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Bu çalışma kapsamında refrakter olmayan sülfürlü altın-gümüş cevherinin zenginleştirilmesinde çevreye daha dost proseslerden olan flotasyon yönteminin uygulanabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Çanakkale-Serçeler bölgesinden temin edilen 18,85 ppm Au ve 120 ppm Ag içeren numune üzerinde gerçekleştirilen flotasyon çalışmalarına göre, -74 µm tane boyutunda, kaba devrede 1000+1000 g/t Aerophine 3418 A+Aero 208 kullanımı ve 2 kademeli temizleme devresi ile konsantrede %75,8 verim ile 625 ppm Au, %86,5 verim ile 4833 ppm Ag elde edilmiştir. Kaba devrede 1500+1500 g/t Aerophine 3418 A+Aero 208 kullanımı ve 3 kademeli temizleme devresi ile ise konsantrede %69,6 verim ile 1026,5 ppm Au, %80,6 verim ile 8058,1 ppm Ag elde edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, refrakter olmayan sülfürlü altın-gümüş cevherinden flotasyon yöntemi ile doğrudan izabeye gönderilebilecek nitelikte bir konsantre elde edilebileceği belirlenmiştir. Flotasyon kinetiği ile ilgili çalışmalarda ikinci derece kinetik modelinin bu cevher için uygulanabilir olduğu ve ikinci dereceden flotasyon kinetik sabitleri göz önüne alındığında, gümüşün altına göre 2,5 kat daha fazla flotasyon hızına sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Compact interferometers based on waveguiding structures have found countless applications in refractive index measurements, chemical sensing, as well as temperature and pressure measurements. The most common fiber devices are based on Mach–Zehnder interferometry and Michelson interferometry—two design concepts that can readily be implemented using simple fiber optic components, such as mode splitters and combiners, fiber optic gratings, and fiber tapers, among others. Fiber interferometry can also be conducted based on the Sagnac effect and the Young (double-slit) interferometer. In this review, we examine and compare over 400 fiber optic interferometers as well as more than 60 fiber optic refractive sensors based on fiber optic cavities. Even though many of the devices show temperature-, strain-, and pressure-sensitivity, we focus our review on refractive index measurements, as these are the most common applications. Many devices were characterized by their inventors using their sensitivity to refractive index changes. While the sensitivity is an important characteristic of the device, it does not easily relate to the smallest resolvable refractive index change or the limit of detection when applied to chemical measurements. Instead, we propose here that one should use the figure of merit, which is defined through the refractive index sensitivity and the width of an interferometer fringe. Using simple assumptions, we were able to mathematically relate the sensitivity and the figure of merit to common design parameters, such as the length of the interferometer arms, the operating wavelength, refractive indices of the fiber and the sample, as well as an overlap parameter, which describes the fraction of the guided wave in the sensing arm that interacts with the sample. We determined this overlap parameter for each reviewed device from the reported interferograms. Our meta-analysis provides for the first time simple and easily applicable guidance to increase the figure of merit of fiber optic interferometers and fiber optic cavities with regard to their ability to detect small refractive index changes. A high figure of merit allows measuring very small refractive index changes such as those of gases at different pressures or of very dilute solutions.

We present a strain sensing system capable of measuring strain over 75 km using a diode laser locked to a π-shifted grating. The system has applications in remote sensing of ocean turbulence and seismic activity.

Drugs targeting the G protein-coupled μ-opioid receptor (μOR) are the most effective analgesics available but are also associated with fatal respiratory depression. While some partial opioid agonists appear to be safer than full agonists, the signaling pathways responsible for respiratory depression have yet to be elucidated. Here we investigated the structural and mechanistic basis of action of lofentanil (LFT) and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl (MP), two μOR agonists with different safety profiles. LFT, one of the most potent and lethal opioids, and MP, a derivative from the kratom plant with reduced respiratory depression in animal studies at equianalgesic doses, exhibited markedly different signaling efficacy profiles for G protein subtype activation and recruitment of β-arrestins. Cryo-EM structures of the μOR-Gi1 complex with MP (2.5Å) and LFT (3.2Å) revealed that the two ligands engage distinct sub-pockets, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed additional differences in the binding site that propagate to the intracellular side of the receptor where G proteins and β-arrestins bind. While MP favors the precise G protein-bound active state observed in the cryo-EM structures, LFT favors a distinct active state. These results highlight how drugs engaging different parts of the μOR orthosteric pocket can lead to distinct signaling outcomes.

