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1. Persistence of moist plumes from overshooting convection in the Asian monsoon anticyclone

Author

Elizabeth Moyer, Fred Stroh, Renaud Matthey, Silvia Bucci, Sergey Khaykin, Vladimir Yushkov, Francesco Cairo, Armin Afchine, Ivan Formanyuk, Bernard Legras, Nicole Spelten, Vasiliy Volkov, Valentin Mitev, Alexey Lykov, C. E. Singer, Martina Krämer, B. Clouser, Christian Rolf, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Geophysical Sciences [Chicago], University of Chicago, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Stratosphäre (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik [Wien] (IMGW), Universität Wien, Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima [Roma] (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA [Neuchatel] (CSEM), Centre Suisse d'Electronique et Microtechnique SA (CSEM), Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), and California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)

Subjects
Convection, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Lead (sea ice), Atmospheric sciences, Settling, 13. Climate action, Anticyclone, ddc:550, East Asian Monsoon, Environmental science, Tropopause, Stratosphere, Water vapor
Abstract

The Asian Monsoon Anticyclone (AMA) represents the wettest region in the lower stratosphere (LS) and is the key contributor to the global annual maximum in LS water vapour. While the AMA wet pool is linked with persistent convection in the region and horizontal confinement of the anticyclone, there remain ambiguities regarding the role of tropopause-overshooting convection in maintaining the regional LS water vapour maximum. This study tackles this issue using a unique set of observations from onboard the high-altitude M55-Geophysica aircraft deployed in Nepal in Summer 2017 within the EU StratoClim project. 25 We use a combination of airborne measurements (water vapour, ice water, water isotopes, cloud backscatter) together with ensemble trajectory modeling coupled with satellite observations to characterize the processes controlling water vapour and clouds in the confined lower stratosphere (CLS) of AMA. Our analysis puts in evidence the dual role of overshooting convection, which may lead to hydration or dehydration depending on the synoptic-scale tropopause temperatures in AMA. We show that all of the observed CLS water vapour enhancements are traceable to convective events within AMA and furthermore bear an isotopic 30 signature of the overshooting process. A surprising result is that the plumes of moist air with mixing ratios nearly twice the background level can persist for weeks whilst recirculating within the anticyclone, without being subject to irreversible dehydration through ice settling. Our findings highlight the importance of convection and recirculation within AMA for the transport of water into the stratosphere. 1 Introduction 35 Water vapour in the lower stratosphere has a direct impact on surface climate and stratospheric ozone chemistry (e.g. Dessler et al., 2013, Dvortsov and Solomon, 2001). The variability of global lower stratospheric water vapour is, to first order, regulated by the minimum temperature in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL)-the main gateway for stratospheric entry of tropospheric moisture (e.g., Fueglistaler et al., 2009, and references therein). This way, the variation of stratospheric water vapour follows the

Published
2021
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2. Ocean‐Scale Interactions From Space

Author

Sylvie Le Gentil, Guillaume Lapeyre, Dimitris Menemenlis, Patrice Klein, Zhan Su, Lee-Lueng Fu, Lia Siegelman, Hector S. Torres, Bo Qiu, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Oceanography [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-FLU-DYN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Fluid Dynamics [physics.flu-dyn], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Astronomy, Mesoscale meteorology, MIXED-LAYER INSTABILITIES, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QB1-991, NEAR-INERTIAL WAVES, SEA-SURFACE HEIGHT, GULF-STREAM, LINEAR BAROCLINIC INSTABILITY, 14. Life underwater, Altimeter, INTERNAL GRAVITY-WAVES, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], UNBALANCED MOTIONS, ACL, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Ocean current, Sea-surface height, SATELLITE ALTIMETRY, lcsh:Geology, Gulf Stream, Eddy, 13. Climate action, Anticyclone, Climatology, HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, KINETIC-ENERGY, Geology, Geostrophic wind
Abstract

