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1. Para-masticatory wear facets and their functional significance in hunter–gatherer maxillary molars

Author

Fiorenza, Luca, Benazzi, Stefano, and Kullmer, Ottmar

Subjects
*TOOTH abrasion, *MOLARS, *MASTICATION, *HUNTERS, *DENTAL enamel, *BONE fractures, *FOSSIL hominids, *PREHISTORIC peoples
Abstract

Abstract: The mastication of tough and hard foods combined with the extensive use of teeth as tools, have been considered possible antemortem causes in determining enamel microfractures of the tooth crown. This phenomenon, known as dental chipping, has been found in different fossil hominins and in several pre-historic and historic human populations who adopted different subsistence strategies. However, little is understood of the mechanism, function and the formation of dental chipping. In this study we analyze the maxillary molar wear areas associated with dental chipping (and named para-facets) of several hunter–gatherer specimens, using the Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis method. We employ three-dimensional digital models of tooth crowns created by surface scanning of dental replicas, to analyze the dip and dip directions of normal occlusal wear areas and para-facets. This allows us to reconstruct the jaw movements responsible for the creation of para-facets, and investigate whether they are produced during normal mastication or not. Vectors of the para-facets do not show any preferred direction and are distributed randomly as visualized by the occlusal compass, displaying significant differences with the major jaw movements in action during the normal chewing cycle. More importantly, no antagonist contacts in the lower teeth are associated with the para-facets of the upper teeth. This excludes the possibility that the para-facets are created during normal mastication. We therefore suggest that this unusual type of tooth wear is mainly due to attritional and abrasive contacts generated through daily task activities for foods processing and/or manufacturing of objects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2011
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3. Division of labor by sex and age in Neandertals: an approach through the study of activity-related dental wear

Author

Antonio Rosas and Almudena Estalrrich

Subjects
Male, Maxillary dentition, Dental Wear, Estrías culturales, Dentistry, Biology, Mellas del esmalte dental, Sex Factors, Belgium, stomatognathic system, Sexual division, Spy, Animals, División sexual, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Anterior teeth, Neanderthals, Paleodontology, Enamel paint, Fossils, business.industry, Cultural striations, Gender Identity, El Sidrón, stomatognathic diseases, Spain, Tooth wear, Anthropology, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Female, France, Tooth Wear, l'Hortus, Human species, business, Dental chipping, Division of labour
Abstract

Received 25 October 2013, Accepted 8 July 2014, Available online 11 February 2015, [EN] The analysis of activity-related dental wear patterns in prehistoric anatomically modern humans and modern hunter-gatherers has shown sex differences attributable to a gendered division of labor. Neandertals are known to have extensive anterior dental wear related to the use of their front teeth as a tool. In this study we analyze the i) cultural striations (scratches on the labial surface of the anterior teeth with a cut-mark morphology), and ii) dental chipping (ante-mortem microfracture involving enamel or both enamel and dentine) in 19 Neandertal individuals from the l'Hortus (France), Spy (Belgium), and El Sidrón (Spain) sites, and compare the characteristics of those traits with the age and sex estimation for the individuals and among samples. The study reveals that all individuals have cultural striations, but those detected on the adult females are longer than the striations found in adult males. Regarding the distribution of dental chipping, the prevalence of this trait is higher in the maxillary dentition of males whereas females have the majority of dental chipping on their mandibular teeth. The differences detected on the overall activity-related dental wear pattern denote a difference or a division of labor by age and sex in Neandertals while using the mouth as a third hand, i.e., in activities other than the provisioning of food, and provide new evidence for the lifestyle of this Pleistocene fossil human species., [ES] El patrón de desgaste dental no masticatorio de los cazadores-recolectores prehistóricos y grupos actuales, muestra diferencias según del sexo de los individuos, reflejando una división sexual del trabajo. Los Neandertales, por su parte, tienen un gran desgaste de sus incisivos y caninos debido a que los usarían como coadyuvante o ‘tercera mano’ en numerosas tareas, como la preparación de pieles o el troceado de pedazos de carne que sujetaban con la boca. En este artículo se presenta el estudio del desgaste dental no masticatorio en 19 individuos neandertales de los yacimientos de l'Hortus (Francia), Spy (Bélgica) y El Sidrón (España). Para ello, se han analizado dos de los rasgos asociados a este tipo de desgaste dental: las estrías culturales (rayas superficiales hechas en la cara labial de la dentición anterior y que tienen la misma morfología que una marca de corte) y las melladuras del esmalte dental (fracturas producidas ante-mortem que afectan al esmalte dental o bien al esmalte y a la dentina en conjunto). Los resultados muestran que todos los individuos presentan ambos rasgos de desgaste no-masticatorio, pero se han encontrado diferencias significativas en cuanto a la longitud de las estrías, siendo más largas en las mujeres. En cuanto a la distribución de las mellas en el esmalte, los hombres tienen una mayor incidencia en la dentición maxilar, mientras que las mujeres es la mandibular. Todas las diferencias detectadas en el patrón de desgaste dental no masticatorio, aunque sutiles, parecen indicar que los Neandertales utilizaban sus dientes de manera diferente según el sexo, sugiriendo que un cierto grado de división del trabajo ya estaba presente en esta especie humana extinta., A. E. is the beneficiary of a predoctoral research grant (FPI; BES-2010-033914)., This research has been funded by the local Government of the Principado de Asturias and the Spanish Government (Projects CGL2012-36682).