Drugs targeting the μ-opioid receptor (μOR) are the most effective analgesics available but are also associated with fatal respiratory depression through a pathway that remains unclear. Here we investigated the mechanistic basis of action of lofentanil (LFT) and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl (MP), two μOR agonists with different safety profiles. LFT, one of the most lethal opioids, and MP, a kratom plant derivative with reduced respiratory depression in animal studies, exhibited markedly different efficacy profiles for G protein subtype activation and β-arrestin recruitment. Cryo-EM structures of μOR-Gi1 complex with MP (2.5 Å) and LFT (3.2 Å) revealed that the two ligands engage distinct subpockets, and molecular dynamics simulations showed additional differences in the binding site that promote distinct active-state conformations on the intracellular side of the receptor where G proteins and β-arrestins bind. These observations highlight how drugs engaging different parts of the μOR orthosteric pocket can lead to distinct signaling outcomes.

Medial talonavicular dislocation associated with cuboid fracture is rare. We report an 18-year-old man with this injury who exhibited excellent results after open reduction and stabilization of the joint with temporary Kirshner wires.

MFSD2A is a sodium-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine symporter that is responsible for the uptake of docosahexaenoic acid into the brain1,2, which is crucial for the development and performance of the brain3. Mutations that affect MFSD2A cause microcephaly syndromes4,5. The ability of MFSD2A to transport lipid is also a key mechanism that underlies its function as an inhibitor of transcytosis to regulate the blood–brain barrier6,7. Thus, MFSD2A represents an attractive target for modulating the permeability of the blood–brain barrier for drug delivery. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of mouse MFSD2A. Our structure defines the architecture of this important transporter, reveals its unique extracellular domain and uncovers its substrate-binding cavity. The structure—together with our functional studies and molecular dynamics simulations—identifies a conserved sodium-binding site, reveals a potential lipid entry pathway and helps to rationalize MFSD2A mutations that underlie microcephaly syndromes. These results shed light on the critical lipid transport function of MFSD2A and provide a framework to aid in the design of specific modulators for therapeutic purposes. The cryo-electron microscopy structure of mouse MFSD2A sheds light on the mechanism that underlies its lipid transport functions, which have a pivotal role in regulating the blood–brain barrier.

Biased agonists, which selectively stimulate certain signaling pathways controlled by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), hold great promise as drugs that maximize efficacy while minimizing dangerous side effects. Biased agonists of the μ-opioid receptor (μOR) are of particular interest as a means to achieve analgesia through G protein signaling without dose-limiting side effects such as respiratory depression and constipation. Rational structure-based design of biased agonists remains highly challenging, however, because the ligand-mediated interactions that are key to activation of each signaling pathway remain unclear. We identify several compounds for which the R- and S-enantiomers have distinct bias profiles at the μOR. These compounds serve as excellent comparative tools to study bias because the identical physicochemical properties of enantiomer pairs ensure that differences in bias profiles are due to differences in interactions with the μOR binding pocket. Atomic-level simulations of compounds at μOR indicate that R- and S-enantiomers adopt different poses that form distinct interactions with the binding pocket. A handful of specific interactions with highly conserved binding pocket residues appear to be responsible for substantial differences in arrestin recruitment between enantiomers. Our results offer guidance for rational design of biased agonists at μOR and possibly at related GPCRs.

Determination of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level in serum or plasma is defined as a sensitive method for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism and also in many diseases thought to be related to TSH levels. In this study, a novel simple impedimetric immunosensor based on polyamidoamine dendrimer was developed. Anti TSH antibody was immobilized on the gold electrode by using cysteamine self-assembled monolayer strategy. In constructing the immunosensor, a polyamidoamine dendrimer was used to increase the surface area in which Antı-TSH was immobilized and glutaraldehyde was used as a cross-linker. After each immobilization step, the electrode surface was monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques and optimization studies were performed. The reproducibility, repeatability, linearity and sensitivity of the immunosensor were examined. Also, the interference experiments for glucose, salts and proteins in serum were performed. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values of the proposed immunosensor were 0.026 mIUL

A pi(π)-shifted grating has been used as a passive strain sensor to achieve a resolution of 50 nanostrain (nε). The Pound-Drever-Hall frequency locking technique was used to obtain a stable signal at a distance of 50 km, paving the way for remote detection of sound, temperature and pressure at a long distance from sources of electricity.

