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Salt plays a vital role in many body functions. Humans must consume a well-balanced amount of salt to remain healthy as deficiency or excess of it causes many health problems. The major oxide element’s values are only evaluated while processing for production; however, the type and amount of the trace elements in the salt are also important as they may entail risks for human health. This study concerns the mineralogy and geochemistry of salt samples which are taken from several salt mines and localities in Turkey. In addition, these local samples are compared with well-known samples from Himalayas and Asal Lake (Djibouti Southeast Africa) salt mines. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (CRS) analysis reveal that the most of Turkish salts are mainly composed of halite with minor amounts of thenardite and gypsum as well as the low concentrations of some potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as As, Cd, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. The samples from Tuz Lake have significant contents of As, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, U and Zn. The mineralogy and geochemistry of the samples reveal a mixture of residual seawaters with the redissolving of the crystalized salt minerals in the region. Although the quality of the salts is mostly evaluated with the content of NaCl, the significant contents of the PTEs in the salt may be accumulated by time and danger human health.

Felsic intrusive rocks within the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex provide a window into the geodynamic processes in operation during the final closure of the Neotethys Ocean. Previous studies were largely restricted to the calc-alkaline granitoids, and the structural and petrogenetic relations of syenitoids are poorly studied. The Buzlukdağ Intrusive Complex is a silica-undersaturated alkaline syenite that is differentiated into three concentric subgroups according to texture and grain size. Mineral compositions do not vary between the subgroups but differentiation has resulted in different mineral proportions. Mafic microgranular enclaves are present throughout the suite, indicating mingling and mixing between the coeval felsic and mafic magmas. Major element concentrations are consistent with fractional crystallization of nepheline + K feldspar ± Na rich plagioclase + Na amphibole + pyroxene ± melanite ± cancrinite. Mineral chemistry reveals that the syenites are crystallized under a wide range of pressures (1.5-3.7 kbar), at varying temperatures (732-808 °C), and are likely emplaced at depths of 6-14 km. Large-ion lithophile element and light rare earth element enrichments with respect to high field-strength elements and heavy rare earth elements are consistent with their derivation from an incompatible element-enriched magma source. Incompatible trace element concentrations (e.g., Sr, Ba, Th, Ta, Pb, La, Ce, and Yb) revealed that the magma has a subduction fluid component, which can be distinguished from crustal assimilation. The Buzlukdağ alkaline intrusive rocks are likely to be derived from decompressional melting of the lithospheric mantle above asthenospheric upwelling as a result of crustal thinning of Central Anatolia during the Late Mesozoic-Early Cenozoic.

Neotetis'in kapanması İç Anadolu Kristalen Kompleksi'nde (İAKK) Geç Kretase–Erken Paleojen boyunca kalkalkalenden alkalene kadar değişen felsik ve mafik magmatizmanın oluşumuna neden olmuştur. Akçakent Magmatik Kompleksi'nde (AMK) ana magmatik fazlar (ofiyolitik kayalar, monzonit, foid gabro ve siyenit) ile foidli alkalen bazaltik dayklar bulunmaktadır. Tezin amacı AMK'daki alkalen bazaltik daykların kökeni, konumunu ve İAKK içerisindeki diğer magmatik kayalarla ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu kayaların kökenini ve yayılımını ortaya koymak amacıyla petrografik, jeokimyası, Sr–Nd–Pb–O izotop ve yaşlandırma çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, monzonit, foid gabro ve siyenit bileşimli kayaların yüksek 87Sr/86Sr (0.7083–0.7113), düşük 