^4 times the local value, conditions inferred from previous observations of the Orion Bar. The discrepancy might be resolved if: (1) the adsorption energy of O atoms to ice is greater than 800 K; (2) the total face-on Av of the Bar is less than required for O2 to reach peak abundance; (3) the O2 emission arises within dense clumps with a small beam filling factor; or, (4) the face-on depth into the Bar where O2 reaches its peak abundance, which is density dependent, corresponds to a sky position different from that sampled by our Herschel beams., 30 pages, 7 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in ApJ
Published: 2012

12. High precision astrometry mission for the detection and characterization of nearby habitable planetary systems with the Nearby Earth Astrometric Telescope (NEAT)

Author: Olivier Absil, Damien Ségransan, Emmanuel Hinglais, Helmut Lammer, Charles S. Cockell, Frédéric Arenou, Philippe Feautrier, David Hobbs, Alain Chelli, Nicolas Rambaux, Hans Zinnecker, Charles A. Beichman, Andreas Quirrenbach, Jacques Laskar, Thierry Forveille, Glenn J. White, Johannes Sahlmann, Alain Léger, Didier Queloz, Alberto Krone-Martins, Eva Villaver, André Moitinho de Almeida, Christoph Mordasini, Jesus Maldonado, Huub Röttgering, Wesley A. Traub, Fabien Malbet, Alessandro Sozzetti, Anthony G. A. Brown, Stefano Minardi, Anne-Marie Lagrange, Sean N. Raymond, Renaud Goullioud, Paulo J. V. Garcia, Lucas Labadie, Björn Jakobsson, Christophe Cara, Peter A. Schuller, Alexandre Humberto Andrei, Jean Surdej, Gilles Durand, Jonathan I. Lunine, Gilles Duvert, Carlos Eiroa, Franck Selsis, René Liseau, Michael Shao, Yann Alibert, P. O. Lagage, Lisa Kaltenegger, Manuel Mercier, N. Meunier, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève (UNIGE), Landessternwarte Königstuhl [ZAH] (LSW), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'astrophysique de l'observatoire de Besançon (UMR 6091) (LAOB), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA ExoPlanet Science Institute (NExScI), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute [Milton Keynes] (PSSRI), Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research [Milton Keynes] (CEPSAR), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), M2A 2012, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Instituto de Astronomia, Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas (IAGCAUSP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), SSE 2012, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Universiteit Leiden, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'astrophysique de l'observatoire de Besançon (LAOB), Departement d'AstroNOmie Fondamentale (DANOF), Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Primary mirror, Telescope, law, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrometry, Planetary system, Exoplanet, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Stars, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Circumstellar habitable zone, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: (abridged) A complete census of planetary systems around a volume-limited sample of solar-type stars (FGK dwarfs) in the Solar neighborhood with uniform sensitivity down to Earth-mass planets within their Habitable Zones out to several AUs would be a major milestone in extrasolar planets astrophysics. This fundamental goal can be achieved with a mission concept such as NEAT - the Nearby Earth Astrometric Telescope. NEAT is designed to carry out space-borne extremely-high-precision astrometric measurements sufficient to detect dynamical effects due to orbiting planets of mass even lower than Earth's around the nearest stars. Such a survey mission would provide the actual planetary masses and the full orbital geometry for all the components of the detected planetary systems down to the Earth-mass limit. The NEAT performance limits can be achieved by carrying out differential astrometry between the targets and a set of suitable reference stars in the field. The NEAT instrument design consists of an off-axis parabola single-mirror telescope, a detector with a large field of view made of small movable CCDs located around a fixed central CCD, and an interferometric calibration system originating from metrology fibers located at the primary mirror. The proposed mission architecture relies on the use of two satellites operating at L2 for 5 years, flying in formation and offering a capability of more than 20,000 reconfigurations (alternative option uses deployable boom). The NEAT primary science program will encompass an astrometric survey of our 200 closest F-, G- and K-type stellar neighbors, with an average of 50 visits. The remaining time might be allocated to improve the characterization of the architecture of selected planetary systems around nearby targets of specific interest (low-mass stars, young stars, etc.) discovered by Gaia, ground-based high-precision radial-velocity surveys., Accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy. The full member list of the NEAT proposal and the news about the project are available at http://neat.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr. The final publication is available at http://www.springerlink.com
Published: 2012
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13. Herschel Measurements of Molecular Oxygen in Orion

Author: Paul F. Goldsmith, René Liseau, Tom A. Bell, John H. Black, Jo-Hsin Chen, David Hollenbach, Michael J. Kaufman, Di Li, Dariusz C. Lis, Gary Melnick, David Neufeld, Laurent Pagani, Ronald Snell, Arnold O. Benz, Edwin Bergin, Simon Bruderer, Paola Caselli, Emmanuel Caux, Pierre Encrenaz, Edith Falgarone, Maryvonne Gerin, Javier R. Goicoechea, Åke Hjalmarson, Bengt Larsson, Jacques Le Bourlot, Franck Le Petit, Massimo De Luca, Zsofia Nagy, Evelyne Roueff, Aage Sandqvist, Floris van der Tak, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, Charlotte Vastel, Serena Viti, Umut Yıldız, Astronomy, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Onsala Space Observatory (OSO), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)
Subjects: ROTATIONAL-EXCITATION, WAVE-ASTRONOMY-SATELLITE, DISSOCIATIVE RECOMBINATION, Mean kinetic temperature, Abundance (chemistry), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, ISM: abundances, ISM: individual objects (Orion), O-2 ABUNDANCE, UPPER LIMITS, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Line (formation), ISM: individual objects: Orion, Physics, DENSE INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS, GAS-PHASE CHEMISTRY, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Filling factor, astrochemistry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Elemental oxygen, INTER-STELLAR CLOUDS, APERTURE SYNTHESIS, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, ISM: molecules, [PHYS.ASTR.GA]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Excited state, submillimeter: ISM, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], Molecular oxygen, INELASTIC-COLLISIONS, Beam (structure)
Abstract: International audience; We report observations of three rotational transitions of molecular oxygen (O2) in emission from the H2 Peak 1 position of vibrationally excited molecular hydrogen in Orion. We observed the 487 GHz, 774 GHz, and 1121 GHz lines using the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared on the Herschel Space Observatory, having velocities of 11 km s-1 to 12 km s-1 and widths of 3 km s-1. The beam-averaged column density is N(O2) = 6.5 × 1016 cm-2, and assuming that the source has an equal beam-filling factor for all transitions (beam widths 44, 28, and 19''), the relative line intensities imply a kinetic temperature between 65 K and 120 K. The fractional abundance of O2 relative to H2 is (0.3-7.3) × 10-6. The unusual velocity suggests an association with a ~5'' diameter source, denoted Peak A, the Western Clump, or MF4. The mass of this source is ~10 M sun and the dust temperature is >=150 K. Our preferred explanation of the enhanced O2 abundance is that dust grains in this region are sufficiently warm (T >= 100 K) to desorb water ice and thus keep a significant fraction of elemental oxygen in the gas phase, with a significant fraction as O2. For this small source, the line ratios require a temperature >=180 K. The inferred O2 column density sime5 × 1018 cm-2 can be produced in Peak A, having N(H2) ~= 4 × 1024 cm-2. An alternative mechanism is a low-velocity (10-15 km s-1) C-shock, which can produce N(O2) up to 1017 cm-2. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.
Published: 2011

14. Experimental and numerical investigation of multipactor discharges in a coaxial waveguide

Author: Jérôme Puech, Dan Anderson, I.A. Kossyi, Mietek Lisak, N. A. Zharova, V. E. Semenov, G.S. Lukyanchikov, A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute (GPI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Institute of Applied Physics of RAS, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], and Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, business.industry, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Computational physics, Optics, Physics::Plasma Physics, Secondary emission, 0103 physical sciences, Electrode, Physical Sciences, Impact energy, Coaxial waveguides, Polyphase system, business, Microwave
Abstract: International audience; An experimental and numerical investigation is made of multipactor discharges in a coaxial waveguide. Particular attention is given to a determination of the multipactor threshold and the distribution of the impact energy of the electrons. Simulations are carried out for different parameters of the secondary emission coefficient of the electrode surfaces. This makes it possible to determine these parameters through a comparison between the numerical and experimental results. The comparison also shows that the observed multipactor is mainly of polyphase (non-resonant) nature and represents a mixture of single- and double-surface multipactor discharges.
Published: 2010

15. Co-propagating BoseEinstein condensates and electromagnetic radiation: formation of mutually localized structures

Author: F. Cattani, Arkady Kim, Dan Anderson, Mietek Lisak, Department of Physics, Okayama University, Institute of Applied Physics of RAS, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], and Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg]
Subjects: Physics, Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases, 03.75.-b, 34.20.Cf, Radiation, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electromagnetic radiation, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Action (physics), 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Mean field theory, law, Quantum mechanics, 0103 physical sciences, 34.80.Qb, Zero temperature, 010306 general physics, Laser beams, Light field, Bose–Einstein condensate
Abstract: International audience; A semi–classical model is derived for describing the interaction between coherent electromagnetic radiation and a Bose–Einstein condensate in the limit of zero temperature, including the back action of the atoms on the radiation. This model is used to analyze the problem of the self–consistent evolution of a laser beam and a BEC atomic beam. The mutual propagation is studied numerically and demonstrates the possibility of a stationary regime of mutual guiding, but also of generating a collapse– like phenomenon.
Published: 2010

16. Geophysical and atmospheric evolution of habitable planets

Author: Günter Stangl, Glenn J. White, Thomas Henning, Doris Breuer, W. Hausleitner, Helfried K. Biernat, Jean-Mathias Grießmeier, Andreas Quirrenbach, Jonathan I. Lunine, Hannes Gröller, Eric Chassefière, Tom Herbst, Charles Beichman, Yuri N. Kulikov, Richard Lundin, Alan J. Penny, Herbert Lichtenegger, René Liseau, Uwe Motschmann, Helmut Lammer, Carlos Eiroa, Lisa Kaltenegger, Francesco Paresce, Tilman Spohn, Petra Odert, John Parnell, François Leblanc, Heike Rauer, Nikolai V. Erkaev, Esa Kallio, A. Stadelmann, Jean Schneider, Huub Röttgering, Martin Leitzinger, Maxim L. Khodachenko, Alain Léger, Arnold Hanslmeier, Giovanna Tinetti, Siegfried J. Bauer, William C. Danchi, Frances Westall, Malcolm Fridlund, Daphne Stam, Franck Selsis, Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions et dynamique des environnements de surface (IDES), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Polar Geophysical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (PGI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Institute of Computational Modelling of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICM SB RAS), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna] (IRF), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institute of Physics [Graz], Karl-Franzens-Universität [Graz, Autriche], NASA ExoPlanet Science Institute (NExScI), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC (RSSD), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Institut für Theoretische Physik [Braunschweig], Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Department of Geology and Petroleum Geology [Aberdeen], University of Aberdeen, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Landessternwarte Königstuhl [ZAH] (LSW), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Observatoire de Paris - Site de Meudon (OBSPM), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), University College of London [London] (UCL), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)-Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, and Universiteit Leiden
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Kepler-69c, Habitability, Rare Earth hypothesis, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Planets, Environment, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Physics::Geophysics, Eccentric Jupiter, Magnetics, Galactic habitable zone, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Terrestrial planets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Radiation, Planetary habitability, Atmosphere, Astronomy, Water, Geophysics, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Habitability of orange dwarf systems, Earth analog, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Atmosphere evolution, Terrestrial planet, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Evolution, Planetary, Geology
Abstract: International audience; The evolution of Earth-like habitable planets is a complex process that depends on the geodynamical and geophysical environments. In particular, it is necessary that plate tectonics remain active over billions of years. These geophysically active environments are strongly coupled to a planet's host star parameters, such as mass, luminosity and activity, orbit location of the habitable zone, and the planet's initial water inventory. Depending on the host star's radiation and particle flux evolution, the composition in the thermosphere, and the availability of an active magnetic dynamo, the atmospheres of Earth-like planets within their habitable zones are differently affected due to thermal and nonthermal escape processes. For some planets, strong atmospheric escape could even effect the stability of the atmosphere
Published: 2010

