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1. A global perspective on the trophic geography of sharks

Author

Luis Malpica-Cruz, Diana A. Churchill, Aleksandra Maljković, Oliver N. Shipley, Robert T. Leaf, Michelle D. Staudinger, Tiphaine Chouvelon, Adam Barnett, Alex Aguilar, Jonathan C. P. Reum, Francis Juanes, Tak Cheung Wai, R. J. David Wells, Juerg M. Brunnschweiler, Hassan A. Al-Reasi, Jeffrey D. Plumlee, Philip Matich, Ana Veríssimo, Jeremy J. Kiszka, Katie Quaeck-Davies, David S. Shiffman, Mariah Boyle, Mark G. Meekan, Julien Claes, Anne Lorrain, Dana M. Bethea, Pierre Cresson, Yunkai Li, Ryan Daly, Sebastian A. Klarian, Carlos Polo-Silva, Amy K. Teffer, Alexander Tilley, Maria Valls, Clive N. Trueman, Yannis P. Papastamatiou, Dean L. Courtney, Michael J. Kinney, Paco Bustamante, Nigel E. Hussey, Daniel J. Madigan, Edward J. Brooks, Sarah Magozzi, Ivone Figueiredo, Asunción Borrell, Aaron B. Carlisle, Javier Ciancio, Gui M. Menezes, Gérard Biais, Heidi Pethybridge, Tetsuya Endo, Christopher S. Bird, Kátya G. Abrantes, Ashley J. Frisch, Alex S. J. Wyatt, Frédéric Ménard, Conrad W. Speed, Johannes A. Iitembu, Vincent Raoult, Jeremy J. Vaudo, Leigh de Necker, Yves Cherel, Diana Catarino, Samantha E. M. Munroe, Michael R. Heithaus, Stéphane Caut, Ana Colaço, Michael C. Newman, Andrew Yool, Marc Bouchoucha, Yassir Eden Torres-Rojas, Dorothée Kopp, Joan Holst Hansen, Department of Animal Biology and IRBio, University of Barcelona, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques (LRH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), IFREMER - Laboratoire Provence Azur Corse, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), EMBIO, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), IPIMAR, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University (FIU), University of Windsor [Ca], Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, China Agricultural University (CAU), Thons tropicaux et écosystèmes pélagiques : taxies, interactions et stratégies d'exploitation (THETIS), Australian Institute of Marine Science [Perth] (AIMS Perth), Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of Southampton, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Universitat de Barcelona, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie Marine et BIOdiversité (EMBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), James Cook University (JCU), Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat - Biodiversity Research Institute [Barcelona, Spain] (IRBio UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Sultan Qaboos Univeristy, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Halieutique Gascogne Sud (HGS), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse (LERPAC), LITTORAL (LITTORAL), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Organiques (LBCO), Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie (BE), Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Boulogne sur mer (LRHBL), Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord (HMMN), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, predators, Ecosistemes, 01 natural sciences, Food chain, Pesquerías, MIGRATIONS, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Isotope analysis, Trophic level, Marine biology, Carbon Isotopes, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, food web, Life Sciences, Biotic communities, ECOLOGICAL ROLE, Food web, Geography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Ecosystem ecology, Food Chain, Oceans and Seas, CONSERVATION, stable isotopes, sharks, 010603 evolutionary biology, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, OCEAN, Animals, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, PREDATORS, Muscle, Skeletal, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, trophic geography, CONSEQUENCES, MOVEMENTS, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Taurons, Pelagic zone, Biologia marina, Phytoplankton, Sharks, PATTERNS, ECOSYSTEM
Abstract

