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1. Martian water loss to space enhanced by regional dust storms

Author

Ian Thomas, D. M. Kass, Oleg Korablev, J. S. Evans, N. G. Heavens, Bojan Ristic, Gregory M. Holsclaw, Giuliano Liuzzi, Kyle Connour, Giancarlo Bellucci, Sonal Jain, Ann Carine Vandaele, Manish R. Patel, A. Kleinböhl, Justin Deighan, Michael H. Stevens, Justin Erwin, William E. McClintock, Alexander Trokhimovskiy, J. J. Lopez-Moreno, Bruce M. Jakosky, Nicholas M. Schneider, Anna Fedorova, Majd Mayyasi, Daniel Lo, Frank Daerden, Shohei Aoki, J. Y. Chaufray, Matteo Crismani, Frank Montmessin, A. I. F. Stewart, Franck Lefèvre, John Clarke, Geronimo Villanueva, M. S. Chaffin, National Science Foundation (US), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Belgian Science Policy Office, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [Hampton] (APS), Hampton University, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Center for Space Physics [Boston] (CSP), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Computational Physics, Inc., Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), California State University [San Bernardino] (CSUSB), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), School of Physical Sciences [Milton Keynes], Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)

Subjects
Martian, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrogen, Atmospheric circulation, animal diseases, chemistry.chemical_element, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Storm, Mars Exploration Program, Forcing (mathematics), Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Observational evidence, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Environmental science, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Full list of authors: Chaffin, M. S.; Kass, D. M.; Aoki, S.; Fedorova, A. A.; Deighan, J.; Connour, K.; Heavens, N. G.; Kleinbohl, A.; Jain, S. K.; Chaufray, J. -Y.; Mayyasi, M.; Clarke, J. T.; Stewart, A. I. F.; Evans, J. S.; Stevens, M. H.; McClintock, W. E.; Crismani, M. M. J.; Holsclaw, G. M.; Lefevre, F.; Lo, D. Y.; Montmessin, F.; Schneider, N. M.; Jakosky, B.; Villanueva, G.; Liuzzi, G.; Daerden, F.; Thomas, I. R.; Lopez-Moreno, J. -J.; Patel, M. R.; Bellucci, G.; Ristic, B.; Erwin, J. T.; Vandaele, A. C.; Trokhimovskiy, A.; Korablev, O. I., Mars has lost most of its initial water to space as atomic hydrogen and oxygen. Spacecraft measurements have determined that present-day hydrogen escape undergoes large variations with season that are inconsistent with long-standing explanations. The cause is incompletely understood, with likely contributions from seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation, dust activity and solar extreme ultraviolet input. Although some modelling and indirect observational evidence suggest that dust activity can explain the seasonal trend, no previous study has been able to unambiguously distinguish seasonal from dust-driven forcing. Here we present synoptic measurements of dust, temperature, ice, water and hydrogen on Mars during a regional dust event, demonstrating that individual dust events can boost planetary H loss by a factor of five to ten. This regional storm occurred in the declining phase of the known seasonal trend, establishing that dust forcing can override this trend to drive enhanced escape. Because similar regional storms occur in most Mars years, these storms may be responsible for a large fraction of Martian water loss and represent an important driver of Mars atmospheric evolution. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited., This research was supported by NASA through the MAVEN and MRO projects. IUVS data products were produced using the RMACC Summit supercomputer, which is supported by the National Science Foundation (award nos. ACI-1532235 and ACI-1532236), by the University of Colorado Boulder and by Colorado State University. The Summit supercomputer is a joint effort of the University of Colorado Boulder and Colorado State University. M.M.J.C. is supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, which is administered by the Universities Space Research Association under contract with NASA. A.K. acknowledges support from the NASA Mars Data Analysis Program (80NM0018F0719). Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, is performed under contract with NASA. ExoMars is a space mission of the European Space Agency and Roscosmos. The NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), assisted by co-principal investigator teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (INAF-IAPS) and the United Kingdom (Open University). For this project we acknowledge funding by the Belgian Science Policy Office, with financial and contractual coordination by the European Space Agency Prodex Office (PEA 4000103401 and 4000121493); by the Spanish MICINN through its Plan Nacional; by European funds under grant nos. PGC2018-101836-B-I00 and ESP2017-87143-R (MINECO/FEDER); by the United Kingdom Space Agency through grant nos. ST/R005761/1, ST/P001262/1, ST/R001405/1 and ST/S00145X/1; and by the Italian Space Agency through grant no. 2018-2-HH.0. The IAA-CSIC team acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the ‘Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa’ award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). This work was supported by the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique-FNRS under grant nos. 30442502 (ET_HOME) and T.0171.16 (CRAMIC) and by the Belgian Science Policy Office BrainBe SCOOP Project. S.A. is ‘Chargé de Recherches’ at the F.R.S.-FNRS. NOMAD’s United States investigators are supported by NASA. Science operations of ACS on TGO are funded by Roscosmos and the ESA. IKI affiliates acknowledge support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. F.M. acknowledges funding from the CNES and ANR (PRCI, CE31 AAPG2019-MCUBE project).