17. The Search for Worlds Like Our Own

Author: Peter R. Lawson, Oliver P. Lay, Luigi D'Arcio, Mikael Kilter, Franck Selsis, William C. Danchi, Jonathan I. Lunine, René Liseau, Charles Beichman, Tom Herbst, Charles Hanot, Alan J. Penny, Thomas Henning, Huub Röttgering, Carlos Eiroa, Philippe Gondoin, Lisa Kaltenegger, Francesco Paresce, Anna-Maria Stankov, Malcolm Fridlund, Christian Erd, Michael Devirian, A. Karlsson, Jean Schneider, Roland den Hartog, Glenn J. White, Olivier Absil, Kenneth J. Johnston, Alain Léger, Giovanna Tinetti, Daniel R. Coulter, Daphne Stam, Andreas Quirrenbach, Denis Defrere, Helmut Lammer, Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC (RSSD), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Agency (ESA), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Landessternwarte Königstuhl [ZAH] (LSW), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, University College of London [London] (UCL), NASA ExoPlanet Science Institute (NExScI), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), and Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge]
Subjects: Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], media_common.quotation_subject, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Planets, 01 natural sciences, Kepler, Astrobiology, Life, Planet, Heresy, 0103 physical sciences, Humans, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Copernicus, Physics, Habitability, Atmosphere, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Exoplanet, Space and Planetary Science, Research Design, Darwin (spacecraft), Solar System, Classics
Abstract: International audience; The direct detection of Earth-like exoplanets orbiting nearby stars and the characterization of such planets -- particularly, their evolution, their atmospheres, and their ability to host life -- constitute a significant problem. The quest for other worlds as abodes of life has been one of mankind's great questions for several millennia. For instance, as stated by Epicurus 300 BC: Other worlds, with plants and other living things, some of them similar and some of them different from ours, must exist. Demokritos from Abdera (460-370 BC), the man who invented the concept of indivisible small parts - atoms - also held the belief that other worlds exist around the stars and that some of these worlds may be inhabited by life-forms. The idea of the plurality of worlds and of life on them has since been held by scientists like Johannes Kepler and William Herschel, among many others. Here, one must also mention Giordano Bruno. Born in 1548, Bruno studied in France and came into contact with the teachings of Nicolas Copernicus. He wrote the book De l'Infinito, Universo e Mondi in 1584, in which he claimed that the Universe was infinite, that it contained an infinite amount of worlds like Earth, and that these worlds were inhabited by intelligent beings. At the time, this was extremely controversial, and eventually Bruno was arrested by the church and burned at the stake in Rome in 1600, as a heretic, for promoting this and other equally confrontational issues (though it is unclear exactly which idea was the one that ultimately brought him to his end). In all the aforementioned cases, the opinions and results were arrived at through reasoning not by experiment. We have only recently acquired the technological capability to observe planets orbiting stars other than 6our Sun; acquisition of this capability has been a remarkable feat of our time. We show in this introduction to the Habitability Primer that mankind is at the dawning of an age when, by way of the scientific method and 21st-century technology, we will be able to answer this fascinating controversial issue that has persisted for at least 2500 years.
Published: 2010

18. Dynamical Habitability of Planetary Systems

Author: Glenn J. White, Richard P. Schwarz, Barbara Funk, Helmut Lammer, Tom Herbst, René Liseau, William C. Danchi, Carlos Eiroa, Malcolm Fridlund, Lisa Kaltenegger, Francesco Paresce, Alan J. Penny, Andreas Quirrenbach, Huub Röttgering, Elke Pilat-Lohinger, Jonathan I. Lunine, Jean Schneider, Alain Léger, Giovanna Tinetti, Eric Bois, Daphne Stam, Rudolf Dvorak, Franck Selsis, Thomas Henning, Charles Beichman, Laboratoire de Cosmologie, Astrophysique Stellaire & Solaire, de Planétologie et de Mécanique des Fluides (CASSIOPEE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA ExoPlanet Science Institute (NExScI), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC (RSSD), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Landessternwarte Königstuhl [ZAH] (LSW), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Observatoire de Paris - Site de Meudon (OBSPM), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), University College of London [London] (UCL), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Milton Keynes], and The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Planets, Astronomy, Planetary system, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Habitability of orange dwarf systems, Exoplanet, Astrobiology, Kepler-47, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Planet, Jupiter, 0103 physical sciences, Terrestrial planet, Solar System, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Planetary mass, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Planetary migration
Abstract: International audience; The problem of the stability of planetary systems, a question that concerns only multiplanetary systems that host at least two planets, is discussed. The problem of mean motion resonances is addressed prior to discussion of the dynamical structure of the more than 350 known planets. The difference with regard to our own Solar System with eight planets on low eccentricity is evident in that 60% of the known extrasolar planets have orbits with eccentricity e > 0.2. We theoretically highlight the studies concerning possible terrestrial planets in systems with a Jupiter-like planet. We emphasize that an orbit of a particular nature only will keep a planet within the habitable zone around a host star with respect to the semimajor axis and its eccentricity. In addition, some results are given for individual systems (e.g., Gl777A) with regard to the stability of orbits within habitable zones. We also review what is known about the orbits of planets in double-star systems around only one component (e.g., gamma Cephei) and around both stars (e.g., eclipsing binaries).
Published: 2010

19. Origin and Evolution of Life on Terrestrial Planets

Author: René Liseau, Charles Beichman, Jonathan I. Lunine, Thomas Henning, Lisa Kaltenegger, William C. Danchi, Francesco Paresce, Giovanna Tinetti, Franck Selsis, Gerda Horneck, N. K. Belisheva, Tom Herbst, Glenn J. White, A. Brack, Daphne Stam, Andreas Quirrenbach, Alain Léger, Huub Röttgering, A. Bérces, Jean Schneider, Charles S. Cockell, Carlos Eiroa, Alan J. Penny, Helmut Lammer, Malcolm Fridlund, Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute [Milton Keynes] (PSSRI), Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research [Milton Keynes] (CEPSAR), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), NASA ExoPlanet Science Institute (NExScI), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC (RSSD), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Agency (ESA), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Landessternwarte Königstuhl [ZAH] (LSW), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Observatoire de Paris - Site de Meudon (OBSPM), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), University College of London [London] (UCL), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Milton Keynes], and The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)
Subjects: Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Planets, Environment, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Astrobiology, Life, Planet, Abiogenesis, Galactic habitable zone, Origin of life, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Ions, Radiation, Astronomy, Biosphere, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Biological Evolution, Exoplanet, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Terrestrial planet, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Organic molecules, Circumstellar habitable zone
Abstract: After Earth's origin, our host star, the Sun, was shining 20–25% less brightly than today. Without greenhouselike\ud conditions to warm the atmosphere, our early planet would have been an ice ball, and life may never have evolved. But life did evolve, which indicates that greenhouse gases must have been present on early Earth to warm the planet. Evidence from the geological record indicates an abundance of the greenhouse gas CO2. CH4 was probably present as well; and, in this regard, methanogenic bacteria, which belong to a diverse group of anaerobic prokaryotes that ferment CO2 plus H2 to CH4, may have contributed to modification of the early atmosphere. Molecular oxygen was not present, as is indicated by the study of rocks from that era, which contain iron carbonate rather than iron oxide. Multicellular organisms originated as cells within colonies\ud that became increasingly specialized. The development of photosynthesis allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life-forms. The resultant oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and formed the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. Aided by the absorption of harmful UV radiation in the ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface. Our own planet is a very good example of how life-forms modified the atmosphere over the planets' lifetime. We show that these facts have to be taken into account when we discover and characterize atmospheres of Earth-like exoplanets. If life has originated and evolved on a planet, then it should be expected that a strong co-evolution occurred between life and the atmosphere, the result of which is the planet's climate.
Published: 2010

20. Co-evolution of atmospheres, life, and climate

Author: René Liseau, Lisa Kaltenegger, Francesco Paresce, Glenn J. White, Thomas Henning, Daphne Stam, Malcolm Fridlund, Andreas Quirrenbach, Huub Röttgering, Alan J. Penny, Helmut Lammer, Tom Herbst, Heike Rauer, Giovanna Tinetti, J. Schneider, Jonathan I. Lunine, Carlos Eiroa, Alain Léger, William C. Danchi, Charles Beichman, Franck Selsis, John Lee Grenfell, DLR Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], NASA ExoPlanet Science Institute (NExScI), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC (RSSD), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Landessternwarte Königstuhl [ZAH] (LSW), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Observatoire de Paris - Site de Meudon (OBSPM), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), University College of London [London] (UCL), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Milton Keynes], and The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)
Subjects: Atmospheres, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ultraviolet Rays, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Climate, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Planets, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Geologic record, 01 natural sciences, Oxygen, Astrobiology, Atmosphere, Ozone, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Ozone layer, Photosynthesis, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Exoplanets, Early Earth, Biomarker, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Exoplanet, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Greenhouse gas, Sunlight, Environmental science, Solar System, Evolution, Planetary, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: After Earth's origin, our host star, the Sun, was shining 20–25% less brightly than today. Without greenhouselike\ud conditions to warm the atmosphere, our early planet would have been an ice ball, and life may never have evolved. But life did evolve, which indicates that greenhouse gases must have been present on early Earth to warm the planet. Evidence from the geological record indicates an abundance of the greenhouse gas CO2. CH4 was probably present as well; and, in this regard, methanogenic bacteria, which belong to a diverse group of anaerobic prokaryotes that ferment CO2 plus H2 to CH4, may have contributed to modification of the early atmosphere. Molecular oxygen was not present, as is indicated by the study of rocks from that era, which contain iron carbonate rather than iron oxide. Multicellular organisms originated as cells within colonies\ud that became increasingly specialized. The development of photosynthesis allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life-forms. The resultant oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and formed the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. Aided by the absorption of harmful UV radiation in the ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface. Our own planet is a very good example of how life-forms modified the atmosphere over the planets' lifetime. We show that these facts have to be taken into account when we discover and characterize atmospheres of Earth-like exoplanets. If life has originated and evolved on a planet, then it should be expected that a strong co-evolution occurred between life and the atmosphere, the result of which is the planet's climate.
Published: 2010

21. Atmospheric composition change: Ecosystems–Atmosphere interactions

Author: Michela Maione, Claire Granier, Ute Skiba, Maarit Raivonen, Paul I. Palmer, Jan K. Schjoerring, László Horváth, Eiko Nemitz, Sara C. Pryor, Pawel K. Misztal, Ülo Niinemets, Johan Neirynck, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Timo Vesala, Jonathan Williams, John N. Cape, Nicolas Brüggemann, Jan Duyzer, Francesco Loreto, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, David Fowler, Nuria Altimir, S. Cieslik, Mhairi Coyle, Hilde Fagerli, Douglas Nilsson, Paul S. Monks, R. Wichink-Kruit, Nadine Chaumerliac, Paolo Laj, Jan Willem Erisman, Mark A. Sutton, Teis Nørgaard Mikkelsen, U. Daemmgen, Benjamin Loubet, Christophe Flechard, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, G. de Leeuw, David Simpson, Pierre Cellier, Maria Cristina Facchini, Janne Rinne, Per Ambus, Kim Pilegaard, Erwan Personne, Elena Paoletti, Sandro Fuzzi, L. Gruenhage, Martin Gallagher, Juergen Burkhardt, Helge Ro-Poulsen, A. Flossman, Colin D. O'Dowd, Giacomo Gerosa, Albrecht Neftel, Christof Ammann, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Risø National Laboratory, Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Forest Ecology and Management [Helsinki], Department of Forest Sciences [Helsinki], Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, TNO Institute of Environmental Sciences, Energy Research and Process Innovation (TNO-MEP), The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agroscope Reckenholz - Tänikon (ART), Agroscope, Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Scienze Chimiche 'F. Bruner', Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Department of Chemistry [Leicester], University of Leicester, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation [Bonn] (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), European Commission, NitroEurope, GRAMINAE, COST, European Science Foundation for the Nitrogen in Europe (NinE), UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki-Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, Confédération Suisse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Fowler, D, K, Pilegaard, Ma, Sutton, P, Ambu, M, Raivonen, J, Duyzer, D, Simpson, H, Fagerli, S, Fuzzi, Jk, Schjoerring, C, Granier, A, Neftel, Isa, Isaksen, P, Laj, M, Maione, Ps, Monk, J, Burkhardt, U, Daemmgen, J, Neirynck, E, Personne, R, Wichink-Kruit, K, Butterbach-Bahl, C, Flechard, Jp, Tuovinen, M, Coyle, G, Gerosa, B, Loubet, N, Altimir, L, Gruenhage, C, Ammann, S, Cieslik, E, Paoletti, Tn, Mikkelsen, H, Ro-Poulsen, P, Cellier, Jn, Cape, L, Horvath, Loreto, F, U, Niinemet, Pi, Palmer, J, Rinne, P, Misztal, E, Nemitz, D, Nilsson, S, Pryor, Mw, Gallagher, T, Vesala, U, Skiba, N, Bruggemann, S, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, J, William, C, O’Dowd, Mc, Facchini, G de, Leeuw, A, Flossman, N, Chaumerliac, and Jw, Erisman
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, reaction mass-spectrometry, Atmospheric Science, nitric-oxide emissions, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Reactive nitrogen, Meteorology and Air Quality, Earth science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Air pollution, Trace gas fluxes, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, relaxed eddy accumulation, Dry deposition, 01 natural sciences, Settore FIS/07 - FISICA APPLICATA (A BENI CULTURALI, AMBIENTALI, BIOLOGIA E MEDICINA), Resuspension, Atmosphere, Biogenic emissions, surface-exchange fluxes, Settore AGR/13 - CHIMICA AGRARIA, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, medicine, beech fagus-sylvatica, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], gas-particle interactions, WIMEK, Chemistry, Scale (chemistry), Compensation points, Vegetation, ozone risk-assessment, 15. Life on land, volatile organic-compounds, Trace gas, cloud condensation nuclei, dry deposition velocity, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Aerosol mass spectrometry
Abstract: Ecosystems and the atmosphere: This review describes the state of understanding the processes involved in the exchange of trace gases and aerosols between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. The gases covered include NO, NO2, HONO, HNO3, NH3, SO2, DMS, Biogenic VOC, O-3, CH4, N2O and particles in the size range 1 nm-10 mu m including organic and inorganic chemical species. The main focus of the review is on the exchange between terrestrial ecosystems, both managed and natural and the atmosphere, although some new developments in ocean-atmosphere exchange are included. The material presented is biased towards the last decade, but includes earlier work, where more recent developments are limited or absent. New methodologies and instrumentation have enabled, if not driven technical advances in measurement. These developments have advanced the process understanding and upscaling of fluxes, especially for particles, VOC and NH3. Examples of these applications include mass spectrometric methods, such as Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (AMS) adapted for field measurement of atmosphere-surface fluxes using micrometeorological methods for chemically resolved aerosols. Also briefly described are some advances in theory and techniques in micrometeorology. For some of the compounds there have been paradigm shifts in approach and application of both techniques and assessment. These include flux measurements over marine surfaces and urban areas using micrometeorological methods and the up-scaling of flux measurements using aircraft and satellite remote sensing. The application of a flux-based approach in assessment of O-3 effects on vegetation at regional scales is an important policy linked development secured through improved quantification of fluxes. The coupling of monitoring, modelling and intensive flux measurement at a continental scale within the NitroEurope network represents a quantum development in the application of research teams to address the underpinning science of reactive nitrogen in the cycling between ecosystems and the atmosphere in Europe. Some important developments of the science have been applied to assist in addressing policy questions, which have been the main driver of the research agenda, while other developments in understanding have not been applied to their wider field especially in chemistry-transport models through deficiencies in obtaining appropriate data to enable application or inertia within the modelling community. The paper identifies applications, gaps and research questions that have remained intractable at least since 2000 within the specialized sections of the paper, and where possible these have been focussed on research questions for the coming decade. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2009