We find probability error bounds for approximations of functions f in a separable reproducing kernel Hilbert space H with reproducing kernel K on a base space X , firstly in terms of finite linear combinations of functions of type K x i and then in terms of the projection π x n on span K x i i = 1 n , for random sequences of points x = x i i in X . Given a probability measure P , letting P K be the measure defined by d P K x = K x , x d P x , x ∈ X , our approach is based on the nonexpansive operator L 2 X ; P K ∋ λ ↦ L P , K λ ≔ ∫ X λ x K x d P x ∈ H , where the integral exists in the Bochner sense. Using this operator, we then define a new reproducing kernel Hilbert space, denoted by H P , that is the operator range of L P , K . Our main result establishes bounds, in terms of the operator L P , K , on the probability that the Hilbert space distance between an arbitrary function f in H and linear combinations of functions of type K x i , for x i i sampled independently from P , falls below a given threshold. For sequences of points x i i = 1 ∞ constituting a so-called uniqueness set, the orthogonal projections π x n to span K x i i = 1 n converge in the strong operator topology to the identity operator. We prove that, under the assumption that H P is dense in H , any sequence of points sampled independently from P yields a uniqueness set with probability 1. This result improves on previous error bounds in weaker norms, such as uniform or L p norms, which yield only convergence in probability and not almost certain convergence. Two examples that show the applicability of this result to a uniform distribution on a compact interval and to the Hardy space H 2 D are presented as well.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic inlet and outlet fluoroscopy views are routinely used in operative treatment of posterior pelvic ring injuries. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the angles of pelvic inlet and outlet fluoroscopic view, their differences with hip flexion and the correlation of these differences with sacral slope changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sagittal reconstructions of 100 lumbopelvic CT were used to measure sacral slope, pelvic inlet and outlet view angles. The range of pelvic inlet–outlet view angles and their relation with age, sex and sacral slope were analyzed. In ten of these 100 patients, who were undergone a second CT imaging, hips were passively flexed to 60° to change pelvic tilt. The difference in sacral slope and pelvic inlet–outlet view angles in different positions were compared. RESULTS: Mean angles for inlet view, outlet view and sacral slope were 28.9, 41.4 and 37.0, respectively. There was no difference between males and females (p > 0.05). Pelvic outlet angles had a negative correlation with age (p

Purpose The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of pathologic findings in asymptomatic knees of Kangoo Jumpers by using a 3T MRI and to compare them with age and sex-matched controls who do not regularly participate in any impact sports. Methods Both knees of 18 Kangoo Jumpers were examined by 3T MRIs in a total of 36 MRI scans. The control group was comprised of 20 volunteers from the same age group and with similar weights who did not participate in any competitive sports, in a total of 40 MRI scans. Two orthopedists and one radiologist independently assessed all images for the presence or absence of any abnormalities. Results In 32 (88.9%) of the 36 Kangoo Jumpers' knees, one or more abnormalities were observed. The most prevalent abnormality was bone marrow edema, which was detected in 32 knees (88.9%). The other significant findings were quadriceps tendinopathy (80.6%), patellar tendinopathy (63.9%), gastrocnemius tendinopathy (63.9%), infrapatellar fat pad edema (75%), suprapatellar fat pad edema (63.9%), meniscal signal change (72.2%) and cartilage damage in the patellofemoral joint (72.2%). There were no statistically significant differences in terms of joint effusion (8.3%), ganglion cysts (8.3%) or tibiofemoral joint cartilage injury (0%). Conclusion This study reveals many types of knee MRI findings of asymptomatic Kangoo Jumpers compared to the control group. These MRI findings may be associated with acute knee injuries or chronic joint problems such as osteoarthritis, which may develop in long-term follow-up studies.