Published
2021
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2. Global Climate [in 'State of the Climate in 2019']

Author

Dunn, Robert J. H., Stanitski, Diane M., Gobron, Nadine, Willett, Kate M., Ades, M., Adler, R., Allan, R. P., Anderson, J., Argüez, Anthony, Arosio, C., Augustine, J. A., Azorin-Molina, C., Barichivich, J., Barnes, J., Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bellouin, Nicolas, Benedetti, Angela, Berry, David I., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bock, Olivier, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Buehler, S. A., Carrea, Laura, Christiansen, Hanne H., Chouza, F., Christy, John R., Chung, E.-S., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Compo, Gil P., Cooper, Owen R., Covey, Curt, Crotwell, A., Davis, Sean M., Eyto, Elvira De, de Jeu, Richard A. M., Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Di Girolamo, Larry, Dokulil, Martin T., Donat, Markus G., Dorigo, Wouter A., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Duveiller, G., Elkins, James W., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Foster, Michael J., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Garforth, J., Gupta, S. K., Haimberger, Leopold, Hall, Brad D., Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Hemming, D. L., Ho, Shu-Peng (ben), Hubert, Daan, Hurst, Dale F., Hüser, I., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., John, Viju, Jones, Philip D., Kaiser, J. W., Kelly, S., Khaykin, Sergey, Kidd, R., Kim, Hyungiun, Kipling, Z., Kraemer, B. M., Kratz, D. P., Fuente, R. S. La, Lan, Xin, Lantz, Kathleen O., Leblanc, Thierry, Li, Bailing, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Loyola, Diego, Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mccabe, M. F., Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Miller, Ben R., Miralles, Diego G., Montzka, Stephen A., Morice, Colin, Mühle, Jens, Myneni, R., Nicolas, Julien P., Noetzli, Jeannette, Osborn, Tim J., Park, T., Pasik, A., Paterson, Andrew M., Pelto, Mauri S., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S., Petron, G., Phillips, C., Pinty, Bernard, Po-Chedley, S., Polvani, L., Preimesberger, W., Pulkkanen, M., Randel, W. J., Remy, Samuel, Ricciardulli, L., Richardson, A. D., Rieger, L., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rozanov, A., Rusak, James A., Rusanovskaya, O., Rutishäuser, T., Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Sawaengphokhai, P., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Schladow, S. Geoffey, Schlegel, R. W, Schmid, Martin, Selkirk, H. B., Sharma, S., Shi, Lei, Shimaraeva, S. V., Silow, E. A., Simmons, Adrian J., Smith, C. A., Smith, Sharon L, Soden, B. J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Jr., Paul W. Stackhouse, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Taha, G., Telg, Hagen, Thackeray, S. J., Timofeyev, M. A., Tourpali, Kleareti, Tye, Mari R., A, Ronald J. van Der, van Der Schalie, Robin, van Der Schrier, Gerard, van Der Werf, Guido R., Verburg, Piet, Vernier, Jean-Paul, Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wang, Ray, Watanabe, Shohei G., Weber, Mark, Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Wiese, David, Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Wong, Takmeng, Woolway, R. Iestyn, Yin, Xungang, Zhao, Lin, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhou, Xinjia, Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, University of Reading (UOR), Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [Hampton] (APS), Hampton University, NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), Universität Bremen, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificacion (CIDE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Princeton], Princeton University, Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Department of Meteorology [Reading], National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Newcastle University [Newcastle], Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Sorbonne Université (SU), Universität Hamburg (UHH), The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), IBS Center for Climate Physics, Pusan National University, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Marine Institute [Ireland], VanderSat B.V., King County Water and Land Resources Division, Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System, University of Innsbruck, Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion (BSC - CNS), Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation [Wien], Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-University of Wisconsin-Madison-NASA, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), Woodland Trust, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Hampton] (SSAI), Department of Meteorology and Geophysics [Vienna], Universität Wien, School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), ESRL Global Monitoring Laboratory [Boulder] (GML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), Dundalk Institute of Technology (DkIT), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Earth Observation Data Centre GmbH (EODC), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Leibniz Association, NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), GSFC Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, Earth Science System Interdisciplinary Center [College Park] (ESSIC), College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System-University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), DLR Institut für Methodik der Fernerkundung / DLR Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University [Toruń], Hydro-Climate Extremes Laboratory (H-CEL), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Remote Sensing Systems [Santa Rosa] (RSS), Space Science and Engineering Center [Madison] (SSEC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Department of Environmental, Earth and Ocean Sciences [Boston] (EEOS), University of Massachusetts [Boston] (UMass Boston), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Nichols College Dudley, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Madison], Columbia University [New York], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems (SICCS), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (ECOSS), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Department of Geography [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Irkutsk State University (ISU), Institute of Geography [Bern], University of Bern, UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), Department of Physical Oceanography [Woods Hole], Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), York University [Toronto], Geological Survey of Canada [Ottawa] (GSC Central & Northern Canada), Geological Survey of Canada - Office (GSC), Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)-Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Poznan University of Life Sciences (Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu) (PULS), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Department of Geography [Washington], The George Washington University (GW), Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology and Research (GESTAR), Universities Space Research Association (USRA)-NASA, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Lancaster] (CEH), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Capacity Center for Climate and Weather Extremes (C3WE), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), National Institute of Water and Atmosphere [Hamilton] (NIWA), Earth Observing Laboratory [Boulder] (EOL), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR)-University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, University of Wisconsin-Madison-NASA-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and NASA-Universities Space Research Association (USRA)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology
Abstract

