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The purpose of this study is to explore the media reporting of the Ukrainian refugees in Denmark, in order to analyse what hegemonic underpinnings are present. The thesis employs a constructivist approach and analyses the material by using critical discourse analysis (CDA) as a method. The empirical material is limited to 20 articles from the Danish newspaper Politiken. The analysis of the material discusses that the Ukrainian refugees are described as being part of the in-group. By using the theories of orientalism and eurocentrism, and the concept of sameness as theoretical framework, the study is able to explore what role skin colour and religion play in media representations of refugees. Moreover, also how the wish for sameness plays a role in the inclusion and exclusion of human beings. The thesis contributes to the academic field of racialization and media representations, as it enables an exploration of a timely and new refugee group.

The European Union faces new challenges, as the labour market we know today, is being disrupted in terms of technological development. The future job market brings new challenges, which must be addressed by the EU. This thesis seeks to explore how a small state can gain influence by acting as a smart state, in context of a future labour market. The study will be based on a case study, which investigates how Denmark’s role as a small state performs regarding new initiatives in the future labour market. More precisely, this thesis will examine whether and how Denmark uses norm entrepreneur strategy, within the smart state strategy, to influence their opportunity for influence. Empirical data on the Danish approach, was collected through interviews with civil servants containing comprehensive knowledge of the Danish strategy, as well as documents stating the Danish position and discussions concerning the future labour market within EPSCO Council meetings. The collected data shows that Denmark indeed practices the norm entrepreneur strategy within the smart state strategy, to exert influence through the Commission and the EPSCO Council. The critical resource that Denmark possesses, and depend on, is their role as a frontrunner at the labour market. The Danish government uses its frontrunner position to channel Danish norms through the concept of norm advocacy.

How does domestic politics affect foreign aid? A great deal of literature that seeks to answer this question has sought to test the partisan theory. This theory suggests that ideological governmental changes will affect a donor country’s foreign aid – in terms of total aid, aid allocation and/or aid strategies. At the same time, there has been a scholarly tendency to understand aid from welfare states to be unaffected by partisan changes due to these countries’ fundamental altruism. This thesis seeks to relate these two scholarly assertions to the case of Danish foreign aid strategies. This will be done as longitudinal research looking into the period from 2012 to 2020. The embedded case study will apply three analytical tools within the framework of qualitative mixed methods. The data consists of government data, reports, and expert interviews. The findings suggest that there are partisan tendencies in Danish foreign aid strategies across the three governmental shifts in question. However, these tendencies are not as distinctly present as some supporters of the theory would claim. The analysis finds that the reason for this might be found in the unique domestic political, structural, and institutional context of Denmark.

This text intends to highlight the facet of ambassador of the Spanish language of Alonso Zamora Vicente in the different universities of the Scandinavian countries, Con esta colaboración se pretende relatar la faceta de embajador de la lengua española de Alonso Zamora Vicente por las diferentes universidades de los países escandinavos.

Recent failure of such companies as Enron, Worldcom and Parmala showed that there are internal reasons contributing to company’s financial distress. Financial distress is a condition when a company fails to meet its debt obligations. Board of directors is liable for long-term decisions and their ineffective work in monitoring and controlling management can influence companies’ performance. With that in mind, in this degree project, we would like to answer the following research question: “What is the relationship between characteristics of Board and probability of financial distress, measured by Altman’s Z-score models in Sweden and Denmark?” The epistemological and ontological choices for our study were positivism and objectivism with deductive approach. We have calculated Z-scores of Swedish and Danish companies in order to detect distressed and healthy companies. Further on, the information about board composition in each company was collected; mainly we were interested in board independence, board size, board ownership, COB ownership, CEO duality and employee representatives. In order to examine if there is a relationship between board composition and financial distress, we have done Multiple and Binary Regression analyses. Based on the results we can state that board independence, board ownership and employee representatives and market capitalization (control variable) have significant relationship with probability of financial distress. Our study is interesting since we have looked at employee representatives, as a board characterectic that is specific for Nordic countries and that was not studied before. In addition, we have found that there is no CEO duality in Sweden and Denmark, since all companies in our sample followed the Companies’ Acts. COB ownership, the additional variable we wanted to test and board size have shown no significant relationship.

