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The bone volume preservation after dental extraction is challenging in case of implant rehabilitation for functional and aesthetics results. Photobiomodulation (or LLLT) is used in medicine for its properties of accelerating the healing process. The aim of the systematic review was to determine if the use of photobiomodulation had an impact on implant stability and on alveolar bone healing, either in quality or in quantity. A systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines was conducted on the databases PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar. The review was registered on Prospero under the number CRD42023467581. 414 articles were screened, of which 12 were selected for the review. In 10 of the 12 articles, LLLT seemed to show a positive impact on bone healing and implant stability. Regarding alveolar preservation, 6 out of 8 studies found statistically significant results. Regarding implant stability, 3 out of the 4 articles found a statistically significant impact of photobiomodulation versus control group. Despite the great heterogeneity of the studies, some LLLT protocols seemed consensual: the use of a Ga-Al-As laser with an emission over 800 nm with a continuous emission consisting of 3 to 4 sessions each with a duration of 4 to 5 min, on a sole application point. The use of photobiomodulation seemed to inhance the alveolar bone healing after a dental extraction, and the implant stability in case of immediate extraction-implantation. Further randomized controlled trials with a placebo group seem mandatory to corroborate the results., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Background: A clinical trial was conducted to measure the effectiveness of a combined wavelength of 660 nm and 808 nm Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in reducing postoperative pain in partially and totally edentulous patients who underwent dental implant surgery., Materials and Methods: The study included 20 blinded individuals divided in a randomized split-mouth fashion; the experimental group in one hemiarch and the control group in the other hemiarch. The experimental group received a total of 22.5 Joules (J) of LLLT divided into 5 points per implant immediately after surgery. The control group received a placebo treatment. At 24 h, 72 h, and 7 days, a blinded surveyor administered a pain questionnaire using a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) combined with a Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) to assess pain onset after surgery, duration of the first pain episode, and pain evolution. Group data were analyzed with an ANOVA test for repeated measures and a paired t-test at defined time intervals., Results: The experimental group showed a significant decrease in postoperative pain at 24 h and at 72 h for fully edentulous patients. There was a non-significant difference in the duration of the first pain episode. The mean pain levels decreased over time for both the experimental and control treatments, but only statistically significantly for the experimental group in the 24-72 h and 24 h to 7 days intervals. The same was true for the control group when comparing 24 and 72 h and between 24 h and 1 week. The time range between 72 h and 1 week showed no statistically significant differences., Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, a single dose of 22.5 J LLLT per implant helps to decrease postoperative pain in dental implant surgery at 24 h for partially edentulous patients and at 24 and 72 h for fully edentulous patients., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Study Design: A randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial., Objective: To assess and compare patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) between low-speed drilling without irrigation and high-speed drilling with irrigation for implant site preparation., Patients and Methods: The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki principles, obtained approval from the local Ethics Committee, was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, and was written in accordance with CONSORT guidelines. Included were adult patients with single posterior edentulism who exhibited good oral hygiene, sufficient bone dimensions for implant placement, adequate keratinized mucosa, stable occlusion, and a healthy periodontium. Patients were randomly assigned to either the test group (low-speed drilling (150 rpm) without irrigation) or the control group (high-speed drilling (800 rpm) with irrigation). A single dental implant was placed for each patient, with all surgeries conducted by the same experienced operator according to a standardized protocol. Patient satisfaction during surgery, including drilling-time perception, vibration, pressure, noise, comfort, and drowning sensation, as well as postoperative pain and inflammation, were assessed using a 100-mm visual analog scale. Quality of life (QOL) was evaluated using a 5-graded Likert scale for mouth opening, chewing, speaking, sleeping, daily routine, and job. Follow up extended on daily basis for 7 days. The PROMs were collected and analyzed in a blinded manner by independent researchers and a statistician to prevent bias., Results: The study included 66 patients (33 males and 33 females) with a mean age of 54.5 years. Patients in the test group reported a lower perception of drilling time, vibration, and noise but a higher perception of pressure compared to the control group; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Compared to the test group, patients in the control group experienced significantly greater drowning sensation and lesser comfort measures (p < 0.001). There was a moderate inverse correlation between drowning sensation and comfort (r = -0.57). The real drilling time was significantly longer in the test group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The test group reported significantly lower pain levels during the first 12 h (p < 0.05), and significantly lower inflammation levels at the second day (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed between the groups at any time point for any of the QOL parameters (p > 0.05)., Conclusion: For a single implant site preparation, low-speed drilling without irrigation seems to offer greater patient comfort compared to high-speed drilling with irrigation, mainly due to reduced drowning sensation. Patients reported less postoperative pain and inflammation with the low-speed technique. Confirming these findings will require more research., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to British Dental Association.)