Sharks are a diverse group of mobile predators that forage across varied spatial scales and have the potential to influence food web dynamics. The ecological consequences of recent declines in shark biomass may extend across broader geographic ranges if shark taxa display common behavioural traits. By tracking the original site of photosynthetic fixation of carbon atoms that were ultimately assimilated into muscle tissues of 5,394 sharks from 114 species, we identify globally consistent biogeographic traits in trophic interactions between sharks found in different habitats. We show that populations of shelf-dwelling sharks derive a substantial proportion of their carbon from regional pelagic sources, but contain individuals that forage within additional isotopically diverse local food webs, such as those supported by terrestrial plant sources, benthic production and macrophytes. In contrast, oceanic sharks seem to use carbon derived from between 30° and 50° of latitude. Global-scale compilations of stable isotope data combined with biogeochemical modelling generate hypotheses regarding animal behaviours that can be tested with other methodological approaches., This research was conducted as part of C.S.B.’s Ph.D dissertation, which was funded by the University of Southampton and NERC (NE/L50161X/1), and through a NERC Grant-in-Kind from the Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility (LSMSF; EK267-03/16). We thank A. Bates, D. Sims, F. Neat, R. McGill and J. Newton for their analytical contributions and comments on the manuscripts.

Published
2018
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2. Revisiting the phylogeography and demography of European badgers (Meles meles) based on broad sampling, multiple markers and simulations

Author

Michael Stubbe, Peter Breyne, E Do Linh San, Lisa C. Pope, Terry Burke, József Lanszki, Erik Ågren, Allan D. McDevitt, Laurent Schley, Rafał Kowalczyk, Alessandro Balestrieri, V Racheva, N Stier, J Davison, Alain C. Frantz, J Kochan, K. Van Den Berge, Morten Elmeros, B I Kostka, R Oliveira, Nikica Šprem, Aritz Ruiz-González, A Stubbe, Christopher F. Clements, M Ghirardi, Duško Ćirović, Guillem Molina-Vacas, Marc Colyn, Franz Suchentrunk, C Braun, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences [Sheffield], University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle de Luxembourg (MNHN), University of Queensland [Brisbane], Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Bioscience [Aarhus], Department of Animal Biology and IRBio, University of Barcelona, Department of Zoology, University of the Basque Country, Department of Biosciences [Milano], Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Department of Zoology and Entomology, Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute [Uppsala] (SVA), Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Administration de la nature et des forêts, Mammal Research Institute, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Faculty of Biology (University of Belgrade), University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, University of Zagreb, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Balkani Wildlife Society, Departamento de Zoologia e Antropologia, Universidade do Porto = University of Porto-Faculdade de Ciências, Department of Nature Conservation, University of Kaposvár, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Tartu University, Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), and Universidade do Porto-Faculdade de Ciências

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Badger, Population Dynamics, Mustelidae, Meles, DNA, Mitochondrial, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, biology.animal, Genetics, Animals, Glacial period, Genetics (clinical), 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Genetic diversity, Approximate Bayesian Computation, colonisation, genetic bottleneck, genetic diversity, glacial refugia, MSVAR, Models, Genetic, biology, Ecology, Genetic Variation, Bayes Theorem, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Europe, Phylogeography, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, Genetic structure, Original Article, Approximate Bayesian computation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Microsatellite Repeats, Demography
Abstract

International audience; Although the phylogeography of European mammals has been extensively investigated since the 1990s, many studies were limited in terms of sampling distribution, the number of molecular markers used and the analytical techniques employed, frequently leading to incomplete postglacial recolonisation scenarios. The broad-scale genetic structure of the European badger (Meles meles) is of interest as it may result from historic restriction to glacial refugia and/or recent anthropogenic impact. However, previous studies were based mostly on samples from western Europe, making it difficult to draw robust conclusions about the location of refugia, patterns of postglacial expansion and recent demography. In the present study, continent-wide sampling and analyses with multiple markers provided evidence for two glacial refugia (Iberia and southeast Europe) that contributed to the genetic variation observed in badgers in Europe today. Approximate Bayesian computation provided support for a colonisation of Scandinavia from both Iberian and southeastern refugia. In the whole of Europe, we observed a decline in genetic diversity with increasing latitude, suggesting that the reduced diversity in the peripheral populations resulted from a postglacial expansion processes. Although MSVAR v.1.3 also provided evidence for recent genetic bottlenecks in some of these peripheral populations, the simulations performed to estimate the method’s power to correctly infer the past demography of our empirical populations suggested that the timing and severity of bottlenecks could not be established with certainty. We urge caution against trying to relate demographic declines inferred using MSVAR with particular historic or climatological events.