Satellite observations of the last two decades have led to a major breakthrough emphasizing the existence of a strongly energetic mesoscale turbulent eddy field in all the oceans. This ocean mesoscale turbulence (OMT) is characterized by cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies (with a 100‐‐300 km size and depth scales of ~500‐‐1000 m) that capture approximatively 80% of the total kinetic energy and is now known to significantly impact the large‐scale ocean circulation, the ocean's carbon storage, the air‐sea interactions and therefore the Earth climate as a whole. However, OMT revealed by satellite observations has properties that differ from those related to classical geostrophic turbulence theories. In the last decade, a large number of theoretical and numerical studies has pointed to submesoscale surface fronts (1‐‐50 km, not resolved by satellite altimeters and not fully taken into account by geostrophic turbulence theories) as the key suspect explaining these discrepancies. Submesoscale surface fronts have been shown to impact mesoscale eddies and the large‐scale ocean circulation in counter‐intuitive ways, leading in particular to up‐gradient fluxes. The ocean engine is now known to involve energetic scale interactions, over a much broader range of scales than expected one decade ago, from 1 km to 5000 km. New space observations with higher spatial resolution are however needed to validate and improve these recent theoretical and numerical results.

Published
2019
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3. Enhanced upward heat transport at deep submesoscale ocean fronts

Author

Mar M. Flexas, Andrew F. Thompson, Pascal Rivière, Patrice Klein, Hector S. Torres, Dimitris Menemenlis, Lia Siegelman, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SNO-MEMO, CNES-TOSCA project, Laboratoire d'Excellence LabexMER [ANR-10-LABX-19], CNES-Region Bretagne doctoral grant, NASA-CNES SWOT mission, NASA Senior NPP Fellowship, David and Lucille Packard FoundationThe David and Lucile Packard Foundation, NASANational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [NNX16AG42G, NNX15AG42G], French Polar Institute [109, 1201], National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), CNES (OSTST-OSIW), ANR-10-LABX-0019,LabexMER,LabexMER Marine Excellence Research: a changing ocean(2010), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
RESTRATIFICATION, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate system, Magnitude (mathematics), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Mesoscale eddies, Physics::Geophysics, MESOSCALE, BAROCLINIC INSTABILITY, SIZE LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS, ALTIMETRY, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, SEA, business.industry, ACL, Solar energy, Gulf Stream, Current (stream), [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Satellite, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Geology
Abstract

The ocean is the largest solar energy collector on Earth. The amount of heat it can store is modulated by its complex circulation, which spans a broad range of spatial scales, from metres to thousands of kilometres. In the classical paradigm, fine oceanic scales, less than 20 km in size, are thought to drive a significant downward heat transport from the surface to the ocean interior, which increases oceanic heat uptake. Here we use a combination of satellite and in situ observations in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to diagnose oceanic vertical heat transport. The results explicitly demonstrate how deep-reaching submesoscale fronts, with a size smaller than 20 km, are generated by mesoscale eddies of size 50–300 km. In contrast to the classical paradigm, these submesoscale fronts are shown to drive an anomalous upward heat transport from the ocean interior back to the surface that is larger than other contributions to vertical heat transport and of comparable magnitude to air–sea fluxes. This effect can remarkably alter the oceanic heat uptake and will be strongest in eddy-rich regions, such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Kuroshio Extension and the Gulf Stream, all of which are key players in the climate system. Deep-reaching, small-scale oceanic fronts can drive upward heat transport from the ocean interior to the surface in eddy-rich regions, suggest satellite and in situ observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.

