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Background. The gold standard treatment method for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is renal transplantation (RT). RT can be done with open or minimally invasive surgical methods. We aimed to compare the outcomes between patients who underwent robot-assisted renal transplantation (RART) and open renal transplantation (ORT). Methods. Data of the patients who underwent ORT or RART in two institutions between June 2015 and February 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who underwent live donor RT were included, and all donor nephrectomy procedures were performed by the laparoscopic technique. Demographic data, ischemia times, anastomosis times, operation times, and postoperative complications were recorded. Results. 98 patients were included in the ORT group, while 91 patients were included in the RART group. There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding mean patient age. While total ischemia time was 86.9 ± 7 minutes in the RART group, it was calculated as 71.2 ± 3.3 minutes in the ORT group, with a significant difference. The anastomosis time was significantly shorter in the ORT group than in the RART group. The incision length and duration of hospital stay were significantly shorter, visual analogue scores were significantly lower, and estimated blood loss was less in the RART group than in the ORT group. Conclusion. Both ORT and RART are effective and safe methods for treating ESRD. According to our study, RART is associated with relatively longer ischemia times but lower complication rates and higher patient comfort.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) for upper urinary tract stones is a minimally invasive, effective treatment modality. Despite its high success rates, its potential complications pose a risk. In this study, we aimed to determine the risk factors associated with bleeding which is one of PNL's most important complications.The data of patients who underwent PNL between January 2017 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The median reduction in post-operative hemoglobin levels compared to preoperative levels was found to be 1.6 g/dl, which was accepted as the threshold value. The patients with hemoglobin decrease above the threshold were assigned as Group 1, and below the threshold as Group 2. Pre-operative, perioperative data, and stone characteristics of the patients were recorded.169 patients, 85 patients in Group 1 and 84 patients in Group 2 were included in the study. The mean age of Group 1 was significantly higher (47.4±7.9 and 32±9.4 years, respectively, p=0.001) Sixteen in Group 1 (18.8%) and six in Group 2 (7, 1%) had a diagnosis of hypertension (HT) and a significant difference was found (p=0.038). The average stone burden was 2733±1121.3 mm3 in Group 1, and 2326.5±975.6 mmIn this study; advanced age, presence of HT, and high stone burden were found to be predictive of reductions in hemoglobin levels. Furthermore, a correlation of decreased hemoglobin levels was detected with operative times and occurrence of complications.