22. The space infrared telescope for cosmology and astrophysics: SPICA A joint mission between JAXA and ESA

Author: SWINYARD, Bruce, NAKAGAWA, Takao, MERKEN, Patrick, ROYER, Pierre, SOUVERIJNS, Tim, VANDENBUSSCHE, Bart, WAELKENS, Christoffel, DAVIS, Peter, DI FRANCESCO, James, HALPERN, Mark, HOUDE, Martin, JOHNSTONE, Doug, JONCAS, Gilles, NAYLOR, David, PLUME, Rene, SCOTT, Douglas, ABERGEL, A., BENSAMMAR, S., BRAINE, J., BUAT, V., BURGARELLA, D., CAIS, Ph., DOLE, H., DUBAND, L., ELBAZ, D., GERIN, M., GIARD, M., GOICOECHEA, J., JOBLIN, C., JONES, A., KNEIB, J. P., LAGACHE, Guilaine, MADDEN, S., PONS, R., PAJOT, F., RAMBAUD, D., RAVERA, L., RISTORCELLI, I., RODRIGUEZ, L., VIVES, S., ZAVAGNO, Annie, GEIS, Norbert, KRAUSE, Oliver, LUTZ, Dieter, POGLITSCH, Albrecht, RAAB, Walfried, STEGMAIER, Jutta, STURM, Eckhard, TUFFS, Richard, LEE, Hyung Mok, KOO, Bon-Chul, IM, Myungshin, PAK, Soojong, HAN, Wonyong, PARK, Jang-Hyun, NAM, Uk-Won, JIN, Ho, LEE, Dae-Hee, YUK, In-Soo, LEE, Sungho, AIKAWA, Yuri, ARIMOTO, Nobuo, DOI, Yasuo, ENYA, Keigo, FUKAGAWA, Misato, FURUSHO, Reiko, HASEGAWA, Sunao, HAYASHI, Masahiko, HONDA KANAGAWA, Mitsuhiko, IDA, Shigeru, IMANISHI, MASATOSHI, INUTSUKA, Shu-Ichiro, IZUMIURA, Hideyuki, KAMAYA, Hideyuki, KANEDA, Hidehiro, KASUGA, Toshihiro, KATAZA, Hirokazu, KAWABATA, Koji, KAWADA, Mitsunobu, KAWAKITA, Hideyo, KII, Tsuneo, KODA, Jin, KODAMA, Tadayuki, KOKUBO, Eiichiro, KOMATSU, Keiji, MATSUHARA, Hideo, MATSUMOTO, Toshio, MATSUURA, Shuji, MIYATA, Takashi, MIYATA, Murakam, NAGATA, Hirohisa, NAGATA, Tetsuya, NAKAJIMA, Tadashi, NAOTO, Kobayashi, NISHI, Ryoichi, NODA, Atsushi, OKAMOTO, Atsushi, OKAMOTO, Yoshiko K., OMUKAI, Kazuyuki, ONAKA, Takashi, OOTSUBO, Takafumi, OUCHI, Masami, SAITO, Hirobumi, SATO, Yoichi, SAKO, Shigeyuki, SEKIGUCHI, Tomohiko, SHIBAI, Hiroshi, SUGITA, Hiroyuki, SUGITANI, Koji, SUSA, Hajime, PYO, Tae-Soo, TAMURA, Motohide, UEDA, Yoshihiro, UENO, Munetaka, WADA, Takehiko, WATANABE, Jun'Ichi, YAMADA, Toru, YAMAMURA, Issei, YOSHIDA, Naoki, YOSHIMI, Kitamura, YUI, Yukari, BENEDETTINI, Milena, CERULLI, Riccardo, DI GIORGIO, Anna, MOLINARI, Sergio, ORFEI, Renato, PEZZUTO, Stefano, PIAZZO, Lorenzo, SARACENO, Paolo, SPINOGLIO, Luigi, DE GRAAUW, Thijs, DE KORTE, Piet, HELMICH, Frank, HOEVERS, Henk, HUISMAN, Robert, SHIPMAN, Russell, VAN DER TAK, Floris, VAN DER WERF, Paul, WILD, Wolfgang, ACOSTA-PULIDO, Jose, CERNICHARO, Jose, HERREROS, Jose, MARTIN-PINTADO, Jesus, NAJARRO, Francisco, PEREZ-FOURMON, Ismael, RAMON PARDO, Juan, GOMEZ, Francisca, CASTRO RODRIGUEZ, Nieves, ADE, Peter, BARLOW, Mike, CLEMENTS, David, FERLET, Marc, FRASER, Helen, GRIFFIN, Douglas, GRIFFIN, Matthew, HARGRAVE, Peter, ISAAK, Kate, IVISON, Robert, MANSOUR, Malik, LANIESSE, Jonathan, MAUSKOPF, Phillip, MOROZOV, Dmitry, OLIVER, Seb, ORLANDO, Angiola, PAGE, Mathew, POPESCU, Cristina, SERJEANT, Stephen, SUDIWALA, Rashmi, RIGOPOULOU, Dimitra, WALKER, Ian, WHITE, Glenn, VITI, Serena, WINTER, Berend, BOCK, Jamie, BRADFORD, Matt, HARWIT, Martin, HOLMES, Warren, Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie (IMEP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1, Institute of Atomic Physics, Université de Roumanie, Groundwater Tracing Unit, Department of Geological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie [UdeM-Montréal] (IRIC), Université de Montréal (UdeM), Department of Zoology, University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Transplantation Biology Group, Imperial College London, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris (OP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2009, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Radioastronomie (LRA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Processus mentaux et activation cérébrale, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-IFR19-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), IFR des neurosciences de Lyon (IFNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier [Bron]-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Laboratoire Astrophysique de Toulouse-Tarbes (LATT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Services communs OMP (UMS 831), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Solar Influences Data Analysis Center [Brussels] (SIDC), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Propriétés Optiques des Matériaux et Applications (POMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Angers (UA), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire Astronomique de Marseille Provence (OAMP), Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physiology, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), School of Environmental Systems Engineering (SESE), The University of Western Australia (UWA), Centre for Water Research (CWR), Macaulay Institute, Centre Science des Matériaux et des Structures (SMS-ENSMSE), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Département Mécanique et Procédés d'Elaboration (MPE-ENSMSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-SMS, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology [Stanford], Stanford Medicine, Stanford University-Stanford University, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Okayama University, Jack Baskin School of Engineering (UCSC), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, Adobe Systems Inc. (Adobe Advanced Technology Labs), Adobe Systems Inc., Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA), Ministry of Defence (UK) (MOD)-Propulsion and Performance Department, Centre for Air Transport and the Environment (CATE), Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), Department of Chemistry, Williams Hall-Kent State University, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Kobe], Kobe University, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), Department of Earth System Science and Technology [Fukuoka] (ESST), Kyushu University [Fukuoka], Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology-The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of the Ryukyus [Okinawa], Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Center for Climate System Research [Kashiwa] (CCSR), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), School of Humanities [Univ of Toyama], University of Toyama, Department of Mechanical System (Hiroshima University), Hiroshima University, High Temperature Plasma Center [Tokyo], Discrete Optimization Laboratory, Toyohashi University of Technology, Hatakeyama Laboratory, University of Electro-Communications [Tokyo] (UEC)-Tohoku University [Sendai], Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), Institut de génétique et biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science and Technology Research Center (MCC), Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Institute for Solid State Physics [Tokyo] (ISSP), University of Electro-Communications [Tokyo] (UEC), Faculty of Science and Engineering [Waseda], Waseda University, Department of Civil Engineering, Chuo University (Chuo University), Frontier Collaborative Research Center (FCRC), Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (IFSI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Antarctic Research a European Network for Astrophysics (ARENA), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Departamento de Astrofísica Molecular e Infrarroja (DAMIR), Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratoire d'océanographie et de biogéochimie (LOB), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes Littoraux et Cotiers, Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Observatory Edinburgh (ROE), University of Edinburgh, Processus d'Activation Sélective par Transfert d'Energie Uni-électronique ou Radiatif (UMR 8640) (PASTEUR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Département de Chimie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Supérieure des Affaires (ESA), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF), Service de Neurologie [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], IFR70-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Neurologie et thérapeutique expérimentale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR70-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Department of Physics, University of Wales, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Stanford University, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Avignon Université (AU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier [Bron]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Kyushu University, Waseda University [Tokyo, Japan], National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IFR70-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal [Montréal], PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Services communs OMP - UMS 831 (UMS 831), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels], Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Division of Reproductive Biology, Stanford University [Stanford], Okayama University [Okayama], Graduate School of Information Science and Technology-The University of Tokyo, The University of Tokyo, Department of linguistic [Toyama], Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de neurologie 1 [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP], Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Astronomy, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo)-Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Infrared telescope, UNIVERSE, Astrophysics, Spica, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBON, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Space missions, Cosmology, Space exploration, law.invention, STAR-FORMATION, 010309 optics, Telescope, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Spitzer Space Telescope, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Infrared astronomy, SPECTRUM, Spacecraft, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], SUBMILLIMETER GALAXIES, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, MODEL, SPITZER, PAHS, Space and Planetary Science, Infrared, Physics::Space Physics, IR, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, EMISSION
Abstract: International audience; The Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA) is planned to be the next space astronomy mission observing in the infrared. The mission is planned to be launched in 2017 and will feature a 3.5 m telescope cooled to 30 microns wavelength). We describe the scientific advances that will be made possible by this large increase in sensitivity and give details of the mission, spacecraft and focal plane conceptual design.
Published: 2009

23. Measuring atmospheric composition change

Author: Laj P, Klausen, Bilde, Plaß-Duelmer, Pappalardo, Clerbaux, Baltensperger, Hjorth, Simpson, Reimann, Coheur, P.-F., Richter, De Mazière, Rudich, McFiggans, Torseth, Wiedensohler, Morin, Schulz, Allan, J.D., Attié, J.-L., Barnes, Birmili, Cammas, J.P., Dommen, Dorn, H.-P., Fowler, Fuzzi, Glasius, Granier, Hermann, Isaksen, I.S.A., Kinne, S.ac, Koren, Madonna, Maione, Massling, Moehler, Mona, Monks, P.S., Müller, Orphal, Peuch, V.-H., Stratmann, Tanré, Tyndall, Abo Riziq, Van Roozendael, Villani, Wehner, Wex, Zardini, A.A., Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EMPA Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Department of Chemistry [Copenhagen], Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale (IMAA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Potenza] (CNR), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research [Rehovot], Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEAES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Istituto di Scienze Chimiche 'F. Bruner', Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Department of Atmospheric Environment [Roskilde] (ATMI), National Environmental Research Institute [Danmark] (NERI), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Aerosol Forschung (IMK-AAF), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Department of Chemistry [Leicester], University of Leicester, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Weizmann Institute of Science, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Climate, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Observation, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric composition, Atmosphere, Environmental Science(all), Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Instrumentation (computer programming), Observations and Measurements, Air quality index, Instrumentation, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Remote sensing, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Chemistry, Atmospheric change, 15. Life on land, Atmospheric research, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, Air quality, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Scientific findings from the last decades have clearly highlighted the need for a more comprehensive approach to atmospheric change processes. In fact, observation of atmospheric composition variables has been an important activity of atmospheric research that has developed instrumental tools (advanced analytical techniques) and platforms (instrumented passenger aircrafts, ground-based in situ and remote sensing stations, earth observation satellite instruments) providing essential information on the composition of the atmosphere. The variability of the atmospheric system and the extreme complexity of the atmospheric cycles for short-lived gaseous and aerosol species have led to the development of complex models to interpret observations, test our theoretical understanding of atmospheric chemistry and predict future atmospheric composition. The validation of numerical models requires accurate information concerning the variability of atmospheric composition for targeted species via comparison with observations and measurements. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent advances in instrumentation and methodologies for measuring atmospheric composition changes from space, aircraft and the surface as well as recent improvements in laboratory techniques that permitted scientific advance in the field of atmospheric chemistry. Emphasis is given to the most promising and innovative technologies that will become operational in the near future to improve knowledge of atmospheric composition. Our current observation capacity, however, is not satisfactory to understand and predict future atmospheric composition changes, in relation to predicted climate warming. Based on the limitation of the current European observing system, we address the major gaps in a second part of the paper to explain why further developments in current observation strategies are still needed to strengthen and optimise an observing system not only capable of responding to the requirements of atmospheric services but also to newly open scientific questions. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2009