Published
2020
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4. Sub‐mesoscale fronts modify elephant seals foraging behavior

Author

Thomas Jaud, Guillaume Dencausse, Patrice Klein, Christophe Guinet, Cédric Cotté, Lia Siegelman, Pascal Rivière, Julien Le Sommer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Dulikhel], Kathmandu University, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Foraging, Mesoscale meteorology, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Predation, lcsh:Oceanography, [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, Ecosystem, CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:GC1-1581, SUBMESOSCALE TRANSITION, TEMPERATURE, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Trophic level, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, ACL, Pelagic zone, Current (stream), SOUTHERN, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, TURBULENCE, MIROUNGA-LEONINA, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Sub-mesoscale fronts—with scales from 1 to 50 km are ubiquitous in satellite images of the world oceans. They are known to generate strong vertical velocities with significant impacts on biogeochemical fluxes and pelagic ecosystems. Here, we use a unique data set, combining high-resolution behavioral and physical measurements, to determine the effects of sub-mesoscale structures on the foraging behavior of 12 instrumented female southern elephant seals. These marine mammals make long voyages (several months over more than 2000 km), diving and feeding continuously in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Our results show that elephant seals change their foraging behavior when crossing sub-mesoscale fronts: They forage more and at shallower depths inside sub-mesoscale fronts compared to nonfrontal areas, and they also reduce their horizontal velocity likely to concentrate on their vertical diving activity. The results highlight the importance of sub-mesoscale fronts in enhancing prey accessibility for upper trophic levels, and suggest that trophic interactions are stimulated in these structures.

Published
2019
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5. Correction and Accuracy of High- and Low-Resolution CTD Data from Animal-Borne Instruments

Author

Fabien Roquet, Vigan Mensah, Baptiste Picard, Lia Siegelman, Christophe Guinet, Pascal Rivière, Etienne Pauthenet, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Marine Sciences [Gothenburg], University of Gothenburg (GU), Institute of Low Temperature Science [Sapporo], Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNES-TOSCA IPEV CORIOLIS in situ ocean observation program CNES LabexMer doctoral fellowship, ANR-10-LABX-0019,LabexMER,LabexMER Marine Excellence Research: a changing ocean(2010), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR), ANR: 10-LABX-0019,LabexMER,LabexMER Marine Excellence Research: a changing ocean(2010), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), and Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Data processing, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, ACL, Temperature salinity diagrams, Ocean Engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Physical oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Salinity, Data point, In situ oceanic observations, Data logger, Environmental science, Thermal mass, 14. Life underwater, CTD, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Algorithms, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract

Most available CTD Satellite Relay Data Logger (CTD-SRDL) profiles are heavily compressed before satellite transmission. High-resolution profiles recorded at the sampling frequency of 0.5 Hz are, however, available upon physical retrieval of the logger. Between 2014 and 2018, several loggers deployed on elephant seals in the Southern Ocean have been set in continuous recording mode, capturing both the ascent and descent for over 60 profiles per day during several months, opening new horizons for the physical oceanography community. Taking advantage of a new dataset made of seven such loggers, a postprocessing procedure is proposed and validated to improve the quality of all CTD-SRDL data: that is, both high-resolution profiles and compressed low-resolution ones. First, temperature and conductivity are corrected for a thermal mass effect. Then salinity spiking and density inversion are removed by adjusting salinity while leaving temperature unchanged. This method, applied here to more than 50 000 profiles, yields significant and systematic improvements in both temperature and salinity, particularly in regions of rapid temperature variation. The continuous high-resolution dataset is then used to provide updated accuracy estimates of CTD-SRDL data. For high-resolution data, accuracies are estimated to be of ±0.02°C for temperature and ±0.03 g kg−1 for salinity. For low-resolution data, transmitted data points have similar accuracies; however, reconstructed temperature profiles have a reduced accuracy associated with the vertical interpolation of ±0.04°C and a nearly unchanged salinity accuracy of ±0.03 g kg−1.