L’ordenació del territori a Dinamarca ha estat significativament sotmesa a reorientacions estructurals, funcionals i conceptuals durant les darreres dues dècades. El marc jeràrquic d’administració en què les polítiques i les pràctiques de l’ordenament territorial solien dur-se a terme fou àmpliament modificat després d’una reforma del govern local implantada el 2007. Aquesta reforma propicià la revocació del nivell regional, induint el reescalament de les polítiques, les funcions i les responsabilitats de l’ordenament territorial als nivells municipal i nacional. A través de l’anàlisi d’aquests canvis estructurals, aquest article s’immergeix en la reorientació de les polítiques d’ordenament territorial a diferents escales, en l’evolució del paper de l’ordenació del territori en la gestió del creixement i del desenvolupament, i en els canvis de les estructures de governança associats a l’ordenació del territori a Dinamarca.Paraules clau: ordenació del territori, sistema de planificació, polítiques de planificació territorial, reforma estructural, Dinamarca., Danish spatial planning has been increasingly subjected to significant structural, functional and conceptual reorientations over the past two decades. The comprehensive hierarchical framework wherein planning policies and practices used to operate became considerably modified after the implementation of a local government reform back in 2007. The reform abolished the county level, which implied the re-scaling of planning policies, functions and responsibilities to municipal and national levels. This situation brought about radical shifts concerning the implementation of land-use tasks and the performance of institutional arrangements within and beyond the planning system. Based on an analysis concerned with these structural changes, the paper delves into the reorientation of spatial planning in Denmark in terms of the evolving conception of planning policies at different territorial scales, the changing role of planning in catering to growth and development matters, and the shifting institutional arrangements associated with the planning domain.Key words: Spatial planning, planning system, planning policy, structural reform, Denmark., La ordenación del territorio en Dinamarca ha sido significativamente sometida a reorientaciones estructurales, funcionales y conceptuales durante las últimas dos décadas. El marco jerárquico de administración en el que las políticas y las prácticas del ordenamiento territorial solían llevarse a cabo fue ampliamente modificado después de una reforma del gobierno local implementada en 2007. Dicha reforma propició la revocación del nivel regional, lo que indujo el reescalamiento de las políticas, las funciones y las responsabilidades del ordenamiento territorial a los niveles municipal y nacional. A través del análisis de estos cambios estructurales, este artículo se sumerge en la reorientación de las políticas de ordenamiento territorial a diferentes escalas, en la evolución del rol de la ordenación del territorio en la gestión del crecimiento y del desarrollo, y en los cambios de las estructuras de gobernanza asociados a la ordenación del territorio en Dinamarca.Palabras clave: ordenación del territorio, sistema de planificación, políticas de planificación territorial, reforma estructural, Dinamarca.

An examination of how thin capitalization of companies works, rules put in place to counter such behaviour, their affects and how or if such rules might help in a situation in Iceland where multinational corporations seem to be taking an advantage of such rules to avoid paying any income tax.

This paper concerns the treatment of people at execution places and it is focusing on Gotland and the execution place called Galgberget. The material in the paper comes from Galgberget and a gallow in Denmark called Slots Bjergby. Together with this the laws of Gotland during the medieval and later periods are discussed and also how the archaeological material (especially the buttons) found on the excavation site can help to understand the people buried on the gallow site. The result of the analysis shows that the laws and the material found on the excavation site often tells different things. The punishments are often softer then what the law says. The material is also suggesting that it was possible to gain a better place on the execution site and that the many execution places in Visby were used for different kinds of punishments.