24. Atmospheric composition change - global and regional air quality

Author: Zbigniew Klimont, H.M. ten Brink, Alexander Baklanov, Paolo Laj, Heidi Huntrieser, Isabelle Bey, James D. Lee, Alex Guenther, Andreas Petzold, Maria Kanakidou, Jan Kaiser, Volker Grewe, Andreas Stohl, D. D. Parrish, E. Fragkou, Paul S. Monks, F. J. Dentener, Owen R. Cooper, Ulrich Pöschl, André S. H. Prévôt, Jens Hjorth, Markku Kulmala, Stefan Reimann, Sandro Fuzzi, S. Generoso, G. R. van der Werf, Michael E. Jenkin, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Martin L. Williams, Nicolas Moussiopoulos, Mark Lawrence, Gregory J. Frost, R. von Glasow, Robert Vautard, J. Theloke, Ch. Vlachokostas, Hans-Christen Hansson, David Simpson, Ulrich Platt, Michela Maione, Hajime Akimoto, Claire Granier, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Claire E. Reeves, John J. Orlando, Colin D. O'Dowd, Aude Mieville, A. Metzger, Rainer Steinbrecher, Robert S. Blake, Paul Ginoux, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Nicola J. Blake, Catherine Liousse, Karine Sellegri, Yinon Rudich, Urs Baltensperger, Stephan Henne, Vigdis Vestreng, Gordon McFiggans, David Fowler, Paul I. Palmer, Markus Amann, Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, Department of Chemistry [Leicester], University of Leicester, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Department of Applied Environmental Science [Stockholm] (ITM), Stockholm University, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Atmospheric Chemistry Services [UK], School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Department of Physics [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Istituto di Scienze Chimiche 'F. Bruner', Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEAES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies [Galway] (C-CAPS), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research [Rehovot], Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), EMEP Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West (MSC-W), European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), European Environment Agency (EEA)-European Environment Agency (EEA), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], VU University Amsterdam, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique - Clermont Auvergne (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Weizmann Institute of Science, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, environmental chamber data, Atmosphere Troposphere Air quality Emissions Climate Co-benefit Oxidation chemistry Aerosols Transport of pollutants Ozone, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Earth science, Climate change, Context (language use), 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, transport of pollutants, chemistry.chemical_compound, 11. Sustainability, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Ecosystem, Air quality index, climate, particulate products distribution, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Aerosols, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Pollutant, long-range transport, gas-phase ozonolysis, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Atmosphere, 2003 heat-wave, Troposphere, emissions, master chemical mechanism, 15. Life on land, Trace gas, pem-tropics-b, Co-benefit, marine boundary-layer, Megacity, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Air quality, Oxidation chemistry, tropospheric chemistry mechanism, secondary organic aerosol
Abstract: Air quality transcends all scales with in the atmosphere from the local to the global with handovers and feedbacks at each scale interaction. Air quality has manifold effects on health, ecosystems heritage and, climate. In this review the state of scientific understanding in relation to global and regional air quality is outlined. The review discusses air quality, in terms of emissions, processing and transport of trace gases and aerosols. New insights into the characterization of both natural and anthropogenic emissions are reviewed looking at both natural (e.g. dust and lightning) as well as plant emissions. Trends in anthropogenic emissions both by region and globally are discussed as well as biomass burning emissions. In terms of chemical processing the major air quality elements of ozone, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and aerosols are covered. A number of topics are presented as a way of integrating the process view into the atmospheric context; these include the atmospheric oxidation efficiency, halogen and HOx chemistry, nighttime chemistry, tropical chemistry, heat waves, megacities, biomass burning and the regional hot spot of the Mediterranean. New findings with respect to the transport of pollutants across the scales are discussed, in particular the move to quantify the impact of long-range transport on regional air quality. Gaps and research questions that remain intractable are identified. The review concludes with a focus of research and policy questions for the coming decade. In particular, the policy challenges for concerted air quality and climate change policy (co-benefit) are discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2009

25. SO2 emissions from Popocatépetl volcano: emission rates and plume imaging using optical remote sensing techniques

Author: Grutter, M., Basaldud, R., Rivera, C., Harig, R., Junkerman, W., Caetano, E., Delgado-Granados, H., Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg (TUHH), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), and Instituto de Geofísica
Subjects: lcsh:Chemistry, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract: International audience; Sulfur dioxide emissions from Popocatépetl volcano in central Mexico were measured during the MILAGRO field campaign in March 2006. A stationary scanning DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer) was used to monitor the SO2 emissions from the volcano and the results were compared with traverses done with a COSPEC from the ground and a DOAS instrument on board an ultra-light aircraft. Daytime evolutions as well as day-to-day variation of the SO2 emissions are reported. A value of 2.45±1.39 Gg/day of SO2 is reported from all the daily averages obtained during the month of March 2006, with large variation in maximum and minimum daily averages of 5.97 and 0.56 Gg/day, respectively. The large short-term fluctuations in the SO2 emissions obtained could be confirmed through 2-D visualizations of the SO2 plume measured with a scanning imaging infrared spectrometer. This instrument, based on the passive detection of thermal radiation from the volcanic gas and analysis with FTIR spectrometry, is used for the first time for plume visualization of a specific volcanic gas. A 48-h forward trajectory analysis indicates that the volcanic plume was predominately directed towards the Puebla/Tlaxcala region (63%), followed by the Mexico City and Cuernavaca/Cuautla regions with 19 and 18% occurrences, respectively. 25% of the modeled trajectories going towards the Puebla region reached altitudes lower than 4000 m a.s.l. and all trajectories remained over this altitude for the other two regions.
Published: 2008

26. Odin stratospheric proxy NOy measurements and climatology

Author: Brohede, S., Mclinden, C. A., Urban, Jakub, Haley, C. S., Jonsson, A. I., Murtagh, D., Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Environment and Climate Change Canada, Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] (CRESS), York University [Toronto], Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, and EGU, Publication
Subjects: lcsh:Chemistry, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QD1-999, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract: International audience; Five years of OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System) NO2 and SMR (Sub-Millimetre Radiometer) HNO3 observations from the Odin satellite, combined with data from a photochemical box model, have been used to construct a stratospheric proxy NOy data set including the gases: NO, NO2, HNO3, 2×N2O5 and CIONO2. This Odin NOy climatology is based on all daytime measurements and contains monthly mean and standard deviation, expressed as mixing ratio or number density, as function of latitude or equivalent latitude (5° bins) on 17 vertical layers (altitude, pressure or potential temperature) between 14 and 46 km. Comparisons with coincident NOy profiles from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment?Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) instrument were used to evaluate several methods to combine Odin observations with model data. This comparison indicates that the most appropriate merging technique uses OSIRIS measurements of NO2, scaled with model NO/NO2 ratios, to estimate NO. The sum of 2×N2O5 and CIONO2 is estimated from uncertainty-based weighted averages of scaled observations of SMR HNO3 and OSIRIS NO2. Comparisons with ACE-FTS suggest the precision (random error) and accuracy (systematic error) of Odin NOy profiles are about 15% and 20%, respectively. Further comparisons between Odin and the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM) show agreement to within 20% and 2 ppb throughout most of the stratosphere except in the polar vortices. A particularly large disagreement within the Antarctic vortex in the upper stratosphere during spring indicates too strong descent of air in CMAM. The combination of good temporal and spatial coverage, a relatively long data record, and good accuracy and precision make this a valuable NOy product for various atmospheric studies and model assessments.
Published: 2008

27. Validation of water vapour profiles from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)

Author: Carleer, M. R., Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., Bernath, P. F., Strong, K., Sica, R. J., Randall, C. E., Vömel, H., Kar, J., Höpfner, M., Milz, M., Von Clarmann, T., Kivi, R., Valverde-Canossa, J., Sioris, C. E., Izawa, M. R. M., Dupuy, E., Mcelroy, C. T., Drummond, J. R., Nowlan, C. R., Zou, J., Nichitiu, F., Lossow, S., Urban, Jakub, Murtagh, D., Dufour, D. G., Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy [London, ON], University of Western Ontario (UWO), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe and Universität Karlsruhe, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Universidad Nacional, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Earth Sciences [London, ON], Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science [Halifax], Dalhousie University [Halifax], Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Picomole Instruments Inc., and EGU, Publication
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: International audience; The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) mission was launched in August 2003 to sound the atmosphere by solar occultation. Water vapour (H2O), one of the most important molecules for climate and atmospheric chemistry, is one of the key species provided by the two principal instruments, the infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and the MAESTRO UV-Visible spectrometer (ACE-MAESTRO). The first instrument performs measurements on several lines in the 1362?2137 cm?1 range, from which vertically resolved H2O concentration profiles are retrieved, from 7 to 90 km altitude. ACE-MAESTRO measures profiles using the water absorption band in the near infrared part of the spectrum at 926.0?969.7 nm. This paper presents a comprehensive validation of the ACE-FTS profiles. We have compared the H2O volume mixing ratio profiles with space-borne (SAGE II, HALOE, POAM III, MIPAS, SMR) observations and measurements from balloon-borne frostpoint hygrometers and a ground based lidar. We show that the ACE-FTS measurements provide H2O profiles with small retrieval uncertainties in the stratosphere (better than 5% from 15 to 70 km, gradually increasing above). The situation is unclear in the upper troposphere, due mainly to the high variability of the water vapour volume mixing ratio in this region. A new water vapour data product from the ACE-MAESTRO (Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation) is also presented and initial comparisons with ACE-FTS are discussed.
Published: 2008

28. Validation of ACE-FTS N2O measurements

Author: Strong, K., Wolff, M. A., Kerzenmacher, T. E., Walker, K. A., Bernath, P. F., Blumenstock, T., Boone, C., Catoire, Valéry, Coffey, M., De Mazière, M., Demoulin, P., Duchatelet, P., Dupuy, E., Hannigan, J., Höpfner, M., Glatthor, N., Griffith, D. W. T., Jin, J. J., Jones, N., Jucks, K., Kuellmann, H., Kuttippurath, J., Lambert, A., Mahieu, E., Mcconnell, J. C., Mellqvist, J., Mikuteit, S., Murtagh, D. P., Notholt, J., Piccolo, C., Raspollini, P., Ridolfii, M., Robert, Cédric, Schneider, M., Schrems, O., Semeniuk, K., Senten, C., Stiller, G. P., Strandberg, A., Taylor, James, Tétard, C., Toohey, M., Urban, Jakub, Warneke, T., Wood, S., Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe and University of Karlsruhe, Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, School of Chemistry, Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering [York University - Toronto] (ESSE), York University [Toronto], Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Department of Physics, Okayama University, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica [Bologna], Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Department of Bentho-pelagic processes, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), and National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: International audience; The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), also known as SCISAT, was launched on 12 August 2003, carrying two instruments that measure vertical profiles of atmospheric constituents using the solar occultation technique. One of these instruments, the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), is measuring volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles of nitrous oxide (N2O) from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere at a vertical resolution of about 3–4 km. In this study, the quality of the ACE-FTS version 2.2 N2O data is assessed through comparisons with coincident measurements made by other satellite, balloon-borne, aircraft, and ground-based instruments. These consist of vertical profile comparisons with the SMR, MLS, and MIPAS satellite instruments, multiple aircraft flights of ASUR, and single balloon flights of SPIRALE and FIRS-2, and partial column comparisons with a network of ground-based Fourier Transform InfraRed spectrometers (FTIRs). Overall, the quality of the ACE-FTS version 2.2 N2O VMR profiles is good over the entire altitude range from 5 to 60 km. Between 6 and 30 km, the mean absolute differences for the satellite comparisons lie between -42 ppbv and +17 ppbv, with most within ±20 ppbv. This corresponds to relative deviations from the mean that are within ±15%, except for comparisons with MIPAS near 30 km, for which they are as large as 22.5%. Between 18 and 30 km, the mean absolute differences are generally within ±10 ppbv, again excluding the aircraft and balloon comparisons. From 30 to 60 km, the mean absolute differences are within ±4 ppbv, and are mostly between -2 and +1 ppbv. Given the small N2O VMR in this region, the relative deviations from the mean are therefore large at these altitudes, with most suggesting a negative bias in the ACE-FTS data between 30 and 50 km. In the comparisons with the FTIRs, the mean relative differences between the ACE-FTS and FTIR partial columns are within ±6.6% for eleven of the twelve contributing stations. This mean relative difference is negative at ten stations, suggesting a small negative bias in the ACE-FTS partial columns over the altitude regions compared. Excellent correlation (R=0.964) is observed between the ACE-FTS and FTIR partial columns, with a slope of 1.01 and an intercept of -0.20 on the line fitted to the data.
Published: 2008