Published
2014
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3. Postglacial climate changes and rise of three ecotypes of harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena, in western Palearctic waters

Author

Johan Michaux, Alex Aguilar, Sean F. Ryan, Frédéric Austerlitz, Kathleen Roland, Bayram Öztürk, Friso P. Palstra, Ángela Llavona, Krystal A. Tolley, Gísli A. Víkingsson, Ayaka Amaha Öztürk, Asunción Borrell, Marina Sequeira, Thierry Jauniaux, Vincent Ridoux, Marisa Ferreira, Ursula Siebert, Emer Rogan, Isabelle Calves, Michael C. Fontaine, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie (EAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Department of Biological Sciences [Notre Dame], University of Notre Dame [Indiana] (UND), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marine Evolution and Conservation centre of Evolutionary and Ecological studies, University of Groningen [Groningen], Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Applied Biodiversity Research South African National Biodiversity institute, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology - CBMA (Braga, Portugal), Universidade do Minho, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire [Liège], CEMMA, Coordinadora para o Estudio dos Mamiferos Marinos, Faculty of fisheries, Istanbul University, TUDAV, Turkish Marine Research Foundation, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire PELAGIS UMS 3462 (PELAGIS), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Cork] (BEES), University College Cork (UCC), Instituto de Conservaçao da natureza e das Florestas, Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation (TiHo), Marine Research Institute, Department of Animal Biology and IRBio, University of Barcelona, Fontaine lab, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Biologie environnementale et évolutive (URBE), Département de Biologie, Université de Namur [Namur] (UNamur)-Université de Namur [Namur] (UNamur), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Science Policy [SSTC EV/12/46A], Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research, and AGAPE Marie-Curie Fellowship Program

Subjects
allopatric divergence, climate changes, Range (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Species distribution, MULTILOCUS GENOTYPE DATA, Population Dynamics, APPROXIMATE BAYESIAN COMPUTATION, Models, Phocoena, MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD, Atlantic Ocean, mtDNA control region, education.field_of_study, biology, Ecotype, Ecology, Mitochondrial, upwelling, Genetic structure, Sequence Analysis, Gene Flow, Genotype, Climate Change, Population, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, DNA, Mitochondrial, Genetic, DNA-SEQUENCE, biology.animal, Genetics, Mediterranean Sea, Animals, 14. Life underwater, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Population Density, Models, Genetic, ACL, Genetic Variation, Bayes Theorem, DNA, Sequence Analysis, DNA, biology.organism_classification, NORTH-ATLANTIC, Genetics, Population, MICROSATELLITE DATA, speciation, 13. Climate action, Cetacea, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, MITOCHONDRIAL CONTROL REGION, Porpoise, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract

International audience; Despite no obvious barriers to gene flow in the marine realm, environmental variation and ecological specializations can lead to genetic differentiation in highly mobile predators. Here, we investigated the genetic structure of the harbour porpoise over the entire species distribution range in western Palearctic waters. Combined analyses of 10 microsatellite loci and a 5085 base-pair portion of the mitochondrial genome revealed the existence of three ecotypes, equally divergent at the mitochondrial genome, distributed in the Black Sea (BS), the European continental shelf waters, and a previously overlooked ecotype in the upwelling zones of Iberia and Mauritania. Historical demographic inferences using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) suggest that these ecotypes diverged during the last glacial maximum (c. 23-19 kilo-years ago, kyrbp). ABC supports the hypothesis that the BS and upwelling ecotypes share a more recent common ancestor (c. 14 kyrbp) than either does with the European continental shelf ecotype (c. 28 kyrbp), suggesting they probably descended from the extinct populations that once inhabited the Mediterranean during the glacial and post-glacial period. We showed that the two Atlantic ecotypes established a narrow admixture zone in the Bay of Biscay during the last millennium, with highly asymmetric gene flow. This study highlights the impacts that climate change may have on the distribution and speciation process in pelagic predators and shows that allopatric divergence can occur in these highly mobile species and be a source of genetic diversity.

Published
2013
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4. Stable isotopes indicate population structuring in the southwest Atlantic population of right whales (Eubalaena australis).