International audience; Global Climate is one chapter from the State of the Climate in 2019 annual report and is avail- able from https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0104.1 Compiled by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate in 2019 is based on contributions from scien- tists from around the world. It provides a detailed update on global climate indicators, notable weather events, and other data collected by environmental monitoring stations and instru- ments located on land, water, ice, and in space.The full report is available from https://doi.org/10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.

Published
2020
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3. An update on ozone profile trends for the period 2000 to 2016

Author

W. Steinbrecht, L. Froidevaux, R. Fuller, R. Wang, J. Anderson, C. Roth, A. Bourassa, D. Degenstein, R. Damadeo, J. Zawodny, S. Frith, R. McPeters, P. Bhartia, J. Wild, C. Long, S. Davis, K. Rosenlof, V. Sofieva, K. Walker, N. Rahpoe, A. Rozanov, M. Weber, A. Laeng, T. von Clarmann, G. Stiller, N. Kramarova, S. Godin-Beekmann, T. Leblanc, R. Querel, D. Swart, I. Boyd, K. Hocke, N. Kämpfer, E. Maillard Barras, L. Moreira, G. Nedoluha, C. Vigouroux, T. Blumenstock, M. Schneider, O. García, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, D. Smale, M. Kotkamp, J. Robinson, I. Petropavlovskikh, N. Harris, B. Hassler, D. Hubert, F. Tummon, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [Hampton] (APS), Hampton University, Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), NCEP Climate Prediction Center (CPC), NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), Innovim LLC, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ESRL Chemical Sciences Division [Boulder] (CSD), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lauder Atmospheric Research Station, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Auckland] (NIWA), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Bc Scientific Consulting LLC, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Institut für angewandte Physik [Bern] (IAP), Universität Bern [Bern], Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMet), School of Chemistry [Wollongong], University of Wollongong [Australia], Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, ESRL Global Monitoring Laboratory [Boulder] (GML), Centre for Atmospheric Informatics and Emissions Technology, Cranfield University, Bodeker Scientific, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Altitude, Ozone layer, Montreal Protocol, ddc:550, Ozone profile trends, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 620 Engineering, lcsh:QC1-999, Earth sciences, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Satellite data, Period (geology), Environmental science, Upper stratosphere, Satellite, Ozone depleting chlorine, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Ozone profile trends over the period 2000 to 2016 from several merged satellite ozone data sets and from ground-based data measured by four techniques at stations of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change indicate significant ozone increases in the upper stratosphere, between 35 and 48 km altitude (5 and 1 hPa). Near 2 hPa (42 km), ozone has been increasing by about 1.5 % per decade in the tropics (20° S to 20° N), and by 2 to 2.5 % per decade in the 35 to 60° latitude bands of both hemispheres. At levels below 35 km (5 hPa), 2000 to 2016 ozone trends are smaller and not statistically significant. The observed trend profiles are consistent with expectations from chemistry climate model simulations. This study confirms positive trends of upper stratospheric ozone already reported, e.g., in the WMO/UNEP Ozone Assessment 2014 or by Harris et al. (2015). Compared to those studies, three to four additional years of observations, updated and improved data sets with reduced drift, and the fact that nearly all individual data sets indicate ozone increase in the upper stratosphere, all give enhanced confidence. Uncertainties have been reduced, for example for the trend near 2 hPa in the 35 to 60° latitude bands from about ±5 % (2σ) in Harris et al. (2015) to less than ±2 % (2σ). Nevertheless, a thorough analysis of possible drifts and differences between various data sources is still required, as is a detailed attribution of the observed increases to declining ozone-depleting substances and to stratospheric cooling. Ongoing quality observations from multiple independent platforms are key for verifying that recovery of the ozone layer continues as expected. Fiona Tummon was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation grant num-5 ber 20FI21_138017.