29. Validation of NO2 and NO from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)

Author: Kerzenmacher, T., Wolff, M. A., Strong, K., Dupuy, E., Walker, K. A., Amekudzi, L. K., Batchelor, R. L., Bernath, P. F., Berthet, Gwenaël, Blumenstock, T., Boone, C. D., Bramstedt, K., Brogniez, C., Brohede, S., Burrows, J. P., Catoire, Valéry, Dodion, J., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D. G., Funke, B., Fussen, D., Goutail, Florence, Griffith, D. W. T., Haley, C. S., Hendrick, F., Höpfner, M., Huret, Nathalie, Jones, N., Kar, J., Kramer, I., Llewellyn, E. J., López-Puertas, M., Manney, G., Mcelroy, C. T., Mclinden, C. A., Melo, S., Mikuteit, S., Murtagh, D., Nichitiu, F., Notholt, J., Nowlan, C., Piccolo, C., Pommereau, Jean-Pierre, Randall, C., Raspollini, P., Ridolfi, M., Richter, A., Schneider, M., Schrems, O., Silicani, M., Stiller, G. P., Taylor, James, Tétard, C., Toohey, M., Vanhellemont, F., Warneke, T., Zawodny, J. M., Zou, J., Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science [Halifax], Dalhousie University [Halifax], Picomole Instruments Inc., Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Chemistry [Wollongong], University of Wollongong [Australia], Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] (CRESS), York University [Toronto], Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica [Bologna], Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] ( IUP ), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement ( LPCE ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung ( IMK ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 ( LOA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía ( IAA ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Service d'aéronomie ( SA ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Wollongong, Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] ( CRESS ), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] ( ISAS ), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] ( U of S ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] ( NMT ), Canadian Space Agency ( CSA ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] ( ATOC ), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' ( IFAC ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), Università di Bologna [Bologna] ( UNIBO ), Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research ( AWI ), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] ( LaRC ), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), and Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)
Subjects: lcsh:Chemistry, [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract: Vertical profiles of NO2 and NO have been obtained from solar occultation measurements by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), using an infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and (for NO2) an ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrometer, MAESTRO (Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation). In this paper, the quality of the ACE-FTS version 2.2 NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO version 1.2 NO2 data are assessed using other solar occultation measurements (HALOE, SAGE II, SAGE III, POAM III, SCIAMACHY), stellar occultation measurements (GOMOS), limb measurements (MIPAS, OSIRIS), nadir measurements (SCIAMACHY), balloon-borne measurements (SPIRALE, SAOZ) and ground-based measurements (UV-VIS, FTIR). Time differences between the comparison measurements were reduced using either a tight coincidence criterion, or where possible, chemical box models. ACE-FTS NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO NO2 are generally consistent with the correlative data. The ACE-FTS and MAESTRO NO2 volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles agree with the profiles from other satellite data sets to within about 20% between 25 and 40 km, with the exception of MIPAS ESA (for ACE-FTS) and SAGE II (for ACE-FTS (sunrise) and MAESTRO) and suggest a negative bias between 23 and 40 km of about 10%. MAESTRO reports larger VMR values than the ACE-FTS. In comparisons with HALOE, ACE-FTS NO VMRs typically (on average) agree to ±8% from 22 to 64 km and to +10% from 93 to 105 km, with maxima of 21% and 36%, respectively. Partial column comparisons for NO2 show that there is quite good agreement between the ACE instruments and the FTIRs, with a mean difference of +7.3% for ACE-FTS and +12.8% for MAESTRO.
Published: 2008

30. Validation of ozone measurements from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)

Author: E. Dupuy, K. A. Walker, J. Kar, C. D. Boone, C. T. McElroy, P. F. Bernath, J. R. Drummond, R. Skelton, S. D. McLeod, R. C. Hughes, C. R. Nowlan, D. G. Dufour, J. Zou, F. Nichitiu, K. Strong, P. Baron, R. M. Bevilacqua, T. Blumenstock, G. E. Bodeker, T. Borsdorff, A. E. Bourassa, H. Bovensmann, I. S. Boyd, A. Bracher, C. Brogniez, J. P. Burrows, V. Catoire, S. Ceccherini, S. Chabrillat, T. Christensen, M. T. Coffey, U. Cortesi, J. Davies, C. De Clercq, D. A. Degenstein, M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, J. Dodion, B. Firanski, H. Fischer, G. Forbes, L. Froidevaux, D. Fussen, P. Gerard, S. Godin-Beekman, F. Goutail, J. Granville, D. Griffith, C. S. Haley, J. W. Hannigan, M. Höpfner, J. J. Jin, A. Jones, N. B. Jones, K. Jucks, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, T. E. Kerzenmacher, A. Kleinböhl, A. R. Klekociuk, I. Kramer, H. Küllmann, J. Kuttippurath, E. Kyrölä, J.-C. Lambert, N. J. Livesey, E. J. Llewellyn, N. D. Lloyd, E. Mahieu, G. L. Manney, B. T. Marshall, J. C. McConnell, M. P. McCormick, I. S. McDermid, M. McHugh, C. A. McLinden, J. Mellqvist, K. Mizutani, Y. Murayama, D. P. Murtagh, H. Oelhaf, A. Parrish, S. V. Petelina, C. Piccolo, J.-P. Pommereau, C. E. Randall, C. Robert, C. Roth, M. Schneider, C. Senten, T. Steck, A. Strandberg, K. B. Strawbridge, R. Sussmann, D. P. J. Swart, D. W. Tarasick, J. R. Taylor, C. Tétard, L. W. Thomason, A. M. Thompson, M. B. Tully, J. Urban, F. Vanhellemont, T. von Clarmann, P. von der Gathen, C. von Savigny, J. W. Waters, J. C. Witte, M. Wolff, J. M. Zawodny, Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science [Halifax], Dalhousie University [Halifax], Picomole Instruments Inc., National Institute of Information and Communications Technology [Tokyo, Japan] (NICT), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Danish Climate Centre, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Earth and Sun Systems Laboratory (ESSL), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Environment Canada Sable Island, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Chemistry [Wollongong], University of Wollongong [Australia], Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] (CRESS), York University [Toronto], Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering [York University - Toronto] (ESSE), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Fujitsu FIP Corporation, Ice, Ocean, Atmosphere and Climate Program [Kingston] (IOAC), Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy-Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), GATS Inc., Atmospheric Sciences Division [Hampton], NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Department of Astronomy [Amherst], University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Department of Physics [Victoria], La Trobe University [Melbourne], Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), PennState Meteorology Department, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Australian Bureau of Meteorology [Melbourne] (BoM), Australian Government, Alfred Wegener Institute [Potsdam], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, University of Oxford [Oxford], National Institute of Information and Communications Technology ( NICT ), Naval Research Laboratory ( NRL ), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung ( IMK ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] ( NIWA ), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung ( IMK-IFU ), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] ( ISAS ), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] ( U of S ), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] ( IUP ), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 ( LOA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement ( LPCE ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' ( IFAC ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Danish Meteorological Institute ( DMI ), Earth and Sun Systems Laboratory ( ESSL ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), Service d'aéronomie ( SA ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Wollongong, Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] ( CRESS ), Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering [Toronto] ( ESSE ), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics ( CfA ), Ice, Ocean, Atmosphere and Climate Program [Kingston] ( IOAC ), Australian Antarctic Division ( AAD ), Finnish Meteorological Institute ( FMI ), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] ( NMT ), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] ( LaRC ), University of Massachusetts [Amherst] ( UMass Amherst ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] ( RIVM ), Department of Meteorology [PennState], PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), Atmosphere Watch Section, Bureau of Meteorology, Department of Bentho-pelagic processes, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research ( AWI ), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] ( SSAI ), and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC )
Subjects: 010309 optics, [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: This paper presents extensive validation analyses of ozone observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite instruments: the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and the Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation (ACE-MAESTRO) instrument. The ACE satellite instruments operate in the mid-infrared and ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectral regions using the solar occultation technique. In order to continue the long-standing record of solar occultation measurements from space, a detailed quality assessment is required to evaluate the ACE data and validate their use for scientific purposes. Here we compare the latest ozone data products from ACE-FTS and ACE-MAESTRO with coincident observations from satellite-borne, airborne, balloon-borne and ground-based instruments, by analysing volume mixing ratio profiles and partial column densities. The ACE-FTS version 2.2 Ozone Update product reports more ozone than most correlative measurements from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere. At altitude levels from 16 to 44 km, the mean differences range generally between 0 and +10% with a slight but systematic positive bias (typically +5%). At higher altitudes (45–60 km), the ACE-FTS ozone amounts are significantly larger than those of the comparison instruments by up to ~40% (typically +20%). For the ACE-MAESTRO version 1.2 ozone data product, agreement within ±10% (generally better than ±5%) is found between 18 and 40 km for the sunrise and sunset measurements. At higher altitudes (45–55 km), systematic biases of opposite sign are found between the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise and sunset observations. While ozone amounts derived from the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise occultation data are often smaller than the coincident observations (by as much as −10%), the sunset occultation profiles for ACE-MAESTRO show results that are qualitatively similar to ACE-FTS and indicate a large positive bias (+10 to +30%) in this altitude range. In contrast, there is no significant difference in bias found for the ACE-FTS sunrise and sunset measurements. These systematic effects in the ozone profiles retrieved from the measurements of ACE-FTS and ACE-MAESTRO are being investigated. This work shows that the ACE instruments provide reliable, high quality measurements from the tropopause to the upper stratosphere and can be used with confidence in this vertical domain.
Published: 2008

31. Validation of HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS)

Author: Wolff, M. A., Kerzenmacher, T., Strong, K., Walker, K. A., Toohey, M., Dupuy, E., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Brohede, S., Catoire, Valéry, Von Clarmann, T., Coffey, M., Daffer, W. H., De Mazière, M., Duchatelet, P., Glatthor, N., Griffith, D. W. T., Hannigan, J., Hase, F., Höpfner, M., Huret, Nathalie, Jones, N., Jucks, K., Kagawa, A., Kasai, Y., Kramer, I., Küllmann, H., Kuttippurath, J., Mahieu, E., Manney, G., Mclinden, C., Mébarki, Y., Mikuteit, S., Murtagh, D., Piccolo, C., Raspollini, P., Ridolfi, M., Ruhnke, R., Santee, M., Senten, C., Smale, D., Tétard, C., Urban, Jakub, Wood, S., Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Chemistry, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement ( LPCE ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Forschungzentrum Karlsruhe and University of Karlsruhe, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), Columbus Technologies Inc., Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, School of Chemistry, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics ( CfA ), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Fujitsu FIP Corporation, Environmental Sensing and Network Group, Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] ( IUP ), University of Bremen, Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] ( NMT ), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Institute of Applied Physics ``Nello Carrara', Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 ( LOA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Institute of Applied Physics 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica [Bologna], Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: International audience; The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite was launched on 12 August 2003. Its two instruments measure vertical profiles of over 30 atmospheric trace gases by analyzing solar occultation spectra in the ultraviolet/visible and infrared wavelength regions. The reservoir gases HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 are three of the key species provided by the primary instrument, the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). This paper describes the ACE-FTS version 2.2 data products, including the N2O5 update, for the three species and presents validation comparisons with available observations. We have compared volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles of HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 with measurements by other satellite instruments (SMR, MLS, MIPAS), aircraft measurements (ASUR), and single balloon-flights (SPIRALE, FIRS-2). Partial columns of HNO3 and ClONO2 were also compared with measurements by ground-based Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. Overall the quality of the ACE-FTS v2.2 HNO3 VMR profiles is good from 18 to 35 km. For the statistical satellite comparisons, the mean absolute differences are generally within ±1 ppbv (±20%) from 18 to 35 km. For MIPAS and MLS comparisons only, mean relative differences lie within ±10% between 10 and 36 km. ACE-FTS HNO3 partial columns (~15–30 km) show a slight negative bias of -1.3% relative to the ground-based FTIRs at latitudes ranging from 77.8° S–76.5° N. Good agreement between ACE-FTS ClONO2 and MIPAS, using the Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung and Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IMK-IAA) data processor is seen. Mean absolute differences are typically within ±0.01 ppbv between 16 and 27 km and less than +0.09 ppbv between 27 and 34 km. The ClONO2 partial column comparisons show varying degrees of agreement, depending on the location and the quality of the FTIR measurements. Good agreement was found for the comparisons with the midlatitude Jungfraujoch partial columns for which the mean relative difference is 4.7%. ACE-FTS N2O5 has a low bias relative to MIPAS IMK-IAA, reaching -0.25 ppbv at the altitude of the N2O5 maximum (around 30 km). Mean absolute differences at lower altitudes (16–27 km) are typically -0.05 ppbv for MIPAS nighttime and ±0.02 ppbv for MIPAS daytime measurements.
Published: 2008