Published
2019
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6. Submesoscale ocean fronts act as biological hotspot for southern elephant seal

Author

Pascal Rivière, Mar M. Flexas, Malcolm O'Toole, Patrice Klein, Lia Siegelman, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), The UWA Oceans Institute, ANR-10-LABX-0019,LabexMER,LabexMER Marine Excellence Research: a changing ocean(2010), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Seals, Earless, FEATURES, Oceans and Seas, Foraging, Mesoscale meteorology, lcsh:Medicine, Antarctic Regions, AREA-RESTRICTED SEARCH, Spatial distribution, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MESOSCALE, Animals, 14. Life underwater, FORAGING BEHAVIOR, lcsh:Science, Ecosystem, Trophic level, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, Multidisciplinary, Plateau, geography.geographical_feature_category, ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT, PASSAGE, biology, ACL, lcsh:R, PREDATOR, Feeding Behavior, biology.organism_classification, Biodiversity hotspot, Southern elephant seal, VARIABILITY, 030104 developmental biology, Oceanography, Predatory Behavior, Meander, MIROUNGA-LEONINA, TURBULENCE, lcsh:Q, Female, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Geology
Abstract

The area west of the Kerguelen Islands (20–70°E/45–60°S) is characterized by a weak mesoscale activity except for a standing meander region of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) localized between 20 and 40°E. A unique bio-physical dataset at high-resolution collected by a southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) reveals a conspicuous increase in foraging activity at the standing meander site up to 5 times larger than during the rest of her three-month trip west of the Kerguelen Islands. Here, we propose a physical explanation for such high biological activity based on the study of small-scale fronts with scales of 5 to 20 km, also called submesoscales. The standing meander is associated with intensified frontal dynamics at submesoscale, not observed in the rest of the region. Results shed new light on the spatial distribution of submesoscale fronts in the under-sampled area west of the Kerguelen plateau and emphasize their importance for upper trophic levels. Despite that most elephant seals target foraging grounds east of the Kerguelen Plateau, our findings suggest that excursions to the west are not accidental, and may be explained by the recurrently elevated physical and biological activity of the site. As such, other standing meanders of the ACC may also act as biological hotspots where trophic interactions are stimulated by submesoscale turbulence.

Published
2019
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7. Getting the Lead Out of Bermuda

Author

Church, T., Alleman, L., VERON, A. J., Boyle, E. A., ZURBRICK, C. M., Flegal, A. R., PATTERSON, C. C., School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware [Newark], École des Mines de Douai (Mines Douai EMD), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Université de Cambridge, University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), and California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)

Subjects
[INFO]Computer Science [cs], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience; abstract simple

Published
2015

8. Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM

Author

J. Zhang, Corinna Hoose, Silvia Kloster, Erich Roeckner, Sylvaine Ferrachat, Ulrike Lohmann, Philip Stier, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, and Meteorological Service of Canada

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Cloud cover, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Relative humidity, Emission inventory, 020701 environmental engineering, Sea salt aerosol, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ice crystals, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Liquid water content, Cloud albedo, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, Caltech Library Services
Abstract

The double-moment cloud microphysics scheme from ECHAM4 that predicts both the mass mixing ratios and number concentrations of cloud droplets and ice crystals has been coupled to the size-resolved aerosol scheme ECHAM5-HAM. ECHAM5-HAM predicts the aerosol mass, number concentrations and mixing state. The simulated liquid, ice and total water content and the cloud droplet and ice crystal number concentrations as a function of temperature in stratiform mixed-phase clouds between 0 and −35° C agree much better with aircraft observations in the ECHAM5 simulations. ECHAM5 performs better because more realistic aerosol concentrations are available for cloud droplet nucleation and because the Bergeron-Findeisen process is parameterized as being more efficient. The total anthropogenic aerosol effect includes the direct, semi-direct and indirect effects and is defined as the difference in the top-of-the-atmosphere net radiation between present-day and pre-industrial times. It amounts to −1.9 W m−2 in ECHAM5, when a relative humidity dependent cloud cover scheme and aerosol emissions representative for the years 1750 and 2000 from the AeroCom emission inventory are used. The contribution of the cloud albedo effect amounts to −0.7 W m−2. The total anthropogenic aerosol effect is larger when either a statistical cloud cover scheme or a different aerosol emission inventory are employed because the cloud lifetime effect increases.