Turbulence is an ubiquitous phenomenon in plasmas, which have usually large amounts of free energy available that can drive the turbulent velocity fluctuations. Universal properties of turbulence are its abilities to mix and to transport. The turbulent transport is often found not to be described by a transport coefficient, as Fick's law suggests. We discuss the consequences of this and the relationship between passive particle and plasma transport, that is mixing and transport., Pub. in International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases (26th), v4 p237-238, July 2003. This article is from ADA421147 International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases (26th) Held in Greifswald, Germany on 15-20 July 2003. Proceedings, Volume 4

As outlined in the grant proposal for the current project, Reference /1/, the overall technical objective for the current project was to investigate the maneuvering characteristics of a displacement vessel using the RANS code CFDSHIP-IOWA, with emphasis on the hull-rudder-propeller interaction. The numerical model was to be used to evaluate maneuvering characteristics by numerically performing the tests otherwise included in a physical Planar Motion Mechanism (PMM) test. At Force Technology - Division for Maritime Industry (formerly Danish Maritime Institute) experimental procedures and methods for analyzing model scale test results and extrapolation to full scale have been established over a 35-year period. Good general and detailed knowledge of maneuvering characteristics have consequently been gained during this period. It is recognized, however, that experimental work is both time-consuming and expensive when small alterations to an existing design are made during optimization of the maneuverability of a ship. In addition, PMM testing does not provide detailed knowledge of the flow regimes inducing the measured integral level forces. Since numerical procedures address both of these concerns Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been considered as an alternative to experimental work. CFD, has not, however, readily provided a tool for assessing maneuvering characteristics. To improve on this situation DMI initiated an R&D effort to develop methods in CFD to assess some of the basic hydrodynamic derivatives for a maneuvering ship., The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

The Method of Auxiliary Sources (MAS) is applied to 3D scattering problems involving spherical impedance scatterers. The MAS results are compared with the reference spherical wave expansion (SWE) solution. It is demonstrated that good agreement is achieved between the MAS and SWE results., Presented at International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Electromagnetic Theory (9th) held in Kiev, Ukraine on 10-13 Sep 2002. This article is from ADA413455 2002 International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Electromagnetic Theory (MMET 02). Volume 2

Few decades in recent history have witnessed deeper changes to the Euro-Atlantic state system than the 1990s. The Cold War ended in a way no one ever expected with equally unexpected results. Novel European, Euro-Atlantic, and global power relations emerged quickly as new dynamics came to the fore. All actors: institutions, states, and private subjects strive to capitalize on improvements, exploit opportunities or compensate when anticipated changes threaten the status quo. In the prevailing rhetoric, such events and developments are described as achievements of goals long since established, as improvements leaving regretful pasts further and further behind. This Strategic Research Paper argues that these changes have indeed been impressive, but finds the assumption of a steady progress towards final perfection dubious. The post-Cold War era revived several pre-Cold War issues, contributing to a more complex global situation. This is particularly valid with respect to Northern Europe-Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland. Nordic issues seldom arise in contemporary debate and diplomacy in Europe. For decades, the region has been considered a harmonious part of the world, indeed a model with respect to social security, democracy, and intra-state cooperation, presenting few complexities beyond the East-West confrontation. The Cold War, with its European and global realities, was waged in Nordic countries, as it was elsewhere. Lack of international attention does not imply, however, that post-Cold War changes in Northern Europe have been insignificant, or that the region was unaffected by the larger changes. The Nordic countries now find themselves confronted with far more complex challenges than generally perceived inside or outside of the region.