In this paper, we report a pregnant woman with a missed capitellar fracture of the elbow, who was treated successfully with open reduction and internal fixation using two headless screws. A 29-year-old 6-month pregnant woman presented to the emergency department due to a history of falling on her outstretched hand. A long-arm splint was applied without radiological evaluation due to pregnancy. She came to the orthopaedics and traumatology outpatient clinic 6 weeks after trauma and her examination after splint removal revealed pain and restriction in the elbow joint movements. Radiography was taken by using a lead shield in order to protect the fetus. Radiographs showed a displaced osteochondral capitellar fracture. Using the posterolateral approach as described by Kocher, the fracture was fixed using headless canulated compression screws. The follow-up examination showed excellent functional and radiological results. Radiological evaluation should not be avoided in case of obvious fracture findings after trauma even in case of pregnancy. It is also highlighted that good results in terms of union and functional recovery can be achieved with open reduction and headless compression screw fixation followed by early rehabilitation even in delayed treatment of capitellum fractures.

Mechanized methods are being increasingly used in tunnel excavations to such an extent that to ensure safe construction and the economic viability of projects the need for design-stage geotechnical studies has considerably increased. However, unexpected problems, such as gas inflow, can be experienced during excavation when the geological conditions are insufficiently investigated. In fact, even if construction is taking place in a known oil–natural gas basin or coal-bearing strata, the possibility of methane flare/explosion events can be minimized if a suitable excavation method and equipment are used. However, little published literature is available on this topic, resulting in the potential problem of encounters with sources of methane during construction that have not been considered in the planning of the tunneling operations. We have studied a methane (natural gas) flare incident that occurred in 2015 during the excavation by full-face hard rock tunnel boring machine of the Silvan irrigation tunnel, south-eastern Turkey. During the planning and pre-construction stages no consideration was given to the fact that the tunnel passes through a natural gas basin and, consequently, the selection of excavation method and machine equipment was made without taking into account the high possibility of natural gas being present. During excavation a significant methane gas flare occurred, resulting in 13 workers being injured and abandonment of the project. Subsequent investigations revealed that the proposed route of the tunnel passed through a natural gas basin and that Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO) had carried out natural gas exploration in the area. Here we provide details on the geological background and the flare incident itself and come to the conclusion that the pre-construction ground investigations for this project were grossly inadequate. We also suggest that in order to facilitate economical and safe tunnel construction, consideration should always be given to the possible presence of methane and other gases at the ground investigation stages of tunneling projects and that all previous geological and technical studies related to the study area should be taken into consideration during the pre-construction stage.

The frequency of osteochondral fractures in the knee joint in the pediatric population is not clearly known. Although fragment fixation is generally considered to be the ideal treatment method in acute injuries, the data of the results of late fixation in neglected and/or late-diagnosed cases are very limited. In this paper, we report our findings regarding the fixation of a delayed large osteochondral fracture in lateral femoral condyle in a pediatric patient.

Live in situ visualization of numerical simulations – interactive visualization while the simulation is running – can enable new modes of interaction, including computational steering. Designing easy-to-use distributed in situ architectures, with viewing latency low enough, and frame rate high enough, for interactive use, is challenging. Here, we propose a fully asynchronous, hybrid CPU–GPU in situ architecture that emphasizes interactivity. We also present a transparent implementation of this architecture embedded into the OpenFPM simulation framework. The benchmarks show that our architecture minimizes visual latencies, and achieves frame rates between 6 and 60 frames/second – depending on simulation data size and degree of parallelism – by changing only a few lines of an existing simulation code.