Machine learning (ML) has led to significant advances in dentistry, easing the workload of professionals and improving the performance of various medical processes. The fields of periodontology and implantology can profit from these advances for tasks such as determining periodontally compromised teeth, assisting doctors in the implant planning process, determining types of implants, or predicting the occurrence of peri-implantitis. The current paper provides an overview of recent ML techniques applied in periodontology and implantology, aiming to identify popular models for different medical tasks, to assess the impact of the training data on the success of the automatic algorithms and to highlight advantages and disadvantages of various approaches. 48 original research papers, published between 2016 and 2023, were selected and divided into four classes: periodontology, implant planning, implant brands and types, and success of dental implants. These papers were analyzed in terms of aim, technical details, characteristics of training and testing data, results, and medical observations. The purpose of this paper is not to provide an exhaustive survey, but to show representative methods from recent literature that highlight the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches, as well as the potential of applying machine learning in dentistry., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: The aim of this research is to make a scientometric analysis of the dental implantology literature and to present the results in a more understandable way to the reader by visualizing them with maps., Methods: The dental implantology literature was accessed through the Web of Science database. Scientometric data was obtained with Citespace 6.1 software, co-citation, clustering analysis, citation burst, and mapping analyzes were performed. Scimago Graphica software was used for additional visualizations., Results: A total of 35,704 articles were included in the analysis. There were 88,616 authors, 72,333 institutes, 142 countries/regions, and 3,265 journals contributing to the dental implantology literature. The United States was first with 7,334 publications and 225,868 citations. The literature between 1980 and 2023 was divided into 19 different clusters, and the literature between 2000 and 2023 was divided into 16 different clusters., Conclusions: Key themes in the field include the use of autogenous bone, advancements in implant surface technology, and the use of platform switching and intraoral scanners. Emerging topics of interest include esthetic considerations in the treatment of the anterior region, stress distribution, the use of zirconia, and the impact of implant treatment on oral health-related quality of life. With similar scientometric analysis studies to be done in the future, the progress of the literature can be followed on the basis of evidence., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, dental implants have become a trend in the treatment of human patients with missing teeth, which may also be an acceptable method for companion animal dentistry. However, there is a gap challenge in determining appropriate implant sizes for different dog breeds and human. In this study, we utilized skull computed tomography data to create three-dimensional models of the mandibles of dogs in different sizes. Subsequently, implants of various sizes were designed and subjected to biomechanical finite element analysis to determine the optimal implant size. Regression models were developed, exploring the relationship between the average weight of dogs and the size of premolar implants. Our results illustrated that the regression equations for mean body weight (x, kg) and second premolar (PM2), third premolar (PM3), and fourth premolar (PM4) implant length (y, mm) in dogs were: y = 0.2785x + 7.8209, y = 0.2544x + 8.9285, and y = 0.2668x + 10.652, respectively; the premolar implant diameter (mm) y = 0.0454x + 3.3506, which may provide a reference for determine suitable clinical implant sizes for dogs., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: To explore the impact of minimally invasive circumferential resection on inflammatory response and alveolar crest resorption in patients with dental defect implantation., Methods: A total of 198 patients who received dental implantation in Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from June 2021 to June 2023 were selected and divided into minimally invasive group (n=100) and traditional group (n=98) according to treatment methods. Minimally invasive surgery was performed in the minimally invasive group and traditional flap surgery was performed in the traditional group.Surgical related indicators, levels of inflammatory factors, pain mediators, alveolar crest bone resorption, implant loosening, quality of life and complication rates were compared between the two groups. SPSS 27.0 software package was used for statistical analysis., Results: The surgery time, postoperative VAS scores and postoperative pain reaction time in the minimally invasive group were significantly lower than those in the traditional group(P＜0.05). In the minimally invasive group, the concentrations of IL-8, TNF-α, INF-γ,serum amyloid A(SAA), substance P(SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) and 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) were significantly lower than the traditional group (P＜0.05). The amount of alveolar crest bone absorption in minimally invasive group was significantly lower than that in the traditional group(P＜0.05). There was no significant differences in implant loosening and retention rates between the two groups(P＞0.05). OHIP-14 scores across all dimensions in the minimally invasive group were significantly lower than in the traditional group (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in complication rate between the minimally invasive group and the traditional group (P＜0.05)., Conclusions: Compared with the traditional surgery, minimally invasive circumferential surgery has better performance in reducing operation time, postoperative inflammatory factors and pain mediators, alveolar crest and parietal bone absorption and improving oral health, which can be widely used in dental implantation.

Objectives: This scoping review aimed to identify the available evidence in the use of 3D printing technology in dental implantology. Due to the broad scope of the subject and its application in implantology, three main areas of focus were identified: (1) customized dental implants, (2) manufacturing workflow for surgical implant guides, and (3) related implant-supported prostheses factors, which include the metallic primary frameworks, secondary ceramic or polymer superstructures, and 3D implant analog models., Materials and Methods: Online databases (Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and CINAHL) were used to identify the studies published up to February 2023 in English. Two experienced reviewers performed independently the screening and selection among the 1737 studies identified. The articles evaluated the additive manufacturing (AM) technology, materials, printing, and post-processing parameters regarding dental implantology., Results: The 132 full-text studies that met the inclusion criteria were examined. Thirteen studies of customized dental implants, 22 studies about the workflow for surgical implant guides, and 30 studies of related implant-supported prostheses factors were included., Conclusions: (1) The clinical evidence about AM titanium and zirconia implants is scarce. Early data on survival rates, osseointegration, and mechanical properties are being reported. (2) 3D printing is a proven manufacturing technology to produce surgical implant guides. Adherence to the manufacturer's instructions is crucial and the best accuracy was achieved using MultiJet printer. (3) The quality of 3D printed prosthetic structures and superstructures is improving remarkably, especially on metallic alloys. However, better marginal fit and mechanical properties can be achieved with milling technology for metals and ceramics., (© 2023 The Authors. Clinical Oral Implants Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: The aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of using cone-beam computed-tomography in order to determine the anatomical structures and their variations before the treatment in patients who apply to the dentist clinic for implant treatment., Methods: In the study, CBCT images of 500 adult patients (240 female and 260 male), aged between 21 and 82 years, who applied for implant treatment due to missing teeth, were retrospectively analyzed. Anatomical structures and variations such as nasopalatine canal(NPC), canalis sinuosus(CS), antral alveolar artery(AAA), were evaluated in multiplanar reformation(MPR) sections which are axial, sagittal and coronal can be viewed in consistence with each other., Results: The incidence of anatomical variation of CS in the right region was similar according to gender. The "Funnel" appearance of the NPC shape was found most common shape in both female and male patients (n = 89; 37.1% for females and n = 71; 27.3% for males)., Conclusion: CBCT has become the most popular 3D imaging method in dental practice especially for planning dental implants. Understanding the relationship with important anatomical structures before implant applications is crucial in dealing with potential complications that may arise afterward. Assessing significant anatomical structures by CBCT and taking precautions against possible risks facilitate the work of dentists during and after procedures., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

In the past decade, the shifting of dentistry into the digital world has become obvious to any dentist or dental specialist. Many restorative dentists now consider themselves "digital dentists," performing all their crown and bridge restorative planning and fabrication in a digital environment. In preparation for this article, the author asked both a prosthodontist and the owner of a large state-of-the-art dental laboratory with whom he has worked closely the following questions: "These days, what percentage of your crown and bridge cases are being done fully digital?" Then, "What is the answer to the same question 5 years ago?" The prosthodontist answered that for crowns and bridges (with some exceptions for bridges), including implants (but not full arches), "close to 100 percent" of cases are now fully digital, while "maybe 25 percent" were 5 years ago (personal communication with Jason Sauer, DDS, of Westchester Prosthodontics, White Plains, New York, March 29, 2024). The dental laboratory owner answered, "My lab is different than others. We're about 60 percent digital, but digital is rapidly increasing. I'd say the majority of labs are 80 to 90 percent digital. Five years ago, we were 70 to 80 percent hand (analog.) We went from three mills pre-Covid to 30 different machines post-Covid (printers, mills, and scanners)" (personal communication with Steven Pigliacelli, MDT, of Marotta Dental Studio, Farmingdale, New York, March 29, 2024). It's fair to say that these comments show that the implementation of digital technologies in dentistry has been dramatic and will continue to expand.