Published
2017
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4. LOFAR imaging of Cygnus A - direct detection of a turnover in the hotspot radio spectra

Author

Aris Karastergiou, Michael W. Wise, Gianni Bernardi, Heino Falcke, L. Cerrigone, D. Engels, Michel Tagger, Simona Vegetti, Anna Nelles, R. Morganti, John D. Swinbank, Leith Godfrey, George Heald, I. van Bemmel, E. Juette, P. Maat, Sera Markoff, V. I. Kondratiev, Léon V. E. Koopmans, Huib Intema, Adam Deller, H. Munk, J. W. Broderick, Marcus Brüggen, R. Blaauw, J. Sluman, M. Iacobelli, R. J. van Weeren, Roberto Pizzo, Philip Best, A. J. van der Horst, D. McKay-Bukowski, Wilfred Frieswijk, M. Pandey-Pommier, Martin J. Hardcastle, M. Pietka, Aleksandar Shulevski, Rainer Beck, Satyendra Thoudam, M. Serylak, Matthias Steinmetz, Anna M. M. Scaife, Emanuela Orrú, Antonia Rowlinson, D. D. Mulcahy, Sarod Yatawatta, H. Paas, Adam Stewart, S. Duscha, I. M. Avruch, Frank Breitling, B. Ciardi, John McKean, H. J. A. Röttgering, R. C. Vermeulen, Oleg Smirnov, Olaf Wucknitz, W. Reich, Gottfried Mann, F. de Gasperin, P. Zarka, M. Kuniyoshi, D. Rafferty, Martin Bell, Richard Fallows, James M. Anderson, G. Kuper, Mark J. Bentum, M. A. Garrett, J.-M. Grießmeier, Matthias Hoeft, Christian Vocks, M. P. van Haarlem, M. C. Toribio, A. G. Polatidis, J. van Leeuwen, Annalisa Bonafede, Rebecca McFadden, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), University of Hertfordshire [Hatfield] (UH), Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [PennState], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [Hampton] (APS), Hampton University, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Université de Tours (UT), CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Southampton, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Edinburgh, Jacobs University [Bremen], Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Hamburger Sternwarte/Hamburg Observatory, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE ERIC), Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics (DPMMS), Faculty of mathematics Centre for Mathematical Sciences [Cambridge] (CMS), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), University of Oulu, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF), School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], Department of Physics and Astronomy [South Africa], University of the Western Cape (UWC), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 320745,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2012-ADG_20120216,RADIOLIFE(2013), Astronomy, McKean, J.P., Godfrey, L.E.H., Vegetti, S., Wise, M.W., Morganti, R., Hardcastle, M.J., Rafferty, D., Anderson, J., Avruch, I.M., Beck, R., Bell, M.E., van Bemmel, I., Bentum, M.J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Blaauw, R., Bonafede, A., Breitling, F., Broderick, J.W., Brüggen, M., Cerrigone, L., Ciardi, B., de Gasperin, F., Deller, A., Duscha, S., Engels, D., Falcke, H., Fallows, R.A., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M.A., Grießmeier, J.M., van Haarlem, M.P., Heald, G., Hoeft, M., van der HorstA.J., null, Iacobelli, M., Interna, H., Juette, E., Karastergiou, A., Kondratiev, V.I., Koopmans, L.V.E., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., van Leeuwen, J., Maat, P., Mann, G., Markoff, S., McFadden, R., McKay-Bukowski, D., Mulcahy, D.D., Munk, H., Nelles, A., Orru, E., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pietka, M., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A.G., Reich, W., Rottgering, H.J.A., Rowlinson, A., Scaife, A.M.M., Serylak, M., Shulevski, A., Sluman, J., Smirnov, O., Steinmetz, M., Stewart, A., Swinbank, J., Tagger, M., Thoudam, S., Toribio, M.C., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., van Weeren, R.J., Wucknitz, O., Yatawatta, S., Zarka, P., High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), University of Oxford [Oxford], École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), University of the Western Cape, Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], ITA, GBR, FRA, DEU, NLD, Université de Tours, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), and Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution

Subjects
Radio galaxy, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Radio continuum: galaxie, Spectral line, Radio spectrum, Radio continuum: galaxies, Galaxies: active: individual: Cygnus A, X-shaped radio galaxy, 0103 physical sciences, Cygnus A, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, Spectral index, EWI-27659, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, LOBES, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, galaxies [radio continuum], GALAXIES, METIS-321690, RESOLUTION, Space and Planetary Science, HOT-SPOTS, GAS, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, ARRAY, IR-103274
Abstract

The low-frequency radio spectra of the hotspots within powerful radio galaxies can provide valuable information about the physical processes operating at the site of the jet termination. These processes are responsible for the dissipation of jet kinetic energy, particle acceleration, and magnetic-field generation. Here we report new observations of the powerful radio galaxy Cygnus A using the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) between 109 and 183 MHz, at an angular resolution of ~3.5 arcsec. The radio emission of the lobes is found to have a complex spectral index distribution, with a spectral steepening found towards the centre of the source. For the first time, a turnover in the radio spectrum of the two main hotspots of Cygnus A has been directly observed. By combining our LOFAR imaging with data from the Very Large Array at higher frequencies, we show that the very rapid turnover in the hotspot spectra cannot be explained by a low-energy cut-off in the electron energy distribution, as has been previously suggested. Thermal (free-free) absorption or synchrotron self absorption models are able to describe the low-frequency spectral shape of the hotspots, however, as with previous studies, we find that the implied model parameters are unlikely, and interpreting the spectra of the hotspots remains problematic., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Published
2016
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5. Ground-based assessment of the bias and long-term stability of 14 limb and occultation ozone profile data records

Author

Bryan J. Johnson, Ghassan Taha, David W. Tarasick, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Marion Marchand, J. C. Lambert, Kerstin Stebel, Elian Wolfram, Adam Bourassa, Herman G. J. Smit, Arno Keppens, Daan Hubert, Hideaki Nakane, C. Thomas McElroy, Daan Swart, Ugo Cortesi, Karl W. Hoppel, Joanna A. E. van Gijsel, Donal P. Murtagh, James M. Russell, Tijl Verhoelst, Anne M. Thompson, Peter von der Gathen, Erkki Kyrölä, Günter Lichtenberg, Richard Querel, Kevin Strawbridge, Doug Degenstein, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Kaley A. Walker, Joachim Urban, Roeland Van Malderen, Thierry Portafaix, José Granville, Jean-Luc Baray, Thierry Leblanc, Lucien Froidevaux, Jacobo Salvador, René Stübi, Joseph M. Zawodny, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), DLR Institut für Methodik der Fernerkundung / DLR Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), University of York [York, UK], Department of Earth and Space Sciences [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Kochi University of Technology (KUT), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [Hampton] (APS), Hampton University, Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones [Buenos Aires] (CEILAP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa (CITEDEF), Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Payerne Aerological Station, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), and Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Occultation, Ozone depletion, SCIAMACHY, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Troposphere, Zeppelinobservatoriet, 13. Climate action, Stratopause, Ozone layer, ddc:550, Environmental science, Tropopause, lcsh:TA170-171, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The ozone profile records of a large number of limb and occultation satellite instruments are widely used to address several key questions in ozone research. Further progress in some domains depends on a more detailed understanding of these data sets, especially of their long-term stability and their mutual consistency. To this end, we made a systematic assessment of 14 limb and occultation sounders that, together, provide more than three decades of global ozone profile measurements. In particular, we considered the latest operational Level-2 records by SAGE II, SAGE III, HALOE, UARS MLS, Aura MLS, POAM II, POAM III, OSIRIS, SMR, GOMOS, MIPAS, SCIAMACHY, ACE-FTS and MAESTRO. Central to our work is a consistent and robust analysis of the comparisons against the ground-based ozonesonde and stratospheric ozone lidar networks. It allowed us to investigate, from the troposphere up to the stratopause, the following main aspects of satellite data quality: long-term stability, overall bias and short-term variability, together with their dependence on geophysical parameters and profile representation. In addition, it permitted us to quantify the overall consistency between the ozone profilers. Generally, we found that between 20 and 40 km the satellite ozone measurement biases are smaller than ±5 %, the short-term variabilities are less than 5–12 % and the drifts are at most ±5 % decade−1 (or even ±3 % decade−1 for a few records). The agreement with ground-based data degrades somewhat towards the stratopause and especially towards the tropopause where natural variability and low ozone abundances impede a more precise analysis. In part of the stratosphere a few records deviate from the preceding general conclusions; we identified biases of 10 % and more (POAM II and SCIAMACHY), markedly higher single-profile variability (SMR and SCIAMACHY) and significant long-term drifts (SCIAMACHY, OSIRIS, HALOE and possibly GOMOS and SMR as well). Furthermore, we reflected on the repercussions of our findings for the construction, analysis and interpretation of merged data records. Most notably, the discrepancies between several recent ozone profile trend assessments can be mostly explained by instrumental drift. This clearly demonstrates the need for systematic comprehensive multi-instrument comparison analyses.

