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Meningkatkan kekenyalan bakso dapat dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan zat pengenyal, termasuk agar komersial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari penggunaan agar komersial sebagai bahan pengunyah terhadap kualitas fisik bakso ayam. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan yaitu P1 (agar 0%), P2 (agar 1%), P3 (agar 2%), dan P4 (agar 3%) dan diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Variabel yang diamati adalah daya tampung air, rendemen, dan elastisitas. Variabel penelitian adalah kualitas fisik yaitu daya tampung air, rendemen, dan elastisitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan pada masing-masing variabel. Penambahan agar 3% tidak meningkatkan kualitas fisik bakso ayam.Kata Kunci: bakso ayam, agar, kualitas fisik Water Holding Capacity, Elasticity, and Rendemen of Chicken Meatball Made with Commercial Agar in Various LevelsABSTRACTIncreasing the chewiness of the meatball can be done by adding a chewing agent, including commercial agar. This research aimed to study the use of commercial agar as chewing agent on the physical qualities of chicken meatballs. This research used a completely randomized design with four treatments: P1 (0% agar), P2 (1% agar), P3 (2% agar), and P4 (3% agar) and repeated 3 times. The variables observed were water holding capacity, yield, and elasticity. The research variables were physical quality, namely water holding capacity, yield, and elasticity. The results showed no significant effect on each variable. Agar addition up to 3% did not increase the physical qualities of chicken meatball.Keywords: chicken meatballs, jelly, physical quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of existing models predicting enteric methane (CH) emissions, using a large database (3183 individual data from 103 in vivo studies on dairy and beef cattle, sheep and goats fed diets from different countries). The impacts of dietary strategies to reduce CH emissions, and of diet quality (described by organic matter digestibility (dOM) and neutral-detergent fiber digestibility (dNDF)) on model performance were assessed by animal category. The models were first assessed based on the root mean square prediction error (RMSPE) to standard deviation of observed values ratio (RSR) to account for differences in data between models and then on the RMSPE. For dairy cattle, the CH (g/d) predicting model based on feeding level (dry matter intake (DMI)/body weight (BW)), energy digestibility (dGE) and ether extract (EE) had the smallest RSR (0.66) for all diets, as well as for the high-EE diets (RSR = 0.73). For mitigation strategies based on lowering NDF or improving dOM, the same model (RSR = 0.48 to 0.60) and the model using DMI and neutral- and acid-detergent fiber intakes (RSR = 0.53) had the smallest RSR, respectively. For diets with high starch (STA), the model based on nitrogen, ADF and STA intake presented the smallest RSR (0.84). For beef cattle, all evaluated models performed moderately compared with the models of dairy cattle. The smallest RSR (0.83) was obtained using variables of energy intake, BW, forage content and dietary fat, and also for the high-EE and the low-NDF diets (RSR = 0.84 to 0.86). The IPCC Tier 2 models performed better when dietary STA, dOM or dNDF were high. For sheep and goats, the smallest RSR was observed from a model for sheep based on dGE intake (RSR = 0.61). Both IPCC models had low predictive ability when dietary EE, NDF, dOM and dNDF varied (RSR = 0.57 to 1.31 in dairy, and 0.65 to 1.24 in beef cattle). The performance of models depends mostly on explanatory variables and not on the type of data (individual vs. treatment means) used in their development or evaluation. Some empirical models give satisfactory prediction error compared with the error associated with measurement methods. For better prediction, models should include feed intake, digestibility and additional information on dietary concentrations of EE and structural and nonstructural carbohydrates to account for different dietary mitigating strategies., This study is part of the Joint Programming Initiative on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change (FACCE-JPI)’s “GLOBAL NETWORK” project and the “Feeding and Nutrition Network” (http://animalscience.psu.edu/fnn) of the Livestock Research Group within the Global Research Alliance for Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (www.globalresearchalliance.org). Authors gratefully acknowledge funding for this project from: USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Grant no. 2014-67003-21979) University of California, Davis Sesnon Endowed Chair Program, USDA, and Austin Eugene Lyons Fellowship (University of California, Davis); Funding from USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Federal Appropriations under Project PEN 04539 and Accession number 1000803, DSM Nutritional Products (Basel, Switzerland), Pennsylvania Soybean Board (Harrisburg, PA, USA), Northeast Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (Burlington, VT, USA), and PMI Nutritional Additives (Shoreview, MN, USA); the Ministry of Economic Affairs (the Netherlands; project BO-20-007-006; Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases), the Product Board Animal Feed (Zoetermeer, the Netherlands) and the Dutch Dairy Board (Zoetermeer, the Netherlands); The Cofund for Monitoring & Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases from Agri- and Silvi-culture (FACCE ERA-GAS)’s project Capturing Effects of Diet on Emissions from Ruminant Systems and the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (AF-EU-18010 & BO-4400159-01); USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Hatch Multistate NC-1042 Project Number NH00616-R; Project Accession Number 1001855) and the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station (Durham, NH); French National Research Agency through the FACCE-JPI program (ANR-13-JFAC-0003-01); the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Ireland Agricultural GHG Research Initiative for Ireland (AGRI-I) project; Academy of Finland (No. 281337), Helsinki, Finland; Swiss Federal Office of Agriculture, Berne, Switzerland; the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra; UK); Defra, the Scottish Government, DARD, and the Welsh Government as part of the UK’s Agricultural GHG Research Platform projects (www.ghgplatform.org.uk); INIA (Spain, project MIT01-GLOBALNET-EEZ); German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMBL) through the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE); Swedish Infrastructure for Ecosystem Science (SITES) at Röbäcksdalen Research Station; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (Grant Nos. 11110410 and 1151355) and Fondo Regional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (FTG/RF-1028-RG); European Commission through SMEthane (FP7-SME-262270).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature and different levels of available phosphorus (aP) on the expression of nine genes encoding electron transport chain proteins in the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of pigs. Two trials were carried out using 48 high-lean growth pigs from two different growth phases: from 15 to 30 kg (phase 1) and from 30 to 60 kg (phase 2). Pigs from growth phase 1 were fed with three different levels of dietary aP (0.107%, 0.321% or 0.535%) and submitted either to a thermoneutral (24°C and RH at 76%) or to a heat stress (34°C and RH at 70%) environment. Pigs from growth phase 2 were fed with three different levels of dietary aP (0.116%, 0.306% or 0.496%) and submitted either to a thermoneutral (22ºC and RH at 77%) or to a heat stress (32ºC and RH at 73%) environment. Heat stress decreased (P