The Davies-Bouldin cluster validation technique has been utilized to determine the optimal time series parameters (model, order and number of coefficients) to be used in a myoelectric pattern recognition system based on intramuscular recordings. The data used in our longitudinal study were recorded intramuscularly (4 muscle channels) from an amputee subject over three different experimental days. During the recording sessions, the subject performed 4 wrist movements (pronation, supination, wrist flexion, wrist extension) in a way that was intuitive to her. The time series coefficients obtained from the EMG data (from AR, MA, and ARMA modeling) were used for generating feature spaces with 4 classes (1 per movement). The results showed that the optimal parameters didn't differ substantially (AR, order 4, 2 coefficients) for those obtained for other type of movements and surface EMG recordings. The use of the Davies-Bouldin technique during the analysis produced important information about the separability and consistency of the data across different days., Papers from 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, October 25-28, 2001, held in Istanbul, Turkey. See also ADM001351 for entire conference on cd-rom. The original document contains color images.

Intraoperative recording of ENG from the S3 extradural sacral nerve roots was performed in 2 SCI patients, The goal of this work was to study the relation between mechanical stimulation of the urinary bladder, rectum and skin and the resulting ENG-signals. These signals could be used to detect the onset of a bladder contraction, This concept could be used in an implantable neuroprostheses to treat detrusor hyperreflexia. The recorded human signals are consistent with data from animal studies. However, more human studies are needed., Presented at Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (23rd) held in Istanbul, Turkey on 25-28 Oct 2001. See also ADM001351 for entire conference on cd-rom.

In this paper, a general technique for evaluation of measurements by the method of Least Squares is presented. The input to the method consist of estimates and associated uncertainties of the values of measured quantities together with specified constraints between the measured quantities and any additional quantities for which no information about their values are known a priori. The output of the method consist of estimates of both groups of quantities that satisfy the imposed constraints and the uncertainties of these estimates. Techniques for testing the consistency between the estimates obtained by measurement and the imposed constraints are presented. It is shown that linear regression is just a special case of the method. It is also demonstrated that the procedure for evaluation of measurement uncertainty that is currently agreed within the metrology community can be considered as another special case in which no redundant information is available. The practical applicability of the method is demonstrated by two examples., The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white. Presented at Algorithms for Approximation IV held in Huddersfield, UK on 16-20 Jul 2001. This article is from ADA412833 Algorithms For Approximation IV. Proceedings of the 2001 International Symposium

A novel AC amplifier for electrophysiological measurements that uses three op-amps based instrumentation amplifier (IA), and active suppression of the input offset was designed. The development followed the requirements to increase the common mode rejection ratio, thereby allow the recordings of physiological signals in a noisy environment. In the proposed circuit the high common-mode rejection ratio was achieved by using a high gain at the first stage of the IA (60 dB) and no passive components at the inputs. The feedback was achieved by means of a differential to differential amplifier placed in the input loop. This configuration provides an active suppression of DC-offset by feeding back an integrated form of the output that is equal to the input, yet of the opposite sign. an The SPICE simulation of the novel amplifier with a gain of 80 dB and a high-pass cutoff frequency at 100 mHz are presented in this paper., Presented at Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (23rd) held in Istanbul, Turkey on 25-28 Oct 2001. See also ADM001351 for entire conference on CD-ROM. The original document contains color images.

Multipolar nerve cuffs are being developed to apply to peripheral trunk nerves in an effort to limit the number of implanted components of an FES system, while at the same time allowing specific fascicles within the cuffed nerve to be independently activated. Because the electrode contact sites of a multipolar circumferential fitted cuff are positioned only at the surface of the cuffed nerve, it is difficult to activate fascicules that are located deep within the nerve. This situation might be improved if one or more additional electrode contacts were provided within the core of the nerve. An obvious choice for such a contact is to use an intrafascicular electrode (IFE) such as those described by Horch and his colleagues. In our present study we inserted a single IFE into a trunk nerve that subserves the forelimb muscles in an adult anaesthetized pig. An 18 pole multichannel nerve cuff was then applied to the nerve at the same site. We stimulated different combinations of the cuff contact sites with and without the IFE while monitoring the evoked EMGs from an array of innervated forearm and shoulder muscles to assess the ability to activate different fascicles independently. The results have shown that the use of the IFE in combination with the normal cuff contacts can afford modest improvements in the degree of selective muscle activation that is possible., Papers from the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, October 25-28, 2001, held in Istanbul, Turkey. See also ADM001351 for entire conference on cd-rom.