143Nd/144Nd (0.512236–0.512390), orta 208Pb/204Pb (38.87–39.16), 207Pb/204Pb (15.62–15.71) ve yüksek 206Pb/204Pb (18.76–18.81) içerikleri kıtasal bileşenleri içeren manto kaynağının göstergesi olarak yorumlanmıştır. Bu kayalardaki feldispat ve kuvarslara ait δ18O değerleri sırasıyla 5.1–11.4‰, 8.3–9.2‰ ve 7.7–14.1‰, 10.2–13.7‰ aralığındadır. Tüm izotop verileri bu intrüzif kayaların zenginleşmiş manto kaynağından kabuksal kirlenme ile fraksiyonel kristalleştiğini göstermektedir. Gabro, diyabaz ve bazalt bileşimindeki ofiyolitik kayalar MORB'a göre yüksek 87Sr/86Sr (0.7043–0.7064), 143Nd/144Nd (0.512059–0.512991), düşük δ18O değerleri (0.9–4.4‰), orta 208Pb/204Pb (38.83–38.97), 207Pb/204Pb (15.62–15.70) ve yüksek 206Pb/204Pb (18.37–18.72) içeriklerine sahiptir. MORB'a göre yüksek 87Sr/86Sr (0.7050–0.7062), 143Nd/144Nd (0.512843–0.512979), düşük δ18O değerleri (2.6–6.1‰), orta 208Pb/204Pb (38.51–38.91), 207Pb/204Pb (15.54–15.69) ve yüksek 206Pb/204Pb (18.39–18.73) oranları bazaltik dayklar için heterojen manto kaynağının göstergesidir. AMK'nın bazaltik kayaları Paleosen döneminde (63 My), çarpışma sonrası genişlemeli rejime bağlı kabuğun incelmesiyle peridotitik mantodaki filogopitçe zengin damarların kısmi ergimesinden oluşan ergiyiklerden türemiş olabilir. The closure of Neotethys induced from calcalkaline through alkaline felsic and mafic magmatism within the Central Anatolia Crystalline Complex (CACC) during the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene. Akçakent igneous complex (AIC) is composed of magmatic phases (ophiolitic rocks, monzonite, foid gabbro and syenite) and foid bearing alkaline basaltic dykes. Aim of the thesis reveal the spatial and temporal relations with the other igneous rocks within the CACC of alkaline basaltic dykes. To reveal the origin and spread of these rocks, detailed petrographic, geochemical, Sr–Nd–Pb–O isotopic and dating studies are carried out. Monzonite, foid gabbro and syenite have high 87Sr/86Sr (0.7083–0.7113), low 143Nd/144Nd (0.512236–0.512390), moderate 208Pb/204Pb (38.87–39.16) and 207Pb/204Pb (15.62–15.71) and high 206Pb/204Pb (18.76–18.81) contents which may indicate mantle sources with large crustal components. Feldspar and quartz oxygen isotope data from these rocks have a range of δ18O values 5.1–11.4‰, 8.3–9.2‰ and 7.7–14.1‰, 10.2–13.7‰, respectively. All isotopic data suggest that these intrusive rocks have experienced fractional crystallisation coupled with crustal assimilation with enriched mantle source. The ophiolitic rocks have high 87Sr/86Sr (0.7043–0.7064) and 143Nd/144Nd (0.512059–0.512991), low δ18O values (0.9–4.4‰), moderate 208Pb/204Pb (38.83–38.97) and 207Pb/204Pb (15.62–15.70) and high 206Pb/204Pb (18.37–18.72) related with MORB. In accordance with MORB, high 87Sr/86Sr (0.7050–0.7062) and 143Nd/144Nd (0.512843–0.512979), low δ18O values (2.6–6.1‰), moderate 208Pb/204Pb (38.51–38.91) and 207Pb/204Pb (15.54–15.69) and high 206Pb/204Pb (18.39–18.73) are indicative heterogeneous mantle source for basaltic dykes. Basaltic rocks of AIC generated from partial melting in the phlogopite rich veins within the peridotitic mantle related with crustal thinning after the extensional regime during Palaeocene (63 Ma). 294

Alkalen intrüzif kayaçlar Orta Anadolu Kristalen Karmaşığı'nın (OAKK) Geç Mesozoyik magmatizmasının ürünlerini temsil etmektedirler. Buzlukdağı alkalen intrüzif kütlesi OAKK'nın iç kısımlarında yüzlek vermekte ve Kırşehir İli'nin Alişar ve Tatarilyas köylerinin güneyindeki en büyük alkalen intrüzif kütlelerden birini temsil etmektedir. Kütle tipik olarak yuvarlak şekilde Buzluk Tepe'de gözlenmekte ve yaklaşık olarak 15,75 km2'lik bir alanı kaplamaktadır. Foid içeren siyenitoyid bileşiminde İç Anadolu'nun metamorfik temeline sokulmaktadırlar. Migmatit ve mermer kontakt metamorfizmanın ürünleri olarak dış zonlarda gözlenebilir. İntrüzif kütle dokusal özelliklerine ve tane boyutlarına gore üç alt guruba ayırılmıştır. Bunlar iri kristalen foid siyenit, orta kristalen foid siyenit ve ince kristalen foid siyenittir. Bunlar farklı renklerde ve farklı mineral