32. Validation of NO2 and NO from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)

Author: Kerzenmacher, T., Wolff, M. A., Strong, K., Dupuy, E., Walker, K. A., Amekudzi, L. K., Batchelor, R. L., Bernath, P. F., Berthet, G., Blumenstock, T., Boone, C. D., Bramstedt, K., Brogniez, C., Brohede, S., Burrows, J. P., Valéry CATOIRE, Dodion, J., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D. G., Funke, B., Fussen, D., Goutail, F., Griffith, D. W. T., Haley, C. S., Hendrick, F., Hoepfner, M., Huret, N., Jones, N., Kar, J., Kramer, I., Llewellyn, E. J., Lopez-Puertas, M., Manney, G., Mcelroy, C. T., Mclinden, C. A., Melo, S., Mikuteit, S., Murtagh, D., Nichitiu, F., Notholt, J., Nowlan, C., Piccolo, C., Pommereau, J. -P, Randall, C., Raspollini, P., Ridolfi, M., Richter, A., Schneider, M., Schrems, O., Silicani, M., Stiller, G. P., Taylor, J., Tetard, C., Toohey, M., Vanhellemont, F., Warneke, T., Zawodny, J. M., Zou, J., Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science [Halifax], Dalhousie University [Halifax], Picomole Instruments Inc., Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Wollongong [Australia], Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] (CRESS), York University [Toronto], Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Wollongong, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] ( IUP ), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement ( LPCE ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung ( IMK-IFU ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 ( LOA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía ( IAA ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Service d'aéronomie ( SA ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] ( CRESS ), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] ( ISAS ), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] ( U of S ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] ( NMT ), Canadian Space Agency ( CSA ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' ( IFAC ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), Università di Bologna [Bologna] ( UNIBO ), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung ( AWI ), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] ( LaRC ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), T. Kerzenmacher, M.A. Wolff, K. Strong, E. Dupuy, K.A. Walker, L.K. Amekudzi, R.L. Batchelor, P.F. Bernath, G. Berthet, T. Blumenstock, C.D. Boone, K. Bramstedt, C. Brogniez, S. Brohede, J.P. Burrow, V. Catoire, J. Dodion, J.R. Drummond, D.G. Dufour, B. Funke, D. Fussen, F. Goutail, D.W.T. Griffith, C.S. Haley, F. Hendrick, M. H\'opfner, N. Huret, N. Jone, J. Kar, I. Kramer, E.J. Llewellyn, M. Lopez-Puerta, G. Manney, C.T. McElroy, C.A. McLinden, S. Melo, S. Mikuteit, D. Murtagh, F. Nichitiu, J. Notholt, C. Nowlan, C. Piccolo, J.-P. Pommereau, C. Randall, P. Raspollini, M. Ridolfi, A. Richter, M. Schneider, O. Schrem, M. Silicani, G.P. Stiller, J. Taylor, C. Tetard, M. Toohey, F. Vanhellemont, T. Warneke, J.M. Zawodny, and J. Zou
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: International audience; Vertical profiles of NO2 and NO have been obtained from solar occultation measurements by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), using an infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and (for NO2) an ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrometer, MAESTRO (Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation). In this paper, the quality of the ACE-FTS version 2.2 NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO version 1.2 NO2 data are assessed using other solar occultation measurements (HALOE, SAGE II, SAGE III, POAM III, SCIAMACHY), stellar occultation measurements (GOMOS), limb measurements (MIPAS, OSIRIS), nadir measurements (SCIAMACHY), balloon-borne measurements (SPIRALE, SAOZ) and ground-based measurements (UV-VIS, FTIR). Time differences between the comparison measurements were reduced using either a tight coincidence criterion, or where possible, chemical box models. ACE-FTS NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO NO2 are generally consistent with the correlative data. The ACE-FTS and MAESTRO NO2 volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles agree with the profiles from other satellite data sets to within about 20% between 25 and 40 km, with the exception of MIPAS ESA (for ACE-FTS) and SAGE II (for ACE-FTS (sunrise) and MAESTRO) and suggest a negative bias between 23 and 40 km of about 10%. MAESTRO reports larger VMR values than the ACE-FTS. In comparisons with HALOE, ACE-FTS NO VMRs typically (on average) agree to ±8% from 22 to 64 km and to +10% from 93 to 105 km, with maxima of 21% and 36%, respectively. Partial column comparisons for NO2 show that there is quite good agreement between the ACE instruments and the FTIRs, with a mean difference of +7.3% for ACE-FTS and +12.8% for MAESTRO.
Published: 2008

33. Stratomesospheric CO measured by a ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometer over Poker Flat, Alaska: Comparisons with Odin/SMR and a 2-D model

Author: Tsuyoshi Koshiro, Yasuhiro Murayama, Y. Kasai, Donal P. Murtagh, Miriam Sinnhuber, A. Kagawa, Nicholas B. Jones, P. Ricaud, E. Dupuy, Joachim Urban, Brice Barret, School of Chemistry [Wollongong], University of Wollongong [Australia], Environmental Sensing and Network Group, National Institute of information and telecommunications technology, Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), National Institute of Polar Research [Tokyo] (NiPR), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Futjitsu FIP Corporation, FIP Corporation, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Kyoto University [Kyoto]
Subjects: FTIR, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Correlation coefficient, Chemical transport model, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Mesosphere, Troposphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), mesosphere, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Radiometer, Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, CO, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Environmental science, Polar, Thermosphere
Abstract: International audience; The interseasonal variability of stratomesospheric CO is reported from Poker Flat, Alaska, using spectra from a ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometer (gb-FTS) for the time period from 2000 to 2004. The CO spectra were analyzed using an optimal estimation technique that separates the tropospheric and stratospheric/mesospheric components into partial columns. The distribution of CO in the polar winter is such that the gb-FTS retrieved partial column is weighted to the mesosphere. The gb-FTS data are compared with measurements of partial column CO from the Sub-Millimeter Radiometer on board the Odin satellite and shown to be in very good agreement despite the relatively small sample size. The mean difference of the two data sets indicates a small positive bias (7.6 ± 6%) in favor of the Odin data, with a correlation coefficient, r2 = 0.91. The gb-FTS data indicate that there is a strong seasonal dependence of the CO partial column that is consistent with known winter polar thermospheric descent of CO enriched air. Year-to-year variability is explained in terms of mesospheric wind dynamics, which show 2004 and components of 2002 were affected by earlier than expected breakdown (30 ± 13 d) of the winter polar circulation compared with 2000 to 2003. Finally, the measured CO data is compared with a 2-D chemical transport model that gives support to the idea that springtime polar mesospheric CO is driven by meridional winds.
Published: 2007

34. Seasonal trends and possible sources of brown carbon based on 2-year aerosol measurements at six sites in Europe

Author: Samuel Hammer, Casimiro Pio, David Simpson, Hajnalka Lukács, Andreas Limbeck, Susanne Preunkert, Markus Handler, Michel Legrand, Hans Puxbaum, András Gelencsér, Anne Kasper-Giebl, Air Chemistry Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Pannonia, Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Department of Environment and Planning, Universidade de Aveiro, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Meteorological Synthesizing Centre–West, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], EU, contract EVK2 CT2001-00113, Technical University of Vienna [Vienna] (TU WIEN), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Norwegian Meteorological Institute
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Brown carbon, Biomass burning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Smoke, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, Levoglucosan, Paleontology, Forestry, biomass burning aerosol, HULIS, Atmospheric research, Aerosol, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental chemistry, Climatology, brown carbon, Environmental science, Carbon
Abstract: International audience; Brown carbon is a ubiquitous and unidentified component of organic aerosol which has recently come into the forefront of atmospheric research. This component is strongly linked to the class of humic-like substances (HULIS) in aerosol whose ultimate origin is still being debated. Using a simplified spectroscopic method the concentrations of brown carbon have been determined in aqueous extracts of fine aerosol collected during the CARBOSOL project. On the basis of the results of 2-year measurements of several aerosol constituents at six European sites, possible sources of brown carbon are inferred. Biomass burning (possibly domestic wood burning) is shown to be a major source of brown carbon in winter. At elevated sites in spring, smoke from agricultural fires may be an additional source. Direct comparison of measured brown carbon concentrations with HULIS determined by an independent method reveals that the two quantities correlate well at low-elevation sites throughout the year. At high-elevation sites the correlation is still high for winter but becomes markedly lower in summer, implying different sources and/or atmospheric sinks of brown carbon and HULIS. The results shed some light on the relationships between atmospheric brown carbon and HULIS, two ill-defined and overlapping components of organic aerosol.
Published: 2007

35. Vertical profiles of lightning-produced NO2 enhancements in the upper troposphere observed by OSIRIS

Author: Sioris, C. E., Mclinden, C. A., Martin, R. V., Sauvage, B., Haley, C. S., Lloyd, N. D., Llewellyn, E. J., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Brohede, S., Mcelroy, C. T., EGU, Publication, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division [Cambridge] (AMP), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Experimental Studies Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science [Halifax], Dalhousie University [Halifax], Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Experimental Studies Sect., Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] (CRESS), and York University [Toronto]
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: International audience; The purpose of this study is to perform a global search of the upper troposphere (z?10 km) for enhancements of nitrogen dioxide and determine their sources. This is the first application of satellite-based limb scattering to study upper tropospheric NO2. We have searched two years (May 2003?May 2005) of OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System) operational NO2 concentrations (version 2.3/2.4) to find large enhancements in the observations by comparing with photochemical box model calculations and by identifying local maxima in NO2 volume mixing ratio. We find that lightning is the main production mechanism responsible for the large enhancements in OSIRIS NO2 observations as expected. Similar patterns in the abundances and spatial distribution of the NO2 enhancements are obtained by perturbing the lightning within the GEOS-Chem 3-dimensional chemical transport model. In most cases, the presence of lightning is confirmed with coincident imagery from LIS (Lightning Imaging Sensor) and the spatial extent of the NO2 enhancement is mapped using nadir observations of tropospheric NO2 at high spatial resolution from SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) and OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument). The combination of the lightning and chemical sensors allows us to investigate globally the role of lightning to the abundance of NO2 in the upper troposphere (UT). Lightning contributes 60% of the tropical upper tropospheric NO2 in GEOS-Chem simulations. The spatial and temporal distribution of NO2 enhancements from lightning (May 2003?May 2005) is investigated. The enhancements generally occur at 12 to 13 km more frequently than at 10 to 11 km. This is consistent with the notion that most of the NO2 is forming and persisting near the cloud top altitude in the tropical upper troposphere. The latitudinal distribution is mostly as expected. In general, the thunderstorms exhibiting weaker vertical development (e.g. 11?z?13 km) extend latitudinally as far poleward as 45° but the thunderstorms with stronger vertical development (z?14 km) tend to be located within 33° of the equator. There is also the expected hemispheric asymmetry in the frequency of the NO2 enhancements, as most were observed in the northern hemisphere for the period analyzed.
Published: 2007

36. Measurements of mid-stratospheric formaldehyde from the Odin/SMR instrument

Author: E. Le Flochmoën, D. Alexandre, Donal P. Murtagh, Philippe Ricaud, Gwenaël Berthet, Erwan Motte, Franck Lefèvre, Brice Barret, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, chemistry.chemical_compound, Formaldehyde, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Southern Hemisphere, Stratosphere, Spectroscopy, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Line (formation), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Radiation, Radiometer, Northern Hemisphere, Inversion, Remote sensing, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Satellite, Environmental science, Chlorine monoxide
Abstract: International audience; Measurements of mid-stratospheric formaldehyde (H2CO) have been obtained from the limb-viewing sub-millimeter radiometer (SMR) instrument aboard the Odin satellite. The analysis is based upon the only weak (808→707) rotational transition line of H2CO that can be measured by Odin/SMR at 576.7083150 GHz in the band dedicated to the measurement of carbon monoxide (CO). The signal-to-noise ratio is increased by averaging about 1000 spectra within 2-km width vertical layers in the stratosphere over periods from 1 to 7 days and within 3 latitude bands: Southern Hemisphere (90°S–45°S), tropics (30°S–30°N), and Northern Hemisphere (45°N–90°N). The faint H2CO line can then be retrieved using the standard scientific ground-segment developed for the Odin/SMR measurements. The mid-stratospheric H2CO shows maxima in the tropics for every period considered (January 2006, February 2005, March 2005, and September 2005). The spring-time extra-tropical mid-stratospheric H2CO is more intense than the fall-time extra-tropical amounts. The simulations from the three-dimensional chemical-transport model Reprobus satisfactorily show these general features.
Published: 2007

37. A cloud filtering method for microwave upper tropospheric humidity measurements

Author: Viju O. John, Justus Notholt, Bengt Rydberg, T. R. Sreerekha, Stefan A. Buehler, Patrick Eriksson, M. Kuvatov, Lulea Technical University, Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Satellite Applications, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], and EGU, Publication
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Brightness, Meteorology, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, business.industry, Aerospace Engineering, Cloud computing, Filter (signal processing), lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, Rymd- och flygteknik, lcsh:QD1-999, Brightness temperature, Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit, Cloud database, Environmental science, business, lcsh:Physics, Communication channel, Remote sensing
Abstract: The paper presents a cloud filtering method for upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) measurements at 183.31±1.00 GHz. The method uses two criteria: a viewing angle dependent threshold on the brightness temperature at 183.31±1.00 GHz, and a threshold on the brightness temperature difference between another channel and 183.31±1.00 GHz. Two different alternatives, using 183.31±3.00 GHz or 183.31±7.00 GHz as the other channel, are studied. The robustness of this cloud filtering method is demonstrated by a mid-latitudes winter case study. The paper then studies different biases on UTH climatologies. Clouds are associated with high humidity, therefore the possible dry bias introduced by cloud filtering is discussed and compared to the wet biases introduced by the clouds radiative effect if no filtering is done. This is done by means of a case study, and by means of a stochastic cloud database with representative statistics for midlatitude conditions. Both studied filter alternatives perform nearly equally well, but the alternative using 183.31±3.00 GHz as other channel is preferable, because that channel is less likely to see the Earth's surface than the one at 183.31±7.00 GHz. The consistent result of all case studies and for both filter alternatives is that both cloud wet bias and cloud filtering dry bias are modest for microwave data. The recommended strategy is to use the cloud filtered data as an estimate for the true all-sky UTH value, but retain the unfiltered data to have an estimate of the cloud induced uncertainty. The focus of the paper is on midlatitude data, since atmospheric data to test the filter for that case were readily available. The filter is expected to be applicable also to subtropical and tropical data, but should be further validated with case studies similar to the one presented here for those cases.
Published: 2007