In this paper we propose an improved spike triggered averaging technique for the assessment of control properties and conduction velocity (CV) of single motor units (MUs) during voluntary sub-maximal muscle contractions. The method is based on the detection of multi-channel surface EMG signals (with linear electrode arrays) and intramuscular recorded single MU action potentials (MUAPs). Intramuscular electrodes are inserted taking into account the MU structural properties (innervation zone and tendon locations, length of the fibers), assessed by the linear array surface EMG detection. A technique for intramuscular EMG signal decomposition is used to identify single MUAP trains. The MUAPs obtained from the intramuscular EMG decomposition algorithm are used to trigger and average the multi-channel EMG signals. CV of single averaged surface MUAPs is estimated by the use of advanced signal processing methods based on multi-channel recordings which allow to consistently reduce the variance of CV estimates with respect to traditional two channel delay estimators. The number of averaged potentials can thus be reduced, improving temporal resolution. The technique proposed is tested will recordings from the tibialis anterior muscle of 11 volunteers. It is shown that the method allows the assessment of CV changes (fatigue) of single MUs as small as 0.1 m/s with a limited number of averages (temporal resolution of 1-2 seconds), leading to a consistent improvement with respect to traditional surface EMG spike triggered averaging techniques. The method has potential usefulness in a number of basic and applied research fields., Papers from the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, October 25-28, 2001, held in Istanbul, Turkey. See also ADM001351 for entire conference on cd-rom.

Designers of gel-type surface electrodes, used in medical applications such as pain relief and neuromuscular stimulation, require a more thorough understanding of current pathways in tissue in order to design more effective electrical stimulation systems. To investigate these pathways, a finite element model (FEM) was used to compute current density distributions produced by an electrode placed on the surface of a homogeneous, tissue-mimicking gel slab. The gel slab phantom was constructed and the current densities were measured using a recently developed technique called current density imaging (CDI). CDI uses the phase data produced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a measure of the magnetic fields produced by the externally applied current. The results of the FEM simulation and CDI measurements compare well. CDI has several potential advantages over conventional FEM techniques including: no requirement for knowledge of local tissue conductivities, low and constant computational overhead regardless of tissue complexity, and the potential to perform in-vivo measurements., Papers from the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, October 25-28, 2001, held in Istanbul, Turkey. See also ADM001351 for entire conference on cd-rom. The original document contains color images.

This project investigated the influence of reproductive history on risk of breast cancer and its prognosis by taking advantage of very large linkages between population-based health and demographic registries in Denmark. Many of these registries have existed for several decades and contain mandatorily reported information, making very complete and long-term follow-up studies possible. A total of 18 studies were conducted during the study period. In 13 studies, the influence on breast cancer risk of induced abortion, age at birth, number of births, gender of child, multiple births, weight of child, alpha-fetoprotein level during pregnancy and family history was investigated in great detail. Breast cancer was not only investigated as a single outcome but also according to type, size of tumor at time of diagnosis, nodal spread, etc. Five studies dealt with factors that might influence the prognosis of breast cancer. Low age at first birth but not parity was associated with poor survival. A diagnosis of breast cancer less than 2 years after a child birth gave particularly poor survival. Young women had particularly poor survival but only those diagnosed with low-risk disease not receiving adjuvant cytotoxic therapy,-indicating that they would benefit from being given cytotoxic therapy in the future. A pregnancy subsequent to breast cancer did not aggravate the prognosis. Finally, we found a 20-30% difference in chance of survival depending on what quadrant in the breast the tumor was first diagnosed. Survival was most poor for tumors in the lower two quadrants, indicating that a more aggressive treatment approach might increase survival of those tumors.