Published
2007

9. Aerosol absorption and radiative forcing

Author

Stefan Kinne, John H. Seinfeld, Philip Stier, Olivier Boucher, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of chemical engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], EGU, Publication, and Union, European Geosciences

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric,Oceanic,and Planetary physics, Environment, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, lcsh:Chemistry, Engineering & allied sciences, Radiative transfer, Climate systems and policy, Optical depth, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric models, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Physics, Radiative forcing, respiratory system, lcsh:QC1-999, Chemical and process engineering, Aerosol, AERONET, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Effective medium approximations, Environmental science, Climate model, lcsh:Physics, Caltech Library Services
Abstract

We present a comprehensive examination of aerosol absorption with a focus on evaluating the sensitivity of the global distribution of aerosol absorption to key uncertainties in the process representation. For this purpose we extended the comprehensive aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM by effective medium approximations for the calculation of aerosol effective refractive indices, updated black carbon refractive indices, new cloud radiative properties considering the effect of aerosol inclusions, as well as by modules for the calculation of long-wave aerosol radiative properties and instantaneous aerosol forcing. The evaluation of the simulated aerosol absorption optical depth with the AERONET sun-photometer network shows a good agreement in the large scale global patterns. On a regional basis it becomes evident that the update of the BC refractive indices to Bond and Bergstrom (2006) significantly improves the previous underestimation of the aerosol absorption optical depth. In the global annual-mean, absorption acts to reduce the short-wave anthropogenic aerosol top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative forcing clear-sky from −0.79 to −0.53 W m−2 (33%) and all-sky from −0.47 to −0.13 W m−2 (72%). Our results confirm that basic assumptions about the BC refractive index play a key role for aerosol absorption and radiative forcing. The effect of the usage of more accurate effective medium approximations is comparably small. We demonstrate that the diversity in the AeroCom land-surface albedo fields contributes to the uncertainty in the simulated anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcings: the usage of an upper versus lower bound of the AeroCom land albedos introduces a global annual-mean TOA forcing range of 0.19 W m−2 (36%) clear-sky and of 0.12 W m−2 (92%) all-sky. The consideration of black carbon inclusions on cloud radiative properties results in a small global annual-mean all-sky absorption of 0.05 W m−2 and a positive TOA forcing perturbation of 0.02 W m−2. The long-wave aerosol radiative effects are small for anthropogenic aerosols but become of relevance for the larger natural dust and sea-salt aerosols.

Published
2007

10. The effect of harmonized emissions on aerosol properties in global models – an AeroCom experiment

Author

Maarten Krol, M. S. Reddy, Olivier Boucher, Dorothy Koch, Alf Grini, Stefan Kinne, Sunling Gong, Joyce E. Penner, V. Montanaro, Alf Kirkevåg, Michael Schulz, Gunnar Myhre, Mian Chin, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, C. Textor, Giovanni Pitari, Toshihiko Takemura, Philip Stier, D. Fillmore, Silvia Kloster, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Susanne E. Bauer, Yves Balkanski, Tore F. Berglen, Terje Koren Berntsen, Johann Feichter, Thomas Diehl, Frank Dentener, Axel Lauer, Sarah Guibert, Johannes Hendricks, P. Huang, X. Tie, Jón Egill Kristjánsson, Paul Ginoux, Xiaohong Liu, Øyvind Seland, Larry W. Horowitz, Trond Iversen, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Columbia University [New York], University of Oslo (UiO), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center (GEST), University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ARQM Meteorological Service Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research [Utrecht] (IMAU), Utrecht University [Utrecht], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Kyushu University [Fukuoka], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kyushu University, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC), European Commission [Brussels], Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology and Research (GESTAR), NASA-Universities Space Research Association (USRA), and Battelle