Author

Vighi M, Borrell A, Crespo EA, Oliveira LR, Simões-Lopes PC, Flores PA, García NA, and Aguilar A

Subjects
Animals, Argentina, Atlantic Ocean, Bone and Bones metabolism, Brazil, Carbon Isotopes metabolism, Nitrogen Isotopes metabolism, Oxygen Isotopes metabolism, Population Dynamics, Whales metabolism
Abstract

From the early 17th century to the 1970s southern right whales, Eubalaena australis, were subject to intense exploitation along the Atlantic coast of South America. Catches along this coast recorded by whalers originally formed a continuum from Brazil to Tierra del Fuego. Nevertheless, the recovery of the population has apparently occurred fragmentarily, and with two main areas of concentration, one off southern Brazil (Santa Catarina) and another off central Argentina (Peninsula Valdés). This pattern suggests some level of heterogeneity amongst the population, which is apparently contradicted by records that traced individuals moving throughout the whole geographical extension covered by the species in the Southwest Atlantic. To test the hypothesis of the potential occurrence of discrete subpopulations exploiting specific habitats, we investigated N, C and O isotopic values in 125 bone samples obtained from whaling factories operating in the early 1970s in southern Brazil (n=72) and from contemporary and more recent strandings occurring in central Argentina (n=53). Results indicated significant differences between the two sampling areas, being δ13C and δ18O values significantly higher in samples from southern Brazil than in those from central Argentina. This variation was consistent with isotopic baselines from the two areas, indicating the occurrence of some level of structure in the Southwest Atlantic right whale population and equally that whales more likely feed in areas commonly thought to exclusively serve as nursing grounds. Results aim at reconsidering of the units currently used in the management of the southern right whale in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. In the context of the current die-off affecting the species in Peninsula Valdés, these results also highlight the necessity to better understand movements of individuals and precisely identify their feeding areas.

Published
2014
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5. Geographic patterns of genetic variation in a broadly distributed marine vertebrate: new insights into loggerhead turtle stock structure from expanded mitochondrial DNA sequences.

Author

Shamblin BM, Bolten AB, Abreu-Grobois FA, Bjorndal KA, Cardona L, Carreras C, Clusa M, Monzón-Argüello C, Nairn CJ, Nielsen JT, Nel R, Soares LS, Stewart KR, Vilaça ST, Türkozan O, Yilmaz C, and Dutton PH

Subjects
Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Conservation of Natural Resources, Female, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Mitochondria genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Phylogeography, Sequence Analysis, DNA, DNA, Mitochondrial genetics, Genetic Variation, Turtles genetics
Abstract

Previous genetic studies have demonstrated that natal homing shapes the stock structure of marine turtle nesting populations. However, widespread sharing of common haplotypes based on short segments of the mitochondrial control region often limits resolution of the demographic connectivity of populations. Recent studies employing longer control region sequences to resolve haplotype sharing have focused on regional assessments of genetic structure and phylogeography. Here we synthesize available control region sequences for loggerhead turtles from the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic, and western Indian Ocean basins. These data represent six of the nine globally significant regional management units (RMUs) for the species and include novel sequence data from Brazil, Cape Verde, South Africa and Oman. Genetic tests of differentiation among 42 rookeries represented by short sequences (380 bp haplotypes from 3,486 samples) and 40 rookeries represented by long sequences (∼800 bp haplotypes from 3,434 samples) supported the distinction of the six RMUs analyzed as well as recognition of at least 18 demographically independent management units (MUs) with respect to female natal homing. A total of 59 haplotypes were resolved. These haplotypes belonged to two highly divergent global lineages, with haplogroup I represented primarily by CC-A1, CC-A4, and CC-A11 variants and haplogroup II represented by CC-A2 and derived variants. Geographic distribution patterns of haplogroup II haplotypes and the nested position of CC-A11.6 from Oman among the Atlantic haplotypes invoke recent colonization of the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic for both global lineages. The haplotypes we confirmed for western Indian Ocean RMUs allow reinterpretation of previous mixed stock analysis and further suggest that contemporary migratory connectivity between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans occurs on a broader scale than previously hypothesized. This study represents a valuable model for conducting comprehensive international cooperative data management and research in marine ecology.

Published
2014
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