This paper reviews the psychological part of the present selection process which include intelligence, ability and knowledge tests, a group exercise and interviews by psychologists. The result of the psychological assessment is presented for the selection board. Together with results from tests of physical proficiency and the ratings from the candidates' military service, the selection board will use the psychological report as the basis for the final decision. The results of two studies of the system utility are presented: An investigation of the predictive validity showed that it is possible to forecast the examination result of the officer training with a rather high precision. The investigation showed that it was possible to calculate a prognosis for the examination result from the Officer Academy, where the multiple correlation coefficient with the actual examination result is 0.57 for those, who complete the officers training. Another follow-up study showed that the promotion percent of the officers was rising with increasing psychological assessment., Presented at the Workshop of the RTO Human Factors and Medicine Panel (HFM) held in Monterey, USA, 9-11 November 1999. This article is from ADA387133 Officer Selection (la Selection des officiers)

A new European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI) is evolving. The development will be influenced by a diversity of interests. These include a continued strong transatlantic link and the policy of countries seeking a closer cooperation in Europe, including countries like Denmark that have chosen to stay outside the defense cooperation. How can a future ESDI be organized and how will it be related to the already existing organizations, NATO, the EU, and the WEU ? As a basis for the study of European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI), this paper will describe the term and development of ESDT including the present status of ESDI in relation to the involved organizations, The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU) and the Western European Union (WEU). The paper will define major interests by looking at those European countries which seek further integration within the EU, other European countries including non-EU Allies and the United States (US).

In this book we shall introduce four of the main approaches to program analysis: Data Flow Analysis, Control Flow Analysis, Abstract Interpretation, and Type and Effect Systems. Each of Chapters 2 to 5 deals with one of these approaches to some length and generally treats the more advanced material in later sections. Throughout the book we aim at stressing the many similarities between what may at a first glance appear to be very unrelated approaches. To help getting this idea across, and to serve as a gentle introduction, this chapter treats all of-the approaches at the level of examples. The technical details are worked-out but it may be difficult to apply the techniques to related examples until some of the material of later chapters have been studied., Text in English.

Uniaxial compression has been applied to symmetrically grown quantum wells of GaAs with Be-modulation-doped barriers of AlGaAs. We demonstrate how the analysis of the influence of uniaxial compression on the Shubnikov de Haas oscillations can unravel details of the valence band structure; e.g. the question of whether or not the ground state is doubly degenerate or is consisting of two slightly different bands. We find the latter to be the case, and that the carrier densities in both of the two bands decrease under the application of the uniaxial compression; however, with different pressure coefficients., Pres: 6th Int Symp Nanostructures: Physics and Technology, St Petersburg, Russia, June 22-26, 1998. p20-23. This article is from ADA406591 Nanostructures: Physics and Technology International Symposium (6th) held in St. Petersburg, Russia on June 22-26, 1998 Proceedings

This investigation evaluates a framework for design of ecological information systems as applied for the command and control function of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAVs). In this context, the term interface design is not referring to the human computer interface, but to the interface between a decision maker and the deep relational structure of the workspace. This framework was developed for the domains of industrial process and manufacturing systems, tested through analyses of hospital and library systems, and recently further developed to model the socio-technical system involved in risk management in a modern, dynamic society. The introduction of uninhabited vehicles has raised considerable research interest, but the topics discussed have largely been related to the problems appearing when remote control of an air vehicle and its payload is introduced. Correspondingly, the system concept has been described as an effort to keep the pilots head in the cockpit and leave the rest of him at home and a literature search has shown that the human factors discussed are related mainly to display, control, and training issues.

The Final Proceedings for ESREF 98 - 9th European Symposium on Reliability of Electron Devices from 5 October to 9 October 1998. This is an interdisciplinary conference. Topics include reliability of electron devices, including MEMs, failure physics and analysis.