Objective: To determine the current status and accuracy of robotic computer-assisted implant surgery (CAIS) applications by examining the associated clinical and experimental outcomes., Data and Sources: PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant studies published between January 2000 and November 2023, and focusing on robotic CAIS in dental implant surgery. All search results were then manually reviewed to identify only the pertinent articles. Only in vitro and clinical studies were included in this narrative review, with implant placement accuracy considered the main outcome., Result: Based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included 21 studies (with 1085 implant sites); of them, 8 were clinical studies, 12 were in vitro studies, and 1 included both an in vitro study and a case series. The ranges of the mean implant shoulder, apical, and angular deviations were respectively 0.43-1.04 mm, 0.53-1.06 mm, and 0.77°-3.77° in the clinical studies and 0.23-1.04 mm, 0.24-2.13 mm, and 0.43°-3.78° in the in vitro studies, respectively., Conclusion: The accuracy of robotic CAIS in dental implant procedures appears to be within the clinically acceptable ranges. However, further relevant clinical trials validating the existing evidence are needed., Clinical Significance: Robotic CAIS can achieve clinically acceptable implant placement accuracy. This innovative technology may improve the precision and success rates of dental implant procedures, with benefit for surgeons and patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Recent studies have shown that dental implants have high long-term survival rates, indicating their effectiveness compared to other treatments. However, there is still a concern regarding treatment failure. Deep learning methods, specifically U-Net models, have been effectively applied to analyze medical and dental images. This study aims to utilize U-Net models to segment bone in regions where teeth are missing in cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) scans and predict the positions of implants. The proposed models were applied to a CBCT dataset of Taibah University Dental Hospital (TUDH) patients between 2018 and 2023. They were evaluated using different performance metrics and validated by a domain expert. The experimental results demonstrated outstanding performance in terms of dice, precision, and recall for bone segmentation (0.93, 0.94, and 0.93, respectively) with a low volume error (0.01). The proposed models offer promising automated dental implant planning for dental implantologists., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Machine vision image processing technology is extensively employed in the medical realm, particularly in dynamic navigation and robotic systems for oral implantology. It plays a pivotal role in assisting clinicians with precise implant placements, enhancing the predictability of implant restorations. The fundamental principles of machine vision image processing technology utilized in dynamic navigation and robotic systems for oral implantology primarily encompass spatial positioning and registration. However, due to variations in technical principles among different systems, their workflows and technical nuances exhibit distinctive characteristics. Therefore, commencing from the principles of spatial positioning and registration in machine vision image processing technology. This article delves into the current application landscape of machine vision in dynamic navigation and robotics for oral implantology. Its objective is to furnish valuable insights for the clinical implementation of machine vision-assisted implant technology.

Objectives: This study aimed to systematically compare the effects of flapless and flapped implantations on the surrounding soft tissues of dental implants., Methods: Nine databases were searched, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Clinical Trials, OpenGrey, OpenDoar, Scopus, and Ovid, from January 1, 2013, to August 27, 2023. Randomized controlled trials comparing flapless implantation with flapped implantation for restoration of missing teeth were included. Meta-analysis was conducted on studies that met the inclusion criteria by using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 14.0., Results: A total of 1 245 articles were retrieved, and 17 studies were ultimately included. The results of Meta-analysis showed that flapless implantation resulted in better healing of the soft tissues around the dental implants than flapped implantation. Moreover, flapless implantation showed superior changes in implant success rate [mean difference (MD)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.02, 1.10), P =0.004], the width of keratinized gingival changes [MD=0.10, 95%CI (0.00, 0.20), P =0.04], and probing depth [MD=-0.60, 95%CI (-0.67, -0.53), P <0.000 01], with statistically significant differences. The final combined results of modified plaque index [standardized mean difference (SMD)=-0.41, 95%CI (-0.81, 0.00), P =0.05] and modified sulcus bleeding index [SMD=-0.44, 95%CI (-0.78, -0.10), P =0.01] showed superiority over flapped implantation. The papillary presence index was higher in the flapless implantation group than in the flapped implantation group. No statistically significant differences were observed in plaque index and gingival indices changes between the two groups., Conclusions: Flapless implantation can achieve higher implant success rate, smaller changes in the width of keratinized gingival, and smaller probing depths than flapped implantation. It also has advantages in terms of modified plaque index, modified sulcus bleeding index, and papillary presence index.

Background: We sought to review our institution's experience with dental implant placement in free flap jaw reconstruction to determine factors impacting restoration of dental occlusion., Methods: Exactly 48 patients underwent free flap jaw reconstruction with or without dental restoration from 2017 to 2022. Primary outcome was achievement of restored dental occlusion after jaw free flap reconstruction., Results: A total of 48 patients with a mean age of 59.8 ± 16.4 years underwent jaw reconstruction from 2017 to 2022. Ten patients (20.8%) received osteointegrated dental implants. Two patients received a temporary dental prosthesis, 12 ± 4 months after initial reconstruction. Three patients received a final prosthesis, with a mean time to final prosthesis of 17.7 ± 12.4 months. Five patients did not receive any prosthesis despite placement of implants., Conclusion: A minority of patients received dental implant placement with free flap jaw reconstruction and only a small subset of these received a definitive dental prosthesis., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is commonly used to evaluate cancellous bone density before dental implant surgery. However, to our knowledge, no measurement approach has been standardized yet. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between three different regions of interest (ROI) methods on cancellous bone density at the dental implant site using dental CBCT images., Methods: Patients' dental CBCT images (n = 300) obtained before dental implant surgery were processed using Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). At the potential implant sites, the rectangle, cylinder, and surrounding cylinder ROI methods were used to measure bone density. Repeated measures one-way analysis of variance was performed to compare the three ROI methods in terms of measurement results. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to identify the likely pair-wise correlations between the three ROI methods., Results: The density value obtained using the surrounding cylinder approach (grayscale value [GV],523.56 ± 228.03) was significantly higher than the values obtained using the rectangle (GV, 497.04 ± 236.69) and cylinder (GV,493 ± 231.19) ROI methods in terms of results. Furthermore, significant correlations were noted between the ROI methods (r > 0.965; p < 0.001)., Conclusions: The density measured using the surrounding cylinder method was the highest. The choice of method may not influence the trends of measurement results., Trial Registration: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of China Medical University Hospital, No. CMUH111-REC3-205. Informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of China Medical University Hospital, CMUH111-REC3-205, owing to the retrospective nature of the study., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Immediate implant placement can reduce the number of treatments and the time without teeth, but it carries a higher aesthetic risk. Soft tissue augmentation can reduce the risk of gingival recession to a certain extent, improve the predictability and long-term stability of immediate implant aesthetics, and is currently a hot research topic. A comprehensive understanding of the evidence-based medicine and surgical techniques using soft tissue augmentation in immediate implant surgery can assist in clinical diagnosis, treatment decisions and improve treatment outcomes. This article elucidates the changes in soft and hard tissues after immediate implant placement, aesthetic risks, and risk factors. It also discusses the advantages, timing, material selection, and commonly used clinical techniques of soft tissue transplantation in immediate implantation, aiming to provide reference for clinical doctors to improve the effectiveness of immediate implantation.