38. Validation of Odin/OSIRIS stratospheric NO2 profiles

Author: Ghassan Taha, Larry L. Gordley, Ariane Bazureau, Edward J. Llewellyn, Jerry Lumpe, Cora E. Randall, Craig S. Haley, Larry W. Thomasson, Donal P. Murtagh, Samuel Brohede, S. V. Petelina, Christopher E. Sioris, Florence Goutail, Chris A. McLinden, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] (CRESS), York University [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), Computational Physics, Inc., Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), and GATS Inc.
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, NO2, 01 natural sciences, Occultation, 010309 optics, Atmosphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Sunrise, OSIRIS, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, validation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment, Ecology, biology, Odin-OSIRIS, Paleontology, Forestry, biology.organism_classification, Ozone depletion, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Osiris
Abstract: This paper presents the validation study of stratospheric NO2 profiles retrieved from Odin/OSIRIS measurements of limb-scattered sunlight (version 2.4). The Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System (OSIRIS) NO2 data set is compared to coincident solar occultation measurements by the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE), Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II, SAGE III, and Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III during the 2002–2004 period. Comparisons with seven Systeme d'Analyse par Observation Zenithal (SAOZ) balloon measurements are also presented. All comparisons show good agreement, with differences, both random and systematic, of less than 20% between 25 km and 35 km. Inconsistencies with SAGE III below 25 km are found to be caused primarily by diurnal effects from varying NO2 concentrations along the SAGE III line-of-sight. On the basis of the differences, the OSIRIS random uncertainty is estimated to be 16% between 15 km and 25 km, 6% between 25 km and 35 km, and 9% between 35 km and 40 km. The estimated systematic uncertainty is about 22% between 15 and 25 km, 11–21% between 25 km and 35 km, and 11–31% between 35 km and 40 km. The uncertainties for AM (sunrise) profiles are generally largest and systematic deviations are found to be larger at equatorial latitudes. The results of this validation study show that the OSIRIS NO2 profiles are well behaved, with reasonable uncertainty estimates between 15 km and 40 km. This unique NO2 data set, with more than hemispheric coverage and high vertical resolution will be of particular interest for studies of nitrogen chemistry in the middle atmosphere, which is closely linked to ozone depletion.
Published: 2007

39. Modeling carbonaceous aerosol over Europe: Analysis of the CARBOSOL and EMEP EC/OC campaigns

Author: András Gelencsér, Michel Legrand, Karl Espen Yttri, Zbigniew Klimont, Alexandre Caseiro, Hans Puxbaum, Kaarle Kupiainen, David Simpson, Casimiro Pio, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technical University of Vienna [Vienna] (TU WIEN), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Veszprém], University of Pannonia, Centre for Environment and Marine Studies (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Department of Environment, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EU project CARBOSOL, European Network of Excellence ACCENT (Atmospheric Composition Change) of the European Commission, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Centro de Estudos do Ambiante e do Mar (CESAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), medicine, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, organic aerosol, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Total organic carbon, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, business.industry, Levoglucosan, Fossil fuel, Paleontology, Forestry, modeling, Carbonaceous aerosol, Seasonality, Particulates, medicine.disease, Aerosol, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science, business, Carbon
Abstract: International audience; In this paper the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) MSC-W model is used to assess our understanding of the sources of carbonaceous aerosol in Europe (organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), or their sum, total carbon (TC)). The modeling work makes use of new data from two extensive measurement campaigns in Europe, those of the CARBOSOL project and of the EMEP EC/OC campaign. As well as EC and OC measurements, we are able to compare with levoglucosan, a tracer of wood-burning emissions, and with the source apportionment (SA) analysis of Gelencsér et al. (2007), which apportioned TC into primary versus secondary and fossil fuel versus biogenic origin. The model results suggest that emissions of primary EC and OC from fossil fuel sources are probably captured to better than a factor of two at most sites. Discrepancies for wintertime OC at some sites can likely be accounted for in terms of missing wood-burning contributions. Two schemes for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contribution are included in the model, and we show that model results for TC are very sensitive to the choice of scheme. In northern Europe the model seems to capture TC levels rather well with either SOA scheme, but in southern Europe the model strongly underpredicts TC. Comparison against the SA results shows severe underprediction of the SOA components. This modeling work confirms the difficulties of modeling SOA in Europe, but shows that primary emissions constitute a significant fraction of ambient TC.
Published: 2007

40. Global observations of middle atmospheric water vapour by the Odin satellite : An overview

Author: P. Ricaud, Joachim Urban, E. Dupuy, Patrick Eriksson, E. Le Flochmoën, Yasuko Kasai, Stefan Lossow, Donal P. Murtagh, Michael Olberg, J. de La Noë, N. Lautie, Urban Frisk, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], National Institute of Information and Communications Technology [Tokyo, Japan] (NICT), Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), Onsala Space Observatory, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Atmospheric sciences, Water vapour, 01 natural sciences, Middle atmosphere, Isotopes of oxygen, Mesosphere, Troposphere, Atmosphere, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], chemistry.chemical_compound, Microwave limb sounding, Odin, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Water vapour isotopes, Sub-Millimetre Radiometer, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Water vapour isotopes Article Outline, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Thermosphere, Water vapor
Abstract: Water vapour plays an important role for the chemistry and dynamics of the atmosphere. It is a strong greenhouse gas in the troposphere and contributes to cooling in the stratosphere. As the main source of chemically active HOx radicals, it is linked to many photo-chemical cycles controlling the composition of the middle atmosphere. In order to improve our knowledge of the amount and variability of water in the middle atmosphere, the Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) on board the Odin satellite, launched in February 2001, observes several thermal emission lines of water vapour in the 486–581 GHz spectral range from the Earth's limb. Bands centred at 488.9 and 490.4 GHz are used to study water vapour and its isotopes, on the basis of four observation days per month. Vertical profiles of View the MathML source, View the MathML source, and HDO are retrieved between roughly 20 and 70 km in the stratosphere and mesosphere. A strong water vapour line at 556.9 GHz is simultaneously measured in a second band, providing information in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere between about 40 and 100 km. Measurements of View the MathML source at 552.0 GHz in monthly intervals complete the picture of middle atmospheric water vapour provided by Odin/SMR. The measurements of the isotope HDO in the 20–70 km altitude range allow to study the isotopic ratio of deuterium in stratospheric water vapour (D/H), potentially supplying information on the origin of stratospheric water vapour: transport of tropospheric air through the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) versus in situ chemical production such as from methane oxidation. The unique measurements of the molecules View the MathML source and View the MathML source containing heavy isotopes of oxygen may provide a crucial test for our understanding of the complex chemical reaction mechanisms controlling the exchange of oxygen between water vapour and ozone.
Published: 2007

41. First Odin sub-mm retrievals in the tropical upper troposphere: ice cloud properties

Author: Bengt Rydberg, Mattias Ekström, Donal P. Murtagh, Patrick Eriksson, EGU, Publication, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], and Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg]
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Ice cloud, Meteorology, Atmospheric models, business.industry, Orientation (computer vision), [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Tangent, Cloud computing, lcsh:QC1-999, Atmosphere, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, Radiometry, Environmental science, business, lcsh:Physics, Remote sensing
Abstract: More accurate global measurements of the amount of ice in thicker clouds are needed to validate atmospheric models and sub-mm radiometry can be an important component in this respect. A cloud ice retrieval scheme for the first such instrument in space, Odin-SMR, is presented here. Several advantages of sub-mm observations are shown, such as low influence of particle shape and orientation, and a high dynamic range of the retrievals. In the case of Odin-SMR, only cloud ice above ≈12.5 km can be measured. The present retrieval scheme gives a detection threshold of about 4 g/m2 above 12.5 km and does not saturate even for thickest observed clouds (>500 g/m2). The main retrieval uncertainties are the assumed particle size distribution and cloud inhomogeneity effects. The overall retrieval accuracy is estimated to be ~75%. The retrieval error is judged to have large random components and to be significantly lower than this value for averaged results, but high fixed errors can not be excluded. However, a firm lower value can always be provided. Initial results are found to be consistent with similar Aura MLS retrievals, but show important differences to corresponding data from atmospheric models. This first retrieval algorithm is limited to lowermost Odin-SMR tangent altitudes, and further development should improve the detection threshold and the vertical resolution. It should also be possible to decrease the retrieval uncertainty associated with cloud inhomogeneities by detailed analysis of other data sets.
Published: 2007

42. A study of polar ozone depletion based on sequential assimilation of satellite data from the ENVISAT/MIPAS and Odin/SMR instruments

Author: Rösevall, J. D., Murtagh, D. P., Urban, Jakub, Jones, A. K., EGU, Publication, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], and Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg]
Subjects: lcsh:Chemistry, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QD1-999, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract: The objective of this study is to demonstrate how polar ozone depletion can be mapped and quantified by assimilating ozone data from satellites into the wind driven transport model DIAMOND, (Dynamical Isentropic Assimilation Model for OdiN Data). By assimilating a large set of satellite data into a transport model, ozone fields can be built up that are less noisy than the individual satellite ozone profiles. The transported fields can subsequently be compared to later sets of incoming satellite data so that the rates and geographical distribution of ozone depletion can be determined. By tracing the amounts of solar irradiation received by different air parcels in a transport model it is furthermore possible to study the photolytic reactions that destroy ozone. In this study, destruction of ozone that took place in the Antarctic winter of 2003 and in the Arctic winter of 2002/2003 have been examined by assimilating ozone data from the ENVISAT/MIPAS and Odin/SMR satellite-instruments. Large scale depletion of ozone was observed in the Antarctic polar vortex of 2003 when sunlight returned after the polar night. By mid October ENVISAT/MIPAS data indicate vortex ozone depletion in the ranges 80–100% and 70–90% on the 425 and 475 K potential temperature levels respectively while the Odin/SMR data indicates depletion in the ranges 70–90% and 50–70%. The discrepancy between the two instruments has been attributed to systematic errors in the Odin/SMR data. Assimilated fields of ENVISAT/MIPAS data indicate ozone depletion in the range 10–20% on the 475 K potential temperature level, (~19 km altitude), in the central regions of the 2002/2003 Arctic polar vortex. Assimilated fields of Odin/SMR data on the other hand indicate ozone depletion in the range 20–30%.
Published: 2006

43. Validation of MIPAS ClONO2 measurements

Author: Höpfner, M., Clarmann, T., Fischer, H., Funke, B., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Milz, M., Steck, T., Stiller, G. P., Bernath, P., Blom, C. E., Blumenstock, Th, Boone, C., Chance, K., Coffey, M. T., Friedl-Vallon, F., Griffith, D., Hannigan, J. W., Hase, F., Jones, N., Jucks, K. W., Keim, C., Kleinert, A., Kouker, W., Liu, G. Y., Mahieu, E., Mellqvist, J., Mikuteit, S., Justus Notholt, Oelhaf, H., Piesch, C., Reddmann, T., Ruhnke, R., Schneider, M., Strandberg, A., Toon, G., Walker, K. A., Warneke, T., Wetzel, G., Wood, S., Zander, R., Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Chemistry, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Atmospheric Chemistry Division [Boulder], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], and National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA)
Subjects: lcsh:Chemistry, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract: Altitude profiles of ClONO2 retrieved with the IMK (Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung) science-oriented data processor from MIPAS/Envisat (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding on Envisat) mid-infrared limb emission measurements between July 2002 and March 2004 have been validated by comparison with balloon-borne (Mark IV, FIRS2, MIPAS-B), airborne (MIPAS-STR), ground-based (Spitsbergen, Thule, Kiruna, Harestua, Jungfraujoch, Izaña, Wollongong, Lauder), and spaceborne (ACE-FTS) observations. With few exceptions we found very good agreement between these instruments and MIPAS with no evidence for any bias in most cases and altitude regions. For balloon-borne measurements typical absolute mean differences are below 0.05 ppbv over the whole altitude range from 10 to 39 km. In case of ACE-FTS observations mean differences are below 0.03 ppbv for observations below 26 km. Above this altitude the comparison with ACE-FTS is affected by the photochemically induced diurnal variation of ClONO2. Correction for this by use of a chemical transport model led to an overcompensation of the photochemical effect by up to 0.1 ppbv at altitudes of 30–35 km in case of MIPAS-ACE-FTS comparisons while for the balloon-borne observations no such inconsistency has been detected. The comparison of MIPAS derived total column amounts with ground-based observations revealed no significant bias in the MIPAS data. Mean differences between MIPAS and FTIR column abundances are 0.11±0.12×1014 cm−2 (1.0±1.1%) and −0.09±0.19×1014 cm−2 (−0.8±1.7%), depending on the coincidence criterion applied. χ2 tests have been performed to assess the combined precision estimates of MIPAS and the related instruments. When no exact coincidences were available as in case of MIPAS – FTIR or MIPAS – ACE-FTS comparisons it has been necessary to take into consideration a coincidence error term to account for χ2 deviations. From the resulting χ2 profiles there is no evidence for a systematic over/underestimation of the MIPAS random error analysis.
Published: 2006