Subjects
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, Atmospheric Science, food.ingredient, Meteorology and Air Quality, Meteorology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, transport model, Air pollution, general-circulation model, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, size, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, food, sulfate aerosols, medicine, wet deposition, climate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, mineral dust, WIMEK, Microphysics, 010505 oceanography, Sea salt, emissions, respiratory system, simulation, lcsh:QC1-999, ground measurements, Aerosol, global models, optical-properties, Deposition (aerosol physics), lcsh:QD1-999, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, General Circulation Model, Particle, Dynamik der Atmosphäre, lcsh:Physics, aerosols, Caltech Library Services
Abstract

The effects of unified aerosol sources on global aerosol fields simulated by different models are examined in this paper. We compare results from two AeroCom experiments, one with different (ExpA) and one with unified emissions, injection heights, and particle sizes at the source (ExpB). Surprisingly, harmonization of aerosol sources has only a small impact on the simulated inter-model diversity of the global aerosol burden, and consequently global optical properties, as the results are largely controlled by model-specific transport, removal, chemistry (leading to the formation of secondary aerosols) and parameterizations of aerosol microphysics (e.g., the split between deposition pathways) and to a lesser extent by the spatial and temporal distributions of the (precursor) emissions. The burdens of black carbon and especially sea salt become more coherent in ExpB only, because the large ExpA diversities for these two species were caused by a few outliers. The experiment also showed that despite prescribing emission fluxes and size distributions, ambiguities in the implementation in individual models can lead to substantial differences. These results indicate the need for a better understanding of aerosol life cycles at process level (including spatial dispersal and interaction with meteorological parameters) in order to obtain more reliable results from global aerosol simulations. This is particularly important as such model results are used to assess the consequences of specific air pollution abatement strategies.

Published
2007
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11. Effect of NOx level on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of terpenes

Author

Ng, N. L., Chhabra, P. S., Chan, A. W. H., Surratt, J. D., Kroll, J. H., Kwan, A. J., Mccabe, D. C., Wennberg, P. O., Sorooshian, A., Murphy, S. M., Dalleska, N. F., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., EGU, Publication, Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., and Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract

International audience; Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of one monoterpene (?-pinene) and two sesquiterpenes (longifolene and aromadendrene) is investigated in the Caltech environmental chambers. The effect of NOx on SOA formation for these biogenic hydrocarbons is evaluated by performing photooxidation experiments under varying NOx conditions. The NOx dependence of ?-pinene SOA formation follows the same trend as that observed previously for a number of SOA precursors, including isoprene, in which SOA yield (defined as the ratio of the mass of organic aerosol formed to the mass of parent hydrocarbon reacted) decreases as NOx level increases. The NOx dependence of SOA yield for the sesquiterpenes, longifolene and aromadendrene, however, differs from that determined for isoprene and ?-pinene; the aerosol yield under high-NOx conditions substantially exceeds that under low-NOx conditions. The reversal of the NOx dependence of SOA formation for the sesquiterpenes is consistent with formation of relatively low-volatility organic nitrates, and/or the isomerization of large alkoxy radicals leading to less volatile products. Analysis of the aerosol chemical composition for longifolene confirms the presence of organic nitrates under high-NOx conditions. Consequently the formation of SOA from certain biogenic hydrocarbons such as sesquiterpenes (and possibly large anthropogenic hydrocarbons as well) may be more efficient in polluted air.

Published
2007

12. International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformations (ICARTT): North America to Europe - Overview of the 2004 summer field study

Author

Timothy S. Bates, Richard E. Honrath, Philip B. Russell, R. Zbinden, Stuart A. McKeen, Robert W. Talbot, J. F. Meagher, Kathy S. Law, Fred C. Fehsenfeld, Richard Leaitch, Allen H. Goldstein, Hans Schlager, Alastair C. Lewis, D. D. Parrish, Alexander A. P. Pszenny, Gérard Ancellet, R. M. Hardesty, John H. Seinfeld, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Michigan] (CEE), Michigan Technological University (MTU), Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space [Durham] (EOS), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Mount Washington Observatory (MWOBS), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Earth's energy budget, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, air pollution, Soil Science, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], long-range transport, Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, ICARTT, Field (geography), Atmospheric research, ozone, nitrogen oxides, Geophysics, Lidar, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Western europe, Environmental science, Satellite
Abstract