Published
2016
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6. The high Arctic in extreme winters: vortex, temperature, and MLS and ACE-FTS trace gas evolution

Author

John Russell, Kimberly Strong, Kaley A. Walker, William H. Daffer, Kevin Strawbridge, M. G. Mlynczak, Hugh C. Pumphrey, Peter F. Bernath, Ellis E. Remsberg, Alyn Lambert, Nathaniel J. Livesey, C. D. Boone, Michael J. Schwartz, Gloria L. Manney, Michelle L. Santee, Kirstin Krüger, Robert J. Sica, T. E. Kerzenmacher, Department of Physics, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Columbus Technologies Inc., Science and Technology Branch, Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Department of Physics and Astronomy [London, ON], University of Western Ontario (UWO), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, NASA Headquarters, Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [Hampton] (APS), Hampton University, and EGU, Publication

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Context (language use), Sudden stratospheric warming, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Trace gas, law.invention, lcsh:Chemistry, Microwave Limb Sounder, lcsh:QD1-999, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Stratopause, law, Climatology, Radiosonde, Stratosphere, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The first three Arctic winters of the ACE mission represented two extremes of winter variability: Stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) in 2004 and 2006 were among the strongest, most prolonged on record; 2005 was a record cold winter. Canadian Arctic Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) Validation Campaigns were conducted at Eureka (80° N, 86° W) during each of these winters. New satellite measurements from ACE-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER), and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), along with meteorological analyses and Eureka lidar temperatures, are used to detail the meteorology in these winters, to demonstrate its influence on transport, and to provide a context for interpretation of ACE-FTS and validation campaign observations. During the 2004 and 2006 SSWs, the vortex broke down throughout the stratosphere, reformed quickly in the upper stratosphere, and remained weak in the middle and lower stratosphere. The stratopause reformed at very high altitude, near 75 km. ACE measurements covered both vortex and extra-vortex conditions in each winter, except in late-February through mid-March 2004 and 2006, when the strong, pole-centered vortex that reformed after the SSWs resulted in ACE sampling only inside the vortex in the middle through upper stratosphere. The 2004 and 2006 Eureka campaigns were during the recovery from the SSWs, with the redeveloping vortex over Eureka. 2005 was the coldest winter on record in the lower stratosphere, but with an early final warming in mid-March. The vortex was over Eureka at the start of the 2005 campaign, but moved away as it broke up. Disparate temperature profile structure and vortex evolution resulted in much lower (higher) temperatures in the upper (lower) stratosphere in 2004 and 2006 than in 2005. Satellite temperatures agree well with lidar data up to 50–60 km, and ACE-FTS, MLS and SABER show good agreement in high-latitude temperatures throughout the winters. Consistent with a strong, cold upper stratospheric vortex and enhanced radiative cooling after the SSWs, MLS and ACE-FTS trace gas measurements show strongly enhanced descent in the upper stratospheric vortex in late January through March 2006 compared to that in 2005.

Published
2008
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