The relationship between referring dentist and implantologist can be crucial in making the treatment journey as efficient and effective as possible for patients. There are a number of considerations to discuss to allow effective communication of options with the patient, as well as the long-term management of these cases once returned to general practice., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the British Dental Association.)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is making waves in dentistry, with applications in predicting dental implant success. AI models analyze patient data (X-rays, medical history) to identify factors influencing implant viability. The aim is to identify existing research on the use of AI-based predictive models in dental implants. The following databases were searched: Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cochrane Library, using the keywords "Artificial Intelligence," "Dentistry," "Implant," and "Success." The studies were reviewed qualitatively, as quantitative analysis was not feasible due to the lack of specific outcomes and the insufficient number of studies for comparison. Technology has presented dental implantology with many opportunities, and it is through artificial intelligence that it is advancing. AI is being applied to detect potential implant failure patients, prognosis osseointegration, improve implant design, and master planning and also for data analysis to predict early complications. Decision trees, random forests, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Deep Learning (DL) improve diagnostics and treatment planning and introduce a powerful predictive model for a successful implant.

Objectives: Robot-assisted implant surgery (RAIS) is purported to improve the accuracy of implant placement. The objective of this study was to compare RAIS with static computer-assisted implant surgery (sCAIS) in a controlled environment., Materials and Methods: A total of n = 102 implants were placed in the same modified typodont (n = 17 repeated simulated implant surgeries with each n = 3 implants per group) using robot-assisted or static computer-assisted implant surgery. The final implant positions were digitized utilizing cone-beam tomography and compared with the planned position. The angular deviation was the primary outcome parameter. 3D deviations at the implant platform level and the apex were secondary outcome parameters. Accuracy in terms of trueness and precision were assessed. Means, standard deviation, and 95%-confidence intervals were analyzed statistically., Results: The overall angular deviation was 2.66 ± 1.83° for the robotic system and 0.68 ± 0.38° for guided surgery using static guides (p < .001), the 3D-deviation of the implant platform at crest level was for sCAIS 0.79 ± 0.28 mm and RAIS 1.51 ± 0.53 mm (p < .001) and at the apex for sCAIS 0.82 ± 0.26 mm and for RAIS 1.97 ± 0.79 mm (p < .001), respectively., Conclusions: Robotically guided implant surgery was less accurate in terms of trueness (planned vs. actual position) and precision (deviations among implants) than traditional static computer-assisted implant surgery in this in vitro study., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: The aim of this scoping review was to understand the development of robotics and its accuracy in placing dental implants when compared to other forms of guided surgery., Methods: An electronic search was conducted on the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane, and Science direct with the following queries: ((robotics) AND (dental implant)) AND (accuracy). The search timeline was between 2017 and 2022., Results: A total of 54 articles were screened for title and abstract, of which 16 were deemed eligible for inclusion. Thirty-one articles were excluded mainly because they were out of topic (not relevant) or not in English. In total, 16 articles were included for analysis., Conclusions: This review thoroughly analyses 5 years of literature concerning the evolution of robotics in dental implant surgery, underscoring the necessity for additional research on nascent technologies reported and a comparative study with static and dynamic systems for clinical efficacy evaluation., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The study aimed to determine the osteointegration markers after dental implantation and evaluate their predictive value. The study was performed on 60 practically healthy persons who needed teeth rehabilitation using dental implants. The conical-shaped implants (CI) and hexagonal implants (HI) were used. The content of Osteopontin (OPN), Osteocalcin (OC), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Osteoprotegerin (OPG), and nitric oxide (NO) was determined in patients' gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF), collected 1, 3, and 6 months after implantation. During the 3-6 months of observation level of OPN increased in patients with CIs (<50 years > 50 years) and HIs (<50 years) (CI: <50 years F = 36.457, p < 0.001; >50 years F = 30.104, p < 0.001; HI < 50 years F = 2.246, p < 0.001), ALP increased in patients with CIs (<50 years: F = 19.58, p < 0.001; >50 years: F = 12.01; p = 0.001) and HIs (<50 years) (F = 18.51, p < 0.001), OC increased in patients <50 years (CI: F = 33.72, p < 0.001; HI: F = 55.57, p < 0.001), but in patients >50 years - on the 3 days month (CI: F = 18.82, p < 0.001; HI: F = 26.26, p < 0.001), but sharply decreased at the end of sixth month. OPG increased during 1-3 months of the observation in patients <50 years (CI: F = 4.63, p = 0.037; HI: F = 2.8927, p = 0.046), but at the end of the sixth month returned to the initial level; NO content in PISF increased in patients with CI (>50 years) during 1-6 months of the observation (F = 27.657, p < 0.001). During the post-implantation period, age-related differences in osteointegration were observed. Patients <50 years old had relatively high levels of OPN, ALP, OC, and OPG in PISF, resulting in less alveolar bone destruction around dental implants and more intensive osteointegration. These indicators may be used as biological markers for monitoring implant healing. The process of osseointegration was more intense in CIs due to their comparatively high mechanical loading., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Bayandurov, Orjonikidze, Kraveishvili, Orjonikidze, Ormotsadze, Kalmakhelidze and Sanikidze.)

The stages of preoperative planning and surgical treatment of compromised teeth by the method of autotransplantation of a tooth are presented on the example of two clinical cases. The autotransplantation method can be considered an alternative to dental implantation when strictly adhering to the surgical protocol and careful selection of patients.

Aims: To comparatively evaluate the effect of normal saline gel and ozonated saline-ozonated gel (ozone therapy) on pain, inflammation, soft tissue, and crestal bone loss in dental implant surgery., Methods and Material: Forty adult patients scheduled to undergo implant were randomized into two groups: Twenty patients (n = 20) received ozone therapy and controls (n = 20) received normal saline and gel during implant placement. Inflammation and pain were noted at days 1 and 7 and 3 month intervals by estimating C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and assessing visual analogue scale (VAS) scores. At 3 months, soft tissue outcomes were noted in terms of plaque index, gingival index, and pocket depth, while crestal bone loss was noted via a radiograph., Results: Mean CRP levels were significantly higher in the control group as compared to that in the case group on day 1 and day 7 follow-ups (P < 0.05). Mean VAS scores for pain were also lower in the case group as compared to the control group at all follow-ups, but the difference was significant statistically only at day 1 (P = 0.061). The plaque index was significantly lower in the case group as compared to the control group (P = 0.011) at final follow-up. No significant difference between two groups was observed for crestal bone loss., Conclusions: Ozone therapy during implant placement was effective in reduction of pain, systemic inflammation, and plaque deposition in dental implant patients., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Dental Research.)

The Aim of the Study: Was to determine the presence of an amoxicillin-based antibiotic in bone implant biopsies by Raman spectroscopy in an experiment., Materials and Methods: Experimental animals ( n =10, a miniature pig of the Svetlogorsk breed) were divided into 2 groups of 5 animals. Groups 1 and 2 were injected with amoxicillin 2 ml per 20 kg of body weight 30 minutes before dental implantation surgery, then group 2 was additionally injected with 1 ml per 20 kg of body weight for 5 days. Each animal has 6 implants installed. On the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th day, an implant-bone biopsy was removed from each animal, micro-preparations were made and Raman spectroscopy was performed to assess the peak matching of the Raman spectrum., Results: In animals of the 1st and 2nd groups, the main peak of the Raman spectrum, which is closest to the values of the antibiotic spectrum of interest to us, is located closer to 1448 cm - 1 and 1446 cm -1 , respectively. At the same time, in both observations, the peaks relate to the spectrum of bone tissue, which cannot indicate the content of an antibiotic in the drug., Conclusion: No scattering spectra corresponding to the antibiotic molecule were found in any animal from both groups, regardless of the mode of administration and dosage of amoxicillin. The detected peaks corresponded to bone tissue without an antibiotic.