In the summer of 2004 several separate field programs intensively studied the photochemical, heterogeneous chemical and radiative environment of the troposphere over North America, the North Atlantic Ocean, and western Europe. Previous studies have indicated that the transport of continental emissions, particularly from North America, influences the concentrations of trace species in the troposphere over the North Atlantic and Europe. An international team of scientists, representing over 100 laboratories, collaborated under the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) umbrella to coordinate the separate field programs in order to maximize the resulting advances in our understanding of regional air quality, the transport, chemical transformation and removal of aerosols, ozone, and their precursors during intercontinental transport, and the radiation balance of the troposphere. Participants utilized nine aircraft, one research vessel, several ground-based sites in North America and the Azores, a network of aerosol-ozone lidars in Europe, satellites, balloon borne sondes, and routine commercial aircraft measurements. In this special section, the results from a major fraction of those platforms are presented. This overview is aimed at providing operational and logistical information for those platforms, summarizing the principal findings and conclusions that have been drawn from the results, and directing readers to specific papers for further details.

Published
2006
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13. Hygroscopicity of secondary organic aerosols formed by oxidation of cycloalkenes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and related compounds

Author

Varutbangkul, V., Brechtel, Fj, Bahreini, R., Ng, Nl, Keywood, Md, Kroll, Jh, Flagan, Rc, Seinfeld, Jh, Lee, A., Allen Goldstein, EGU, Publication, Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Brechtel Manufacturing Inc., Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Department of Environmental Science, and Policy and Management

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 13. Climate action, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, behavioral disciplines and activities, 6. Clean water, Caltech Library Services, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

A series of experiments has been conducted in the Caltech indoor smog chamber facility to investigate the water uptake properties of aerosol formed by oxidation of various organic precursors. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from simple and substituted cycloalkenes (C5-C8) is produced in dark ozonolysis experiments in a dry chamber (RH~5%). Biogenic SOA from monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and oxygenated terpenes is formed by photooxidation in a humid chamber (~50% RH). Using the hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA), we measure the diameter-based hygroscopic growth factor (GF) of the SOA as a function of time and relative humidity. All SOA studied is found to be slightly hygroscopic, with smaller water uptake than that of typical inorganic aerosol substances. The aerosol water uptake increases with time early in the experiments for the cycloalkene SOA, but decreases with time for the biogenic SOA. This behavior could indicate competing effects between the formation of more highly oxidized polar compounds (more hygroscopic), and formation of longer-chained oligomers (less hygroscopic). All SOA also exhibit a smooth water uptake with RH with no deliquescence or efflorescence. The water uptake curves are found to be fitted well with an empirical three-parameter functional form. The measured pure organic GF values at 85% RH are between 1.09?1.16 for SOA from ozonolysis of cycloalkenes, 1.01?1.04 for sesquiterpene photooxidation SOA, and 1.06?1.11 for the monoterpene and oxygenated terpene SOA. The GF of pure SOA (GForg) in experiments in which inorganic seed aerosol is used is determined by assuming volume-weighted water uptake (Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson or ''ZSR'' approach) and using the size-resolved organic mass fraction measured by the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. Knowing the water content associated with the inorganic fraction yields GForg values. However, for each precursor, the GForg values computed from different HTDMA-classified diameters agree with each other to varying degrees. Lack of complete agreement may be a result of the non-idealities of the solutions that are not captured by the ZSR method. Comparing growth factors from different precursors, we find that GForg is inversely proportional to the precursor molecular weight and SOA yield, which is likely a result of the fact that higher-molecular weight precursors tend to produce larger and less hygroscopic oxidation products.

Published
2006

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