As computer simulations progress to increasingly complex, non-linear, and three-dimensional systems and phenomena, intuitive and immediate visualization of their results is becoming crucial. While Virtual Reality (VR) and Natural User Interfaces (NUIs) have been shown to improve understanding of complex 3D data, their application to live in situ visualization and computational steering is hampered by performance requirements. Here, we present the design of a software framework for interactive VR in situ visualization of parallel numerical simulations, as well as a working prototype implementation. Our design is targeted towards meeting the performance requirements for VR, and our work is packaged in a framework that allows for easy instrumentation of simulations. Our preliminary results inform about the technical feasibility of the architecture, as well as the challenges that remain., 2 pages, 2 figures, accepted at IEEE Large Data Analysis and Visualization (LDAV) 2019

Knee arthroscopy may be called the most commonly and increasingly performed orthopaedic procedure. Posterior medial compartment visualization may be quite challenging. The aim of the present study is to detect objective measurement of medial joint space widening with percutaneous “pie crust” release of medial collateral ligament (MCL) during knee arthroscopy. We used this technique for all knees that require any intervention in the posteromedial compartment and for tight knees in which adequate visualization of the posteromedial compartment cannot be obtained. Eighteen patients (18 knees) were included in this study. Patients were evaluated clinically with the Lysholm and Tegner scores at the final office visit. Joint balance, valgus instability, pain or tenderness on MCL region, and numbness over the medial side of the joint were also noted. Measurements of medial joint space (mm) were obtained at three different times with perioperative C-arm images: normal, controlled valgus force, and after pie crusting. The median follow-up time was 9 (6–12) months. Final follow-up Lysholm (p < 0.05) and Tegner scores (p < 0.05) increased significantly compared with preoperative scores. At the final follow-up, there was no pain or tenderness over MCL and there were no signs of saphenous nerve or vein injury. Medial joint space values in after pie crusting increased significantly (p < 0.05) compared with neutral position measurements and controlled valgus force application (p

Oil pollution from ships is an important source of marine pollution and becomes an important problem all over the world. For this reason, every effort should be made to prevent oil spills and to remove them effectively as soon as pollution has emerged. In this respect, various computer simulations are used to get well informed about the fate of spilled oil on the seawater. In this study, the grounding accident of ship M/V Lady Tuna causing 75 tons of fuel spills into the sea on December 18, 2016, close to the coast of Çesme in Turkey, was investigated. The aim of the study is to investigate the oil spill accident and evaluate the response operation of M/V Lady Tuna. To achieve this aim, firstly the reports related to the accident were examined and the response operation was evaluated by modelling of the M/V Lady Tuna accident with PISCES II (Potential Incident Simulation, Control and Evaluation System) simulator. Within this scope, two scenarios were prepared by using PISCES II. The first scenario was created without any response resources to observe the movement direction of the oil slick after the accident. The second scenario was reconstructed with the possible response resources after the oil spill. Through simulation, it was possible to obtain the oil spill/pollution statistics; such as the recovered oil rate, the amount of stranded oil to the coast, the amount of floating oil rate, and other oil spill parameters. As a result, it was evaluated that the oil pollution in the M/V Lady Tuna accident could be responded more effectively and the pollution could be much less. It is assessed that the study will contribute to organizations involved in oil spill response operations.

The biosynthesis of coenzyme Q presents a paradigm for how cells surmount hydrophobic barriers in lipid biology. In eukaryotes, CoQ precursors—among nature’s most hydrophobic molecules—must somehow be presented to a series of enzymes peripherally associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane. Here, we reveal that this process relies on custom lipid-binding properties of COQ9. We show that COQ9 repurposes the bacterial TetR fold to bind aromatic isoprenes with high specificity, including CoQ intermediates that likely reside entirely within the bilayer. We reveal a process by which COQ9 associates with cardiolipin-rich membranes and warps the membrane surface to access this cargo. Finally, we identify a molecular interface between COQ9 and the hydroxylase COQ7, motivating a model whereby COQ9 presents intermediates directly to CoQ enzymes. Overall, our results provide a mechanism for how a lipid binding protein might access, select, and deliver specific cargo from a membrane to promote biosynthesis.

The appearance of displaced bone inferior (distal) to the medial malleolus, present on radiographs in an adolescent patient, can be confused with a fracture, when, in fact, it is the radiographic appearance of a secondary center of ossification. Foot and ankle surgeons should be aware of extra ossification centers and accessory bones, including one at the tip of the medial malleolus, to avoid misdiagnosis and overtreatment. In the present report, I describe the case of a 9-year-old male with bilateral extra ossification centers at the tip of each medial malleolus.