© 2016 American Dairy Science Association. The idea of managing cows for extended lactations rather than lactations of the traditional length of 1 yr primarily arose from observations of increasing problems with infertility and cows being dried off with high milk yields. However, it is vital for the success of extended lactation practices that cows are able to maintain milk yield per feeding day when the length of the calving interval (CInt) is increased. Milk yield per feeding day is defined as the cumulated lactation milk yield divided by the sum of days between 2 consecutive calvings. The main objective of this study was to investigate the milk production of cows managed for lactations of different lengths, and the primary aim was to investigate the relationship between CInt, parity, and milk yield. Five measurements of milk yield were used: energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield per feeding day, ECM yield per lactating day, cumulative ECM yield during the first 305 d of lactation, as well as ECM yield per day during early and late lactation. The analyses were based on a total of 1,379 completed lactations from cows calving between January 2007 and May 2013 in 4 Danish commercial dairy herds managed for extended lactation for several years. Herd-average CInt length ranged from 414 to 521 d. The herds had Holstein, Jersey, or crosses between Holstein, Jersey, and Red Danish cows with average milk yields ranging from 7,644 to 11,286. kg of ECM per cow per year. A significant effect of the CInt was noted on all 5 measurements of milk yield, and this effect interacted with parity for ECM per feeding day, ECM per lactating day and ECM per day during late lactation. The results showed that cows were at least able to produce equivalent ECM per feeding day with increasing CInt, and that first- and second-parity cows maintained ECM per lactating day. Cows with a CInt between 17 and 19. mo produced 476 kg of ECM more during the first 305 d compared with cows with a CInt of less than 13 mo. Furthermore, early-lactation ECM yield was greater for all cows and late-lactation ECM yield was less for second-parity and older cows when undergoing an extended compared with a shorter lactation. Increasing CInt increased the dry period length with 3 to 5. d. In conclusion, the group of cows with longer CInt were able to produce at least equivalent amounts of ECM per feeding day when the CInt was up to 17 to 19 mo on these 4 commercial dairy farms.

This study aimed at refining the response of piglets to different supplies of standardized ileal digestible (SID) isoleucine (Ile), valine (Val), and leucine (Leu). Three 2‐week experiments were carried out with piglets, initially weighing 7 kg and which were penned individually. One week after weaning, piglets (16 per treatment) were offered ad libitum the experimental diets. These diets were sub‐limiting in lysine (Lys) and supplied 6 equidistant levels of either Ile (42 to 62% SID Ile:Lys), Val (58 to 78% SID Val:Lys), or Leu (70 to 120% SID Leu:Lys). Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed efficiency were determined each week. Significant performance responses were observed in the three dose‐response studies. Increased Ile levels had an effect on feed intake and weight gain, while increased levels of Val and Leu affected all performance traits. The estimated requirement values (levels obtained by the curvilinear‐plateau model to reach the plateau) were 52% SID Ile:Lys, 70% SID Val:Lys, and 100% SID Leu:Lys, and similar to literature data. An amino acid supply 10% below the requirement values determined for average daily gain (ADG) resulted in the reduction by 3% for Ile, 6% for Val, and 5% for Leu of the ADG.

National audience; Cette revue a pour objectif de comparer les propriétés de la viande de lapin à celle des espéces les plus consommés par l'homme. La comparaison porte sur la composition chimique des viandes, leur composition en minéraux et vitamines, qualité de leurs lipides. Les conséquences des caractéristiques spécifiques de la viande de lapin sur ses qualités diététiques et sur son aptitude à la conservation et à la transformation sont discutées.