Aim: Dental implant placement requires precise angulation for long-term success and optimal restoration function. Therefore, this study explores the potential association between the experience of oral and maxillofacial surgeons and the accuracy of implant angulation, including its relationship to neighboring teeth and other implants., Methods: This retrospective study included 80 patients involving dental implants, each assessed through postoperative panoramic X-rays. Computer software was employed to measure the angle between the longitudinal axis of the selected implant and adjacent reference points. An angle less than 180° denoted convergence of the implant, while an angle greater than 180° indicated divergence., Results: The average angle regarding the implant-tooth relationship on the mesial side was 177.74 ± 6.94 (convergent), while on the distal side, it was 182.39 ± 7.77 (divergent). There were no statistically significant variations in insertion angles between procedures performed by experienced specialists (with over 5 years of expertise) and those performed by residents (with less than 5 years of experience). In comparing implants on the right side of the mouth to those on the left, given that all the surgeons were right-handed, no statistical significance was found for either the mesial reference (177.56 ± 7.44 vs. 178.06 ± 6.04, p = 0.76) or the distal reference (182.01 ± 8.38 vs. 183.15 ± 6.52, p = 0.53). However, a statistically significant difference was identified between the inclinations of implants towards the mesial reference compared to the distal inclinations in both cases (p = 0.005 for the right side and p = 0.004 for the left side)., Conclusions: In summary, satisfactory axial relationship in implant placement is effectively attained by both oral and maxillofacial surgery specialists and residents. Notably, implants consistently show a mesial inclination, irrespective of the specific side of the mouth. Additional research is needed to uncover the root cause of this inclination bias, aiming to promote the parallel alignment of implants with reference structures.