oranlarında benzer mineral bileşimine sahiptir. İri kristalen, orta kristalen ve ince kristalen foid siyenitler sırasıyla pembemsi, pembemsi gri ve gri renktedir. Çoğunlukla nefelin, K-Feldispat, oligoklaz, piroksen, biyotit, amfibol ile az oranda granat, kankrinit, sfen ve opak minerallerden meydana gelmektedir. Felsik dayklar ve fluorit içeren hidrotermal damarlar neredeyse çalışma alanındaki tüm alt grupları kesmektedir. Tüm kaya jeokimyasal veriler Buzlukdağı intrüzif kayaçlarının tüm alt gruplarının silikaca doygun olmayan alkalen kökenli olduklarını göstermektedir. Çoğunlukla peralkalen kayaçlarla temsil edilmektedir. Tektonik sınıflama diyagramı levha içi granit kökenini göstermektedir. Spider diyagramlarındaki iz elementlerin ORG'a göre normalize edilmiş elementel modelleri LILE ve HFSE zenginleşmesiyle ilgili olarak alkalen kökeni işaret etmektedir. Jeoloji, petrografi ve jeokimyasal veriler Buzlukdağı alkalen intrüzif kayaçlarının silikaca doygun olmayan ürünler olduğunu ve Mesozoyiğin geç devirlerinde ve Erken Senozoyik boyunca İç Anadolu'daki kabuksal incelmeden türemiş olabileceğini gösterebilmektedir. Alkaline intrusive rocks represent one of the main intrusive bodies of Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC) as a products of Late Mesozoic magmatism. Buzlukdağı alkaline intrusive rock crop out at the inner part of CACC and is represented one of the largest alkaline intrusive body of Kırşehir City south of Alişar and Tatarilyas villages. The body is typically observed at Buzluk hill as circular in shape and covers an area of approximately 15,75 km2. They are intruded to the metamorphic basement of Central Anatolia in the composition of foid bearing syenitoid. Migmatite and marble may observe at the outer zone as a product of contact metamorphism. The intrusive body is differentiated to three subgroups according to their textural features and grain sizes. These are coarse crystalline foid syenite, medium crystalline foid syenite and fine crystalline foid syenite. They have similar mineral compositions with different mineral proportions and colors. Fine crystalline, medium crystalline and coarse crystalline foid syenites are pinkish, pinkish gray and gray in color respectively. They are mainly composed of nepheline, K-feldspar, oligoclase, pyroxene, biotite, amphibole with rare amount of garnet, cancrinite, sphene and opaque minerals. Felsic dikes and fluorite-bearing hydrothermal veins cut almost all the subunits of the inturusive rocks. Whole rock geochemical data reveal silica undersaturated alkaline nature of all the subunits of Buzlukdağı intrusive rocks. They are mostly dominated by peralkaline rocks. Tectonic variations diagram suggests Within Plate Granite nature. The ORG normalized elemental patterns of trace elements an alkaline nature and reveal enrichment in LILE with respect to HFSE. The geology, petrography and geochemical data suggest that the Buzlukdağ alkaline intrusive rocks are products of silica undersaturated and may derived from crustal thinning of Central Anatolia during the late period of Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic. 151

In this study, the effect of different calcium sources on calcium carbonate deposition by the ureolytic Paenibacillus favisporus U3 was investigated. Calcium lactate, calcium nitrate, and calcium chloride were used as organic and inorganic calcium sources. In addition, the activity of urease and carbonic anhydrase enzymes required for calcium carbonate mineralization by U3 was determined Results showed that the highest amount of CaCO3 was reached at 1000mM CaCl2 concentration. Enzyme activity studies proved that U3 contains urease and carbonic anhydrase enzymes. Also, calcite and vaterite fowls of calcium carbonate were produced by the U3 strain. The calcite and vaterite crystals of calcium carbonate were verified by XRD, XRF, CRS, EPMA, and FESEM-EDX, Lastly, P. favisporus U3 can precipitate large amounts of calcium carbonate by tolerating high CaCl2 concentration, demonstrating its potential for use in soils with high calcium chloride concentrations.