Published
2015

4. Division of labor by sex and age in Neandertals: an approach through the study of activity-related dental wear

Author

Estalrrich, Almudena, Rosas, Antonio, Estalrrich, Almudena, and Rosas, Antonio

Abstract

[EN] The analysis of activity-related dental wear patterns in prehistoric anatomically modern humans and modern hunter-gatherers has shown sex differences attributable to a gendered division of labor. Neandertals are known to have extensive anterior dental wear related to the use of their front teeth as a tool. In this study we analyze the i) cultural striations (scratches on the labial surface of the anterior teeth with a cut-mark morphology), and ii) dental chipping (ante-mortem microfracture involving enamel or both enamel and dentine) in 19 Neandertal individuals from the l'Hortus (France), Spy (Belgium), and El Sidrón (Spain) sites, and compare the characteristics of those traits with the age and sex estimation for the individuals and among samples. The study reveals that all individuals have cultural striations, but those detected on the adult females are longer than the striations found in adult males. Regarding the distribution of dental chipping, the prevalence of this trait is higher in the maxillary dentition of males whereas females have the majority of dental chipping on their mandibular teeth. The differences detected on the overall activity-related dental wear pattern denote a difference or a division of labor by age and sex in Neandertals while using the mouth as a third hand, i.e., in activities other than the provisioning of food, and provide new evidence for the lifestyle of this Pleistocene fossil human species., [ES] El patrón de desgaste dental no masticatorio de los cazadores-recolectores prehistóricos y grupos actuales, muestra diferencias según del sexo de los individuos, reflejando una división sexual del trabajo. Los Neandertales, por su parte, tienen un gran desgaste de sus incisivos y caninos debido a que los usarían como coadyuvante o ‘tercera mano’ en numerosas tareas, como la preparación de pieles o el troceado de pedazos de carne que sujetaban con la boca. En este artículo se presenta el estudio del desgaste dental no masticatorio en 19 individuos neandertales de los yacimientos de l'Hortus (Francia), Spy (Bélgica) y El Sidrón (España). Para ello, se han analizado dos de los rasgos asociados a este tipo de desgaste dental: las estrías culturales (rayas superficiales hechas en la cara labial de la dentición anterior y que tienen la misma morfología que una marca de corte) y las melladuras del esmalte dental (fracturas producidas ante-mortem que afectan al esmalte dental o bien al esmalte y a la dentina en conjunto). Los resultados muestran que todos los individuos presentan ambos rasgos de desgaste no-masticatorio, pero se han encontrado diferencias significativas en cuanto a la longitud de las estrías, siendo más largas en las mujeres. En cuanto a la distribución de las mellas en el esmalte, los hombres tienen una mayor incidencia en la dentición maxilar, mientras que las mujeres es la mandibular. Todas las diferencias detectadas en el patrón de desgaste dental no masticatorio, aunque sutiles, parecen indicar que los Neandertales utilizaban sus dientes de manera diferente según el sexo, sugiriendo que un cierto grado de división del trabajo ya estaba presente en esta especie humana extinta.

Published
2015

5. Division of labor by sex and age in Neandertals: an approach through the study of activity-related dental wear.

Author

Estalrrich A and Rosas A

Subjects
Animals, Belgium, Female, France, Male, Paleodontology, Sex Factors, Spain, Fossils, Gender Identity, Neanderthals psychology, Tooth Wear
Abstract

The analysis of activity-related dental wear patterns in prehistoric anatomically modern humans and modern hunter-gatherers has shown sex differences attributable to a gendered division of labor. Neandertals are known to have extensive anterior dental wear related to the use of their front teeth as a tool. In this study we analyze the i) cultural striations (scratches on the labial surface of the anterior teeth with a cut-mark morphology), and ii) dental chipping (ante-mortem microfracture involving enamel or both enamel and dentine) in 19 Neandertal individuals from the l'Hortus (France), Spy (Belgium), and El Sidrón (Spain) sites, and compare the characteristics of those traits with the age and sex estimation for the individuals and among samples. The study reveals that all individuals have cultural striations, but those detected on the adult females are longer than the striations found in adult males. Regarding the distribution of dental chipping, the prevalence of this trait is higher in the maxillary dentition of males whereas females have the majority of dental chipping on their mandibular teeth. The differences detected on the overall activity-related dental wear pattern denote a difference or a division of labor by age and sex in Neandertals while using the mouth as a third hand, i.e., in activities other than the provisioning of food, and provide new evidence for the lifestyle of this Pleistocene fossil human species., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2015
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