Backgrounds: The key to successful dental implant surgery is to place the implants accurately along the pre-operative planned paths. The application of surgical navigation systems can significantly improve the safety and accuracy of implantation. However, the frequent shift of the views of the surgeon between the surgical site and the computer screen causes troubles, which is expected to be solved by the introduction of mixed-reality technology through the wearing of HoloLens devices by enabling the alignment of the virtual three-dimensional (3D) image with the actual surgical site in the same field of view., Methods: This study utilized mixed reality technology to enhance dental implant surgery navigation. Our first step was reconstructing a virtual 3D model from pre-operative cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. We then obtained the relative position between objects using the navigation device and HoloLens camera. Via the algorithms of virtual-actual registration, the transformation matrixes between the HoloLens devices and the navigation tracker were acquired through the HoloLens-tracker registration, and the transformation matrixes between the virtual model and the patient phantom through the image-phantom registration. In addition, the algorithm of surgical drill calibration assisted in acquiring transformation matrixes between the surgical drill and the patient phantom. These algorithms allow real-time tracking of the surgical drill's location and orientation relative to the patient phantom under the navigation device. With the aid of the HoloLens 2, virtual 3D images and actual patient phantoms can be aligned accurately, providing surgeons with a clear visualization of the implant path., Results: Phantom experiments were conducted using 30 patient phantoms, with a total of 102 dental implants inserted. Comparisons between the actual implant paths and the pre-operatively planned implant paths showed that our system achieved a coronal deviation of 1.507 ± 0.155 mm, an apical deviation of 1.542 ± 0.143 mm, and an angular deviation of 3.468 ± 0.339°. The deviation was not significantly different from that of the navigation-guided dental implant placement but better than the freehand dental implant placement., Conclusion: Our proposed system realizes the integration of the pre-operative planned dental implant paths and the patient phantom, which helps surgeons achieve adequate accuracy in traditional dental implant surgery. Furthermore, this system is expected to be applicable to animal and cadaveric experiments in further studies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The morphologic and dimensional alveolar bone is significant for resorption in the first 3 months after tooth removal because they restrict treatment outcomes with respect to function and esthetic. Following teeth extraction, the width and height of the alveolar ridge contour are reduced in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. Following implant placement, the gingival morphology should be changed minimally compared to pre-extraction. Surrounding natural-like tissue is also an ultimate goal of the dental implant treatment, which is correlated with the cervical third contour on the anatomical tooth, for comfortable cleansing, food impaction avoidance, and esthetics., Purpose: To evaluate the peri-implant soft tissue changes after immediate implant placement (IIP) with the use of a customized titanium healing abutment in the posterior teeth., Method: Digital impressions using the intraoral scanner (MEDIT i500) were taken from 30 patients. Customized titanium healing abutments were designed and milled before extraction. Flapless extractions were done using surgical guides, 32 immediate implants placement were done in posterior areas, and healing abutments were placed. Soft tissues were scanned during pre-operation, and post-surgery during the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months. A 3D analysis program (Final Surface) evaluated the gingival margin distance, height, contour width, and volume in each period. SPSS was used to analyze the data with a p-value = 0.05. The between-time interval comparisons were done and the analysis was done using a Multivariate test., Results: Customized titanium healing abutments used in immediate implantation maintained optimal peri-implant mucosa. In intermittent periods, there was no significant reduction in all aspects of the margin distances and heights. During the entire period, the margin height reduction on the buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal was 0.63 mm, 0.93 mm, 0.08 mm, and 0.24 mm, respectively, and contour width reduction on the buccal, lingual, and buccolingual was 0.59 mm, 0.43 mm, and 1.03 mm, respectively. There was a significant reduction in the total buccolingual contour width in the 1st month and total volume in the 3rd to 6th months., Conclusions: Immediate implant placement with customized titanium healing abutment can achieve the optimal peri-implant mucosa and this protocol is an alternative for soft tissue management., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Aim: To identify and report outcome measures and methods of assessment on soft tissue augmentation interventions in the context of dental implant therapy reported in clinical studies published in the last 10 years., Materials and Methods: The protocol of this Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020-compliant systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021252214). A literature search was conducted to identify articles that met the pre-established eligibility criteria. Data of interest, with an emphasis on outcome measures, were extracted. For each outcome, specific methods and timing of assessment were described in detail. Following a critical qualitative analysis of the data, outcome measures were categorized. Primary outcomes were identified, and the frequency of reporting in the selected articles was calculated. Additionally, risk-of-bias assessments were performed for individual articles and primary outcomes., Results: Ninety-two articles, of which 39 reported randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 20 non-RCTs, and 33 case series studies, were selected. Outcome measures were categorized into either investigator-evaluated outcome measures (i.e., clinical, digital imaging, aesthetic, histological, biomarker, and safety) or patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Clinical outcomes were the most frequently reported type of outcome. Considering all categories, the most frequently reported primary outcomes were facial mucosa thickness assessed with clinical methods (22.83%), facial keratinized mucosa width assessed with clinical methods (19.57%), facial mucosal margin position/recession assessed with clinical methods (18.48%), facial mucosa thickness assessed with digital imaging methods (11.96%), facial soft tissue volume assessed with digital imaging methods (9.78%), and supracrestal tissue height assessed with clinical methods (9.78%). No distinguishable patterns of association between specific types or quality (level of bias) of clinical studies and the choice of primary outcomes were observed., Conclusions: Clinical research on peri-implant soft tissue augmentation has progressively increased in the last 10 years. Although clinical outcome measures were the most frequently reported outcomes in the selected literature, trends in the field are indicative of a shift from traditional clinical assessment methods to the use of digital technologies. PROMs were generally under-reported but should be considered an integral methodological component in future clinical studies., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objectives: Registration of intra-oral surface scans to cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) is critical in the digital workflow for static computer-aided implant surgery (sCAIS). This study aimed to assess the impact of CBCT field of view (FoV) on the precision of digital intra-oral scan registration., Materials and Methods: Cone beam computer tomography data and intra-oral scans from 20 patients were included. Small FoV CBCT's were created by digitally segmenting a large FoV into three sextants. Virtual implant planning was performed. Digital intra-oral scans were repeatedly registered onto their corresponding large and small FoV CBCT datasets. The distances and angulations between the matching implant positions of each repeated registration were used to determine the precision of the registration process. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Paired Tests were used to compare the differences between large FoV and small FoV. The threshold for statistical significance was set at p = .05., Results: Differences in 3D implant position based on the registration precision between small FoV and large FoV present at both the implant entry point (0.37 ± 0.25 mm vs 0.35 ± 0.23 mm, p = .482) and implant tip (0.49 ± 0.34 mm vs 0.37 ± 0.24 mm, p < .001). Differences in overall angular precision were observed between small FOV and large FoV (1.43 ± 1.36° vs 0.51 ± 0.38°, p < .001)., Conclusion: CBCT with a small FoV is accompanied by greater precision errors in intra-oral scan registration. However, when sufficient well-distributed teeth are visible in small FoV CBCT, the precision of digital intra-oral scan registration appears to be within clinically acceptable limits for sCAIS., (© 2022 The Authors. Clinical Oral Implants Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Successful implant dentistry can be directly related to the quality and quantity of bone at the recipient site of the implant. Over the years, bone grafts have been used for the treatment of various osseous defects. Due to the widespread acceptance of dental implants, interest in bone reconstruction for the oral cavity has increased dramatically over the past decade. Many patients who request implant rehabilitation require ancillary procedures to increase the quantity and quality of the recipient's bone. The internal architecture of the bone is generally described in terms of quality of the bone, which in turn reflects the strength (degree of compactness) of the bone. This is considered a crucial factor about the available bone at the edentulous site while planing about the design of the planned implant, surgical approach, healing time, and the initial progressive bone loading during the prosthetic reconstruction. Atrophy of the alveolar processes is expressed as a reduction of height and width. Databases were electronically searched up to April 2019 to identify human bone graft studies to provide contemporary and comprehensive information about the various bone grafts used in dental implant management., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Exploring the influence of different incision designs on bone increment of guided bone regeneration [Bio-Gide collagen membrane +Bio-OSS bone powder (carbonate apatite crystal extracted from bovine bones), Bio-OSS bone meal was placed on the surface of the bone defect and then covered with a Bio-Gide membrane to close the wound] during the same period of maxillary anterior tooth implantation. The 99 patients from the stomatology department were divided into 3 groups: small incision (N = 30, group A), wide incision (N = 39, group B), internal gingival sulcus incision (N = 30, group C). At the different time (immediately after surgery, 6 months, 12 months and 24 months), the width and height of labial bone at different implant margin (2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm) has no significant difference in comparison of any two of the three groups (p > 0.05). The score of esthetic feeling in group A was significant higher than group C (P < 0.05). The PPD, the incidence of SH, BOP in group A were all significant higher than group B (P < 0.05). The PISm, PISd, PPD, the incidence of SH and BOP in group A were all significant higher than group C (P < 0.05). The PISm, PISd, PPD, the incidence of SH and BOP in group B were all significant higher than group C (P < 0.05). The three groups has no significant different on the influence bone increment. The soft tissue condition around the implant after surgery was better in internal gingival crevicular incision than others two incisions, large-scale incision better than small incisions.

We examined alveolar bone samples in the area of on-bone fixation of a free gingival graft performed during surgery in patients aged 37-55 years with a diagnosis of secondary partial adentia of the upper and lower jaws. Six months after fixation of the graft in the alveolar bone, foci of neoosteogenesis were found in the contact zone. They were characterized by the appearance of appositional lines, cords of basophilic osteoblasts, and growing osteons. An immunohistochemical study revealed an increase in the number of CD44 + , CD29 + , and osteocalcin+ cells in the layer of the outer circumferential lamellae, primary osteons, and the lining of the Haversian canals. TGF-β1 + cells were located in the intertrabecular reticular tissue and wall of microvessels. The results indicate activation of mesenchymal stem cells in the area of localization of the graft and differentiating osteoblasts. The observed osteoinductive effect of free gingival graft is associated with its participation in reorganization in MSC and induction of morphogenetic molecules., (© 2021. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Macrophages are important immune cells that participate in the regulation of inflammation in implant dentistry, and their activation/polarization state is considered to be the basis for their functions. The classic dichotomy activation model is commonly accepted, however, due to the discovery of macrophage heterogeneity and more functional and iconic exploration at different technologies; some studies have discovered the shortcomings of the dichotomy model and have put forward the concept of alternative activation models through the application of advanced technologies such as cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF), single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), and hyperspectral image (HSI). These alternative models have great potential to help macrophages divide phenotypes and functional genes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Yali Wei et al.)