44. First Odin sub-mm retrievals in the tropical upper troposphere: humidity and cloud ice signals

Author: Patrick Eriksson, Donal P. Murtagh, Bengt Rydberg, Mattias Ekström, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], and EGU, Publication
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Scattering, Tangent, Humidity, lcsh:QC1-999, Spectral line, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, Atmosphere, lcsh:QD1-999, Calibration, Environmental science, Satellite, lcsh:Physics, Remote sensing
Abstract: Odin-SMR is a limb-sounder operating in the 500 GHz region with the capability of performing measurements down to altitudes of about 10 km with relatively low influence of ice clouds. Until now spectra from tropospheric tangent altitudes have been disregarded due to inadequate handling of scattering. A first method to extract upper tropospheric quantities has now been developed, yielding the humidity in two layers around 200 and 130 hPa and information on cloud ice content above 200 hPa. First results are compared with in situ MOZAIC measurements and presented to give a global view of the horizontal distribution. The seasonal structures are in agreement with other satellite measurements. The main concern for these retrievals is the calibration performance. A careful analysis indicates a systematic calibration error of about 1 K, but also a random component that differs between the two bands. The random calibration uncertainty results in retrieval errors of 10–60% depending on humidity and band. Presently this prohibits use of single retrievals, but averages can be presented with good accuracy. The fixed calibration error can largely be removed, leaving the spectroscopic uncertainties to dominate the humidity retrieval accuracy, with a worst case estimate of 30%. However, the comparison of MOZAIC data and the measurements for the 200 hPa layer shows a systematic difference of
Published: 2006

45. Modelling constraints on the emission inventory and on vertical diffusion for CO and SO2 in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area using Solar FTIR and zenith sky UV spectroscopy

Author: De Foy, B., Lei, W., Zavala, M., Volkamer, R., Samuelsson, J., Mellqvist, J., Galle, B., Martínez, A.-P., Grutter, M., Molina, L. T., Molina Center for the Energy and the Environment (MCE2), Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], General Direction of the National Center for Environmental Research and Training (CENICA), Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera [Mexico], and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: International audience; Emissions of air pollutants in and around urban areas lead to negative health impacts on the population. To estimate these impacts, it is important to know the sources and transport mechanisms of the pollutants accurately. Mexico City has a large urban fleet in a topographically constrained basin leading to high levels of carbon monoxide (CO). Large point sources of sulfur dioxide (SO2) surrounding the basin lead to episodes with high concentrations. An Eulerian grid model (CAMx) and a particle trajectory model (FLEXPART) are used to evaluate the estimates of CO and SO2 in the current emission inventory using mesoscale meteorological simulations from MM5. Vertical column measurements of CO are used to constrain the total amount of emitted CO in the model and to identify the most appropriate vertical diffusion scheme. Zenith sky UV spectroscopy is used to estimate the emissions of SO2 from a large power plant and the Popocatépetl volcano. Results suggest that the models are able to identify correctly large point sources and that both the power plant and the volcano impact the MCMA. Modelled concentrations of CO based on the current emission inventory match observations suggesting that the current total emissions estimate is correct. Possible adjustments to the spatial and temporal distribution can be inferred from model results. Accurate source and dispersion modelling provides feedback for development of the emission inventory, verification of transport processes in air quality models and guidance for policy decisions.
Published: 2006

46. A global inventory of stratospheric chlorine in 2004

Author: Cathy Clerbaux, John C. McConnell, Peter F. Bernath, Ray Nassar, Sean D. McLeod, Rodolphe Zander, K. Semeniuk, Curtis P. Rinsland, Kaley A. Walker, Lucien Froidevaux, Donal P. Murtagh, Chris D. Boone, Pierre-François Coheur, R. Skelton, Emmanuel Mahieu, Gaëlle Dufour, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Cambridge, USA] (EPS), Harvard University [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering [York University - Toronto] (ESSE), York University [Toronto], Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Harvard University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Fourier transform spectrometers, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, Aquatic Science, Sunset, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, ACE-FTS, 010309 optics, Geochemistry and Petrology, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Chlorine, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ecology, Diurnal temperature variation, Paleontology, Forestry, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Atmospheric chemistry, Middle latitudes, chlorine, stratosphere, Environmental science
Abstract: Total chlorine (ClTOT) in the stratosphere has been determined using the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) measurements of HCl, ClONO2, CH3Cl, Ccl4, Ccl3F (CFC-11), Ccl2F2 (CFC-12), CHClF2 (HCFC-22), Ccl2FCClF2 (CFC-113), CH3CClF2 (HCFC-142b), COClF, and ClO supplemented by data from several other sources, including both measurements and models. Separate chlorine inventories were carried out in five latitude zones (60°–82°N, 30°–60°N, 30°S–30°N, 30°–60°S, and 60°–82°S), averaging the period of February 2004 to January 2005 inclusive, when possible, to deal with seasonal variations. The effect of diurnal variation was avoided by only using measurements taken at local sunset. Mean stratospheric ClTOT values of 3.65 ppbv were determined for both the northern and southern midlatitudes (with an estimated 1σ accuracy of ±0.13 ppbv and a precision of ±0.09 ppbv), accompanied by a slightly lower value in the tropics and slightly higher values at high latitudes. Stratospheric ClTOT profiles in all five latitude zones are nearly linear with a slight positive slope in ppbv/km. Both the observed slopes and pattern of latitudinal variation can be interpreted as evidence of the beginning of a decline in global stratospheric chlorine, which is qualitatively consistent with the mean stratospheric circulation pattern and time lag necessary for transport.
Published: 2006

47. Intercomparison of four different in-situ techniques for ambient formaldehyde measurements in urban air

Author: Hak, C., Pundt, I., Trick, S., Kern, C., Platt, U., Dommen, J., Ordóñez, C., Prévôt, A. S. H., Junkermann, W., Astorga-Lloréns, C., Larsen, B. R., Johan Mellqvist, Strandberg, A., Yu, Y., Galle, B., Kleffmann, J., Lörzer, J. C., Braathen, G. O., Volkamer, R., Institute of Environmental Physics [Heidelberg] (IUP), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Research Centre Karlsruhe, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Physikalische Chemie/FB C, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and EGU, Publication
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: International audience; Results from an intercomparison of several currently used in-situ techniques for the measurement of atmospheric formaldehyde (CH2O) are presented. The measurements were carried out at Bresso, an urban site in the periphery of Milan (Italy) as part of the FORMAT-I field campaign. Eight instruments were employed by six independent research groups using four different techniques: Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) interferometry, the fluorimetric Hantzsch reaction technique (five instruments) and a chromatographic technique employing C18-DNPH-cartridges (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine). White type multi-reflection systems were employed for the optical techniques in order to avoid spatial CH2O gradients and ensure the sampling of nearly the same air mass by all instruments. Between 23 and 31 July 2002, up to 13 ppbv of CH2O were observed. The concentrations lay well above the detection limits of all instruments. The formaldehyde concentrations determined with DOAS, FTIR and the Hantzsch instruments were found to agree within ±11%, with the exception of one Hantzsch instrument, which gave systematically higher values. The two hour integrated samples by DNPH yielded up to 25% lower concentrations than the data of the continuously measuring instruments averaged over the same time period. The consistency between the DOAS and the Hantzsch method was better than during previous intercomparisons in ambient air with slopes of the regression line not significantly differing from one. The differences between the individual Hantzsch instruments could be attributed in part to the calibration standards used. Possible systematic errors of the methods are discussed.
Published: 2005

48. Comparison of modelled and monitored deposition fluxes of sulphur and nitrogen to ICP-forest sites in Europe

Author: O. Westling, Sofie Hellsten, Hilde Fagerli, David Simpson, J. C. Knulst, EGU, Publication, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd, EMEP Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West (MSC-W), European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), European Environment Agency (EEA)-European Environment Agency (EEA), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], and Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg]
Subjects: Chemical transport model, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Life, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 01 natural sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], lcsh:QH540-549.5, media_common.cataloged_instance, Precipitation, European union, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes, media_common, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Pollutant, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QE1-996.5, 15. Life on land, Sulfur, Nitrogen, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Deciduous, Deposition (aerosol physics), chemistry, [PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: International audience; The EMEP MSC-W Eulerian chemical transport model, and its predictions of deposition of acidifying and eutrophying pollutants over Europe, play a key role in the development of emission control strategies for the UNECE and EU. It is important that this model is tested against observational data. Such model evaluation is usually conducted using observations from the EMEP monitoring network, which includes around 70 sites with wet deposition measurements in a variety of landscapes. Here we compare the results of the EMEP model with a completely independent data-set, that of the EU/ICP Forest (Level II) monitoring network. Modelled data from 1997 and 2000 were compared with observed deposition data from 160 ICP-Forest plots. In general, similarities between modelled and observed deposition in this study were reasonably good (r2 values between 0.5-0.8 for most components and years, with mean values across all sites being within 30%), despite the uncertainty in comparing measured plot data with modelled grid data. EMEP tends to give somewhat lower values for the average, median and percentile SO2-4, NO-3 and NH+4, wet deposition in the whole deposition gradient compared to ICP, but differences in mean values were within 20% in 1997 and 30% in 2000. Modelled and observed concentrations of SO2-4, NO -3 and NH4+ in precipitation are very similar as average (differences of 0-14%), median and percentiles, and the correlation between modelled and observed data is rather high r2=0.50-0.78). Many of the sites showing large discrepancies between EMEP and ICP data were found to have unusually high inter-annual variability in the precipitation amounts registered by ICP, suggesting that some differences may be due to sampling procedures or complex topographic effects. A simple precipitation variability index (PVI) was devised to flag sites with large variability, and many outliers in the chemical comparison were shown to be such sites. The largest discrepancies were seen between EMEP and ICP precipitation amounts and for this component the correlation was very poor (r2=0.04-0.23 with all data, and 0.23-0.27 with PVI-filtered data). Although more work is needed to understand these discrepancies, the overall conclusion is that the EMEP model performs rather well in reproducing patterns of S and N deposition to European forests.
Published: 2005

49. Retrieving the vertical distribution of stratospheric OClO from Odin/OSIRIS limb-scattered sunlight measurements

Author: Patricia Krecl, Samuel Brohede, Craig S. Haley, Gwenaël Berthet, Jacek Stegman, Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] (CRESS), York University [Toronto], Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Service d'aéronomie (SA), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Sunlight, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biology, Differential optical absorption spectroscopy, Odin-OSIRIS, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, biology.organism_classification, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Polar vortex, 0103 physical sciences, Maximum a posteriori estimator, Polar, Environmental science, Osiris, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: The first vertical profiles of stratospheric OClO retrieved from Odin/OSIRIS limb-scattered sunlight radiances are presented. The retrieval method is based on a two-step approach, using differential optical absorption spectroscopy combined with the maximum a posteriori estimator. The details of the spectral window selection, spectral corrections and inversion technique are discussed. The results show that OClO can be detected inside the South polar vortex region between about 12 and 20 km altitude with a 2–5 km height resolution and an estimated retrieval error better than 60% at the peak. OClO concentrations are consistent with chemical transport model simulations and show the expected relation to the atmospheric conditions in the lower stratosphere in the austral spring 2002. This unique data set of OClO profiles is very promising to study the stratospheric chlorine activation in both polar regions.
Published: 2005

50. A practical demonstration on AMSU retrieval precision for upper tropospheric humidity by a non-linear multi-channel regression method

Author: Carlos Jimenez, Patrick Eriksson, Stefan A. Buehler, Viju O. John, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Science [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], and EGU, Publication
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Aerospace Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, lcsh:Chemistry, law, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Emissivity, Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit, Relative humidity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Physical quantity, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Microwave sounding unit, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 020206 networking & telecommunications, lcsh:QC1-999, Weighting, Rymd- och flygteknik, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Radiance, Radiosonde, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: A neural network algorithm inverting selected channels from the Advance Microwave Sounding Unit instruments AMSU-A and AMSU-B was applied to retrieve layer averaged relative humidity. The neural network was trained with a global synthetic dataset representing clear-sky conditions. A precision of around 6% was obtained when retrieving global simulated radiances, the precision deteriorated less than 1% when real mid-latitude AMSU radiances were inverted and compared with co-located data from a radiosonde station. The 6% precision outperforms by 1% the reported precision estimate from a linear single-channel regression between radiance and weighting function averaged relative humidity, the more traditional approach to exploit AMSU data. Added advantages are not only a better precision; the AMSU-B humidity information is more optimally exploited by including temperature information from AMSU-A channels; and the layer averaged humidity is a more physical quantity than the weighted humidity, for comparison with other datasets. The training dataset proved adequate for inverting real radiances from a mid-latitude site, but it is limited by not considering the impact of clouds or surface emissivity changes, and further work is needed in this direction for further validation of the precision estimates.
Published: 2005

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