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This is an itinerary in the middle of the 20th century: being Brazilian in France after the coup d'etat against Joao Goulart, a "refugee" with no status other than that of a student, without money; a foreign student in France at a large university in the countryside before and during 1968. Be a South American discovering, in addition to France, this Old World of the Cold War, the two Europes, on both sides of the Wall, and the Middle East.

International audience

L’auteur etudie la nationalisation des chemins de fer mexicains par le general Cardenas. Il aboutit a deux conclusions : 1) Cette nationalisation revele un indiscutable renforcement de l’Etat. Mais cela veut dire que le cardenisme et l’apres-cardenisme ne sont pas des « permanences » de la revolution mexicaine. Cardenas met fin a la revolution mexicaine. 2) Si cette nationalisation et ses suites ont ete si peu etudiees c’est que le realisme qu’y a montre le president ne correspond guere au discours hagiographique populaire ni aux traits classiques du mythe cardeniste.

International audience; Osteoarticular iatrogenic infections may be serious and justify suitable and optimised preventive measures depending on each risk, as much in terms of mortality as of morbidity. Its appreciation has been the subject of more and more studies, which allow the importance of the problem to be better evaluated. The level of iatrogenic infections after arthroscopy is evaluated at 1 to 5‰ on a recent series of knee operations, but they may be much higher for the elbow [1] and [2]. In practice, this examination is no longer used for diagnosis as it was 10 years ago, the progress in imagery means this invasive act is no longer necessary...

Français et francophiles ont abondamment glosé depuis plus d'un siècle sur le caractère déterminant de l'influence française dans la naissance des nouveaux Etats du sous-continent latino-américain. Aujourd'hui cependant, une antienne revient souvent dans ce Nouveau Monde: des Révolutions d'Indépendance et de la naissance des Etats-nations américains à nos jours, l'Amérique latine aurait progressivement changé de sphère culturelle, largué les amarres de l'Europe vieillissante ancrée, en particulier la France, dans un passé fastueux. Ce phénomène supposé requiert l'analyse. The French and Francophiles have been glorified for more than a century now because of the decisiveness of the French influence in the birth of new states throughout the Latin American continent. Thus, today we can see a constant return to this New World: of the revolutions of independence and of the birth of nation-states of the Americas up to the present day. The history of Latin America would have progressively approximated the cultural sphere, shaking itself free of the European influence, in particular of France. In our opinion, this phenomenon requires an analysis, which we intend to accomplish here.

Contrary to the french case and to the mexican one for Latin America the separation of the Church and the State in Brazil promulgated by the burgeoning brazilian Republic (1889) on January 17th 1890 did not create a real conflict. Better, this separation seems to have put an end to a conflicting period between the two powers, State and Church. By aboliting definitively the patronage system which subjugated the brazilian episcopacy to civil power, the separation decree gives on the contrary to the brazilian Church autonomy and freedom which allow to begin a fundamental reform of national catholicism., Contrairement au cas français et au cas mexicain pour l’Amérique latine, la séparation de l’Église et de l’État au Brésil, promulguée par la République brésilienne naissante (1889) le 17 janvier 1890, n’a pas engendré de réel conflit. À l’inverse, cette séparation semble avoir mis un terme à une période conflictuelle entre les deux pouvoirs, État et Église. En abolissant définitivement le système du patronage, qui assujettissait l’épiscopat brésilien au pouvoir civil, le décret de séparation donne au contraire à l’Église brésilienne l’autonomie et la liberté qui lui permettent d’entreprendre une réforme de fond du catholicisme national., Ferreira Mariejo, Rolland Denis. Brésil : une séparatin « à l’amiable » entre l’Église et l’État. In: Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps, n°78, 2005. La laïcité, un enjeu sur la voie de l'émancipation humaine. pp. 36-40.

We present a novel method for recording the absorption spectra of cations of non-volatile molecules using resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation of trapped ions. Ions are produced through a 2-laser desorption/ionization process in an RF ion trap mass-spectrometer. A third tunable visible laser induces fragmentation of the trapped ions with a yield dependent on the absorption cross-sections of the ions. Using this method we have recorded the visible absorption spectrum of two PAH isomers, phenanthrene and anthracene.

Objective: To evaluate the safety profile of rofecoxib, a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor, in patients with osteoarthritis who are receiving care in non-hospital practice settings. Design: All patients participating in a large 24-week, open-label, non-pharmacological intervention trial were given rofecoxib for painful osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. They started at a dose of 12.5mg once daily for the first month, with the option of increasing to 25mg daily thereafter, if needed for efficacy. Adverse events were closely monitored. We considered all adverse events that occurred during treatment and within 14 days of discontinuation of rofecoxib. Patient Group Studied: 2896 patients (861 males and 2035 females) were involved in the safety analysis. Their mean (SD) age was 66.8 (9.9) years, and 631 patients (21.8%) were aged ≥75 years. There were 913 patients (31.5%) with hypertension and 151 (5.2%) with diabetes mellitus at the start of the study; 78 patients (2.7%) had a prior medical history of angina and/or myocardial infarction. The mean (SD) duration of rofecoxib treatment was 139 (62) days. Results: A total of 519 patients (17.9%) discontinued rofecoxib. The main reasons for discontinuation were dyspepsia (4.4%), nausea (2.4%) and dizziness (2.1%). The annualised incidence rates (95% CI) of complicated and uncomplicated upper gastrointestinal ulcers, myocardial infarction, and stroke were 1.36 (0.76–2.23), 0.09 (0–0.50) and 0.45 (0.16–1.05), respectively. Conclusion: This study conducted in conditions close to daily practice confirms that the use of rofecoxib is associated with a low rate of serious adverse events in patients with osteoarthritis.

Background. The management of common low back pain has two principal objectives; to relieve acute pain and to attempt prevention of transition to chronicity. Several studies have shown the ineffectiveness of prolonged periods of bed rest. Objective. To compare 4 days of bed rest with continued normal daily activity in acute low back pain, taking into account the type of work (physical or sedentary labor). Methods. This open, comparative multicenter study enrolled 2111 ambulatory patients, ages 18 to 65 years, with low back pain (onset < 72 hours). The subjects did not have pain radiating below the buttocks and did not have work-related injuries. They were randomized into two treatment groupie one instructed to continue normal activity (insofar as the pain allowed), end the other prescribed 4 days of bed rest. After inclusion, patients were seen at three visits: on day 6 or 7, after 1 month, and after 3 months. Results. On day 6 or 7, pain intensity was similar for both groups, as was the overall judgment of the treatment by patients and physicians At 1 and 3 months, the groups again had equivalent intensity of back pain, functional disability, and vertebrai stiffness. A higher proportion of patients in the bed rest group than in the normal activity group had an initial sick leave (86% vs 52%, P < 0.0001). This difference was greater for the patients whose work was sedentary. Conclusions. For patients with acute low back pain, normal activity is at least equivalent to bed test. The findings of this study indicate that prescriptions for bed rest, and thus for sick leaves, should be limited when the physical demands of the job are similar to those for daily life activities.

Rolland Denis. La « mémoire manipulée » et l'histoire institutionnelle : pour une histoire rénovée des Affaires étrangères. In: Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps, n°