The aim of this study was to assess the potential use of a new advanced inertial navigation system for guiding dental implant placement and to compare this approach with standard stereolithographic template guiding. A movement processing unit with a 9-axis absolute orientation sensor was adapted to a surgical handpiece and wired to a computer navigation interface. Sixty implants were placed by 10 operators in 20 jaw models. The 30 implants of the test group were placed in 10 models guided by the new inertial navigation prototype. The 30 implants of the control group were placed in another 10 models using a CAD-CAM template. Both groups were subdivided into experienced and non-experienced operators. Pre- and postoperative computer tomography images were obtained and matched to compare the planned and final implant positions. Four deviation parameters (global, angular, depth, and lateral deviation) were defined and calculated. The primary outcome was the angular deviation between the standard stereolithographic approach and the new inertial navigation system. Results showed no significant differences between both groups, suggesting that surgical navigation based on inertial measurement units (IMUs) could potentially be useful for guiding dental implant placement. However, more studies are still needed to translate this new approach into clinical practice., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The use of immediate implants in the aesthetic area is a technique widely used in modern implantology. The characteristics of the patient, the implant, and the surgical procedure used may influence the final results. The aim was to assess whether the implant design affects primary (P.S.) and secondary stability (S.S.), bone level (B.L.), and PES/WES evaluation. Twenty implants with two different designs (n = 10) were immediately placed and randomly located in the upper anterior maxilla with no grafting material. Implant-Stability-Quotient (ISQ), B.L., and Pink-Esthetic-Score/White-Esthetic-Score (PES/WES) were evaluated. Shapiro-Wilk normality test was performed to determine the sample normality, as the data did not follow a normal distribution, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was applied (p < 0.05). ISQ was determined at placement (PS): control 59.1 (C.I.54.8-63.3); experimental 62.2(C.I.60.1-64.2) and three months after placement (SS): control 62.2.1 (C.I.53.3-71.0); experimental 67.2(C.I.65.8-68.5). The BL was measured at three months after placement: control 0.38 mm (C.I.- 0.06 to  + 0.83); experimental 0.76 mm (C.I.0.33-1.19) and at 12 months post-loading: control 0.07 mm (C.I.- 0.50-0.65); experimental 0.90 mm (C.I.0.38-1.42). PES/WES values were evaluated for the control group: 15 (C.I.12.68-17.32), and for the experimental group 15.20 (C.I.11.99-18.41). No significant differences were shown between both implant designs. A good grade of osseointegration and primary/secondary stability was achieved, as well as proper maintenance of crestal bone and adequate PES/WES scores. The criteria for selection for the ideal patient for immediate implant placement is essential.ClinicalTrials Protocol ID: NCT04343833., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

BACKGROUND This study explored the clinical effects of whole-process digitalization (WD)-assisted immediate implant placement (IIP) and immediate restoration (IR) in the aesthetic zone and clarified the clinical procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients who received maxillary aesthetic region IIP and IR treatment were randomly distributed into WD-assisted and conventional groups. Postoperative assessment included implant accuracy, marginal bone loss, aesthetic evaluation, and patient satisfaction evaluation. The aesthetic evaluation included visual analog score (VAS), pink aesthetic score (PES), and white aesthetic score (WES). Numerical data, measurement data, and grade data were analyzed by χ² test, t test, and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS The WD-assisted group exhibited decreased implant accuracy, including coronal deviation, apical deviation, angular deviation, and depth deviation, compared with the conventional group (P<0.05). The marginal bone loss in both the mesiodistal direction and the buccolingual direction were significantly lower in the WD-assisted group than in the conventional group (P<0.05). The VAS, PES, and WES were all significantly higher in the WD-assisted group than in the conventional group at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery (P<0.05). Patients in the WD-assisted group also reported a higher satisfaction level than those in the conventional group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS WD-assisted IIP and IR treatment in the aesthetic zone increased implant accuracy, decreased marginal bone loss, improved aesthetic effect, and increased patient satisfaction compared with conventional treatment. Therefore, WD-assisted IIP and IR treatment constitutes a promising approach in clinical oral implantology.

As generally accepted, inhibiting the bacterial invasion at initial stage and promoting the behavior of related osteogenesis cells afterwards is crucial to achieve favorable osteointegration after dental implantation. In this study, a novel combined structured hydrogel composed of chitosan and pore-closed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles was prepared and characterized. In vitro and in-vivo studies have identified that this biocompatible material can rapidly release vancomycin at initial 2 days and then sustainedly release recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for about 12 days, thus respectively accomplish antibacterial and osteogenesis functions. This sequential drug release system can be used as a promising coating material to improve the surface conditions of dental implant to enhance the osteointegration after surgery., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Several complications may occur following iliac bone grafting, one of the common sites for autologous bone harvesting. Of these, it is difficult to localize the damage in neurological complications due to the presence of several nerves in a similar distribution area with variations among individuals. To minimize these complications, conventional clinical anatomical studies using normal human cadavers have estimated the theoretical neurological damage area corresponding to the surgical intervention area. We report a case of neuromuscular damage in a 93-year-old woman who had an iliac crest defect after a bone graft, based on the virtual and physical dissections with histological confirmations.In this study, the patient was confirmed to have severe neuromuscular complications with major complications including a hernia protruding through the iliac defect. One of the two ilioinguinal nerves was extracted with the hernia sac through the iliac defect, and its distal part was completely damaged. The iliohypogastric nerve, which was far from the defect foramen, also showed remarkable fibrosis and demyelination, affected by the degeneration of the transversus abdominis muscles.The present anatomical findings show that the area of eventual neuromuscular damage should be estimated to larger than the conventionally predicted area of direct nerve damage, which is usually concomitant with the surgical intervention area.

Since the discovery of dental pulp stem cells, a lot of teams have expressed an interest in dental pulp regeneration. Many approaches, experimental models and biological explorations have been developed, each including the use of stem cells and scaffolds with the final goal being clinical application in humans. In this review, the authors' objective was to compare the experimental models and strategies used for the development of biomaterials for tissue engineering of dental pulp with stem cells. Electronic queries were conducted on PubMed using the following terms: pulp regeneration, scaffold, stem cells, tissue engineering and biomaterial. The extracted data included the following information: the strategy envisaged, the type of stem cells, the experimental models, the exploration or analysis methods, the cytotoxicity or viability or proliferation cellular tests, the tests of scaffold antibacterial properties and take into account the vascularization of the regenerated dental pulp. From the 71 selected articles, 59% focused on the "cell-transplantation" strategy, 82% used in vitro experimentation, 58% in vivo animal models and only one described an in vivo in situ human clinical study. 87% used dental pulp stem cells. A majority of the studies reported histology (75%) and immunohistochemistry explorations (66%). 73% mentioned the use of cytotoxicity, proliferation or viability tests. 48% took vascularization into account but only 6% studied the antibacterial properties of the scaffolds. This article gives an overview of the methods used to regenerate dental pulp from stem cells and should help researchers create the best development strategies for research in this field.

The present study applied a three-dimensional (3D) program to measure the distances from the maxillary sinus floor (MSF) to the lingual and buccal alveolar bone and also to the posterior superior alveolar foramen (PSAF), with the aim of determining differences according to gender. The study also attempted to verify the accuracy of measurements obtained from 3D images by performing comparisons with the results obtained in a preliminary study. The results showed that the alveolar bone length and the MAF-PSAF were generally larger in males than in females. It is also predicted that the accuracy of data obtained from a 3D program will be higher than that of data derived from conventional two-dimensional (2D) images. The accurate measurements obtained in this study are anticipated to prove useful in assessments related to dental implantation and anatomical structures. The fundamental data obtained in this study may also assist in setting the goals of future studies utilizing 3D programs.