Retained foreign bodies inside the soft tissue following penetrating injuries are common. Late onset of symptoms and complications are possible in these cases. In the present report, we present a case of late flexor digitorum profundus irritation and pseudotumour formation caused by a retained glass piece 10 years after the injury. Pseudotumour is formed by reaction to the retained material as an enlarged portion of tissue that resembles a tumour. The complaints were completely improved soon after removal of the foreign material. Retained soft tissue foreign bodies should be suspected in differential diagnosis of soft tissue masses. History of a penetrating trauma should be questioned persistently. The authors recommend the removal of retained foreign bodies with sharp edges to avoid further injury to the surrounding anatomical structures.

Raylı Sistemler özellikle metro sistemleri, büyük kentlerde başta olmak üzere artan nüfus yoğunluğuna bağlı oluşan trafik ve ulaşım problemini en aza indirmenin yegane yoludur. Bu sistemler, ekonomik, konforlu ve hızlı taşımacılığın yanı sıra güvenli ve emniyetli bir ulaşım imkânı da sağlamaktadırlar. Metroyu diğer ulaşım yollarından ayıran en büyük fark cadde seviyesinin metrelerce altında hizmet vermesidir. Bu açıdan metro hatlarında güvenliğin sağlanması ve ortaya çıkabilecek acil durumlar karşısındaki uygulamaların yönetile bilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Temenni edilen acil durumun hiçbir zaman meydana gelmemesidir. Ancak bu da acil durumu ortaya çıkarabilecek sebeplerin tespiti ve bunların asgari düzeye indirgenmesi ve/veya ortadan kaldırılması ile mümkün olabilir. Esas olan gerekli önleyici tedbirleri almak sureti ile olay/kazaların hiç yaşanmamasını sağlamaktır. Acil bir olayda/kazada insan hayatına ve ekipmana gelebilecek zararın en aza indirilmesi önceden hazırlanmış olan acil durum planlarının uygulamaya konulmasıyla beraber personelin eğitimi ve acil durum simülasyonlarının gerçekleştirilmesi ile mümkündür. Örnek bir istasyon model alınarak bu istasyon ve istasyona bağlı tünellerde olabilecek yangın durumlarının ayrı ayrı senaryoları oluşturulmuş ve Hesaplamalı Akışkanlar Dinamiği (HAD) yazılımı olan ANSYS CFD programı yardımıyla çözümleme yapılmıştır. Simülasyon çalışmalarında yangın acil durum havalandırma sistemi kritiğe tabi tutulmuş, istasyon ve tünel geometrisinin yangına etkisi incelenmiştir. Zamana bağlı yapılan simülasyonlarda ise yangının zamanla gelişimi incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma ile yangın senaryolarında ekipman davranışları, acil durum planları ve ön tehlike analizi ile genel değerlendirme yapılmıştır.Anahtar Keliemeler: Ön Tehlike Analizi, Acil Durum Planları, YangınSenaryoları, Hesaplamalı Akışkanlar Dinamiği Railway systems, especially metro systems, are the most efficient way to minimize rising transportation problems owing to increasing number of residents especially in big cities. These systems provide economic, comfortable, fast and safe transit. The most defining feature that distinguishes metros from other systems is the fact that metro systems are operating under street-level. This property makes it even more important to ensure metro safety and to properly execute emergency sitation procedures.Obviously, we all hope that such situations never ensue. This can only be achieved by establishing possible causes of an emergency and reducing or removing those causes. What is essential is to take the necessary precautions to ensure an incident/accident never happen. Reducing or removing any possible damage to people or equipment during an emergency situation can be possible by the application of emergency action plans which are prepared beforehand, by training staff about above mentioned plans and by carrying out emergency situation simulations. A subway station is taken as an example model, different fire scenarios are created for this station and tunnels connected to this station and analyzed with assistance of ANSYS-CFD program which has Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. In simulation studies, fire emergency ventilation system is criticized, the effect of the geometry of a station and tunel effect on fire is studied. In time dependent simulations related to time, evolutions of fires with time are observed. The study aimed to make a general assessment using equipment behavior specifically during fire scenarios, emergency action plans and preliminary hazard analysis.Keywords: Preliminary Hazard Analysis, Emergency Action Plans, FireScenarios, Computational Fluid Dynamics 55