Thermal barrier coatings are an emerging technology which will enable either an increase in turbine inlet temperatures, or a reduction in the duty temperature of the blades and as a result, an extension of their life-cycle. This Workshop presented the state of the art, gave a description of the existing or emerging technologies, summarized our present knowledge of damage mechanisms, including microstructural, mechanical and thermal aspects, and reported on the benefits and drawbacks of the various families as perceived by engine manufacturers and users. A final discussion attempted to identify future R&D requirements., Papers presented at the 85th Meeting of the AGARD Structures and Materials Panel, held in Aalborg, Denmark, 15-16 October 1997. Text in English and French.

NATO has successfully provided security and stability in Europe through the Cold War era. However, the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact has changed the strategic environment in Europe. The new situation is defined by these significant facts: A direct confrontation between two superpowers does not seem possible; Present day Russia does not have the influence zone it used to have; Some new nation states have appeared while others have disappeared; Geopolitical changes generate unrest and could spawn violent conflicts (e.g., Former Yugoslavia); NATO has made fundamental political and organizational changes to reshape herself to match the emerging security challenges This situation affects all European countries and the North Atlantic alliance's members. These changes do not affect all countries in the same way, because of their different geographical location, and their different internal political and economic circumstances. Working within a framework of fundamental questions and issues common to all members, three individual country perspectives from Denmark, Germany, and Spain are presented. In a final compare and contrast analysis between these country perspectives, the paper identifies major similarities in key areas influencing NATO's future development.

This project takes advantage of the high quality and population-based nature of the registries in Denmark to study reproductive risk factors for the development and prognosis of breast cancer. In the first fiscal year, four studies were completed. Based on an old and population-based Danish registry of induced abortions, we defined a large cohort of 28.5 million person-years to address the issue whether induced abortion increases the risk of breast cancer. We found no overall effect of induced abortion on breast cancer risk. In study 2-4, we took advantage of a very complete Danish registry which contains population-based information on tumour characteristics, treatment regimens and follow-up status on Danish women with breast cancer. We found low age at first child-birth but not parity to be associated with a poor prognosis. Furthermore, a diagnosis of breast cancer less than two years after having given birth was associated with a particularly poor survival irrespective of the stage of disease at debut. This made us conclude that a recent pregnancy should be regarded as a negative prognostic factor and as such be considered in the counseling of these patients. Finally, we found no evidence that a pregnancy subsequent to breast cancer treatment should aggrevate the prognosis.

The main scope of my involvement in the CEM work was to author some chapters in Part 6, and to review parts of the CEM manuscripts. Besides this, giving advice on the outline and contents of chapters was also included in the scope. The work done can be classified as follows: (a) Preparatory work (b) Literature study (c) Meetings/workshops (d) Authoring of selected sections of Part 6, (e) Review of selected parts of the CEM manuscripts.

The late 1990’s in Australia have seen major stresses in State and Federal systems of early years provision and have highlighted the need to develop an integrated approach to early years policy and provision to meet better the changing needs of Australian families. As an experienced Australian practitioner in the early years, the researcher decided to explore another country’s approach to early childhood provision and to contextualise her Australian experience from a fresh perspective. In Kandel’s (1933, 1955) terms, this is a classic area study rather than one which seeks to merely to compare and contrast.

There exists a belief among many that we are in the midst of a "Revolution in Military Affairs" that promises the elimination of fog, friction and uncertainty by using new technologies to collect near perfect, real-time information that will allow the commander to make decisions based on his ability to predict the shape of the future battlefield. This paper argues that the operational decision making process must be modified in order to take advantage of quantum leaps in information availability afforded by advances in technology and that operational art is the fulcrum for leveraging that technology. It asserts that the practical essence of modern operational art is the management of time, resources, and risks in a dynamic environment to orchestrate temporally and spatially distributed operations into one coherent whole.