The objective of this review was to analyze the process of wear of implants leading to the shedding of titanium particles into the peri-implant hard and soft tissues. Titanium is considered highly biocompatible with low corrosion and toxicity, but recent studies indicate that this understanding may be misleading as the properties of the material change drastically when titanium nanoparticles (NPs) are shed from implant surfaces. These NPs are immunogenic and are associated with a macrophage-mediated inflammatory response by the host. The literature discussed in this review indicates that titanium NPs may be shed from implant surfaces at the time of implant placement, under loading conditions, and during implant maintenance procedures. We also discuss the significance of the micro-gap at the implant-abutment interface and the effect of size of the titanium particles on their toxicology. These findings are significant as the titanium particles can have adverse effects on local soft and hard tissues surrounding implants, implant health and prognosis, and even the health of systemic tissues and organs.

The purpose of this clinical research was to evaluate peri-implant marginal changes around immediate implants placed either with the application of SCTG or XCM or without soft tissue grafting. A total of 48 patients requiring a single implant-supported restoration in the anterior jaw were selected for inclusion. Three surgical procedures were performed, as follows: type 1 implant with subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG), type 1 implant with xenogenic collagen matrix (XCM), and type 1 implant without soft tissue augmentation (NG) (control group). The marginal change of peri-implant soft tissue, facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT), peri-implant health status, esthetics, and patient satisfaction were assessed at one year after surgery. All of the placed implants showed a survival rate of 100%. No significant differences in FSTT were recorded between the SCTG group and the XCM group after treatment ( P > 0.05), while the NG group presented a significant difference ( P < 0.05). Patients in the NG group lost significantly more in the buccal marginal level than did patients in the SCTG group and those in the XCM group ( P < 0.05). The favourable success rate recorded in all groups confirmed immediate tooth replacement as a choice of treatment for a missing anterior single tooth. The NG group presented significant changes of FSTT and buccal marginal level, while XCM constituted a viable alternative to SCTG., Competing Interests: Paolo De Angelis declares that he has no conflict of interest. Paolo Francesco Manicone declares that he has no conflict of interest. Giulio Gasparini declares that he has no conflict of interest. Silvio De Angelis declares that he has no conflict of interest. Margherita Giorgia Liguori declares that she has no conflict of interest. Ilaria De Filippis declares that she has no conflict of interest. Antonio D'Addona declares that he has no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Paolo De Angelis et al.)

The maxillary sinus is the largest of the four paranasal sinuses in humans, and its close proximity to the teeth means that caution is required during dental treatment. In particular, implant surgeries involving the maxillary posterior teeth should include evaluating the inferior part of the maxillary sinus. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences by comparing the inferior part of the maxillary sinus based on the nasal cavity floor (NCF) between patients (male 30, female 30) genders through the use of the three-dimensional (3-D) program that can facilitate 3-D visualizations. The present study results obtained from 3-D visualizations using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data showed that the inferior part of the maxillary sinus was mostly larger in males than in females. In addition, the utilization of 3-D visualization data was more likely to assure accuracy than when using data obtained by two-dimensional (2-D) imaging. Therefore, 3-D visualizations of the inferior part of the maxillary sinus will contribute to accurate analyses of its anatomical structure during implant surgery and other operations. Further studies utilizing 3-D visualization will yield useful fundamental data and guidelines for future research.

Background: Little is known about immediate implant placement in head and neck cancer patients. We studied implant survival and functional outcomes of overdentures fabricated on implants placed immediately after removal of the lower dentition during ablative surgery or preceding primary radiotherapy (RT)., Methods: Inclusion criteria were primary head and neck cancer, dentate lower jaw, and indication for removal of remaining teeth. Two implants to support a mandibular overdenture were placed immediately after extraction of the dentition during ablative surgery, or prior to starting primary radiotherapy. Standardized questionnaires and clinical assessments were conducted (median follow-up 18.5 months, IQR 13.3)., Results: Fifty-eight implants were placed in 29 patients. Four implants were lost (implant survival rate 93.1%). In 9 patients, no functional overdenture could be made. All patients were satisfied with their dentures., Conclusions: Combining dental implant placement with removal of remaining teeth preceding head neck oncology treatment results in a favorable treatment outcome.

Background: Despite reports demonstrating feasibility of immediate dental implant placement in mandibular reconstruction with free fibula flaps for benign disease, this practice is not routinely used in the oncologic setting. The authors aim to demonstrate the safety of immediate dental implant placement for oncologic mandible reconstruction., Methods: In 2017, the authors' center began immediate dental implant placement in free fibula flaps for oncologic patients undergoing mandibulectomy reconstruction. Immediate dental implant placement patients were compared to a historical cohort also reconstructed with computer-aided design and manufacturing technology beginning in 2011 (n = 34) as a noninferiority study design. Primary outcomes of interest included 90-day complications, time to radiotherapy, and time to and number of patients achieving dental restoration., Results: Sixty-one patients underwent free fibula flaps following mandibulectomy using computer-aided design and manufacturing. Seventy-two dental implants were placed in the immediate dental implant placement cohort (n = 27). No differences were noted in major or minor 90-day complications between groups (p > 0.05). Radiotherapy was required in 55 percent in the immediate dental implant placement cohort versus 62 percent in the historical cohort, with no significant difference in time to radiotherapy (67.6 days versus 62.2 days, respectively). One dental implant was removed for nonosseointegration noted during vestibuloplasty. Fourteen (51.8 percent) immediate dental implant patients had complete dental restoration at 90 days compared with none in the historical cohort (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Immediate dental implant placement is a safe procedure with an unchanged short-term complication profile and no delay in radiotherapy initiation. Patients undergoing immediate dental implant placement are more likely to complete full dental rehabilitation. Long-term and health-related quality-of-life outcomes remain to be determined., Clinical Question/level of Evidence: Therapeutic, III.

The objective of this in vivo study was to compare bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO) values of a new implant, designed to be inserted without bone preparation, using two different preparation protocols: no site preparation and prior limited cortical perforation, versus the values of a control implant using a conventional drilling protocol. Forty-one implants were inserted in 13 rabbits. Thirteen test implants with a new thread design were inserted using no bone preparation (NP), 14 test implants were inserted with limited cortical perforation (CP), and 14 conventional implants served as control. Five animals were sacrificed after 21 days and eight animals after 42 days. Histomorphometric analysis was performed and percentage of BIC and BAFO values were measured. ANOVA with Tukey post hoc and Mann-Whitney nonparametric tests were calculated to compare between the groups. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the measured values between any of the groups, neither compered by implant nor by compered day. The results demonstrated that biological osseointegration parameters of implant that was inserted without any bone preparation was non-inferior compared to conventional preparation. The clinical relevance is that novel implant designs may not require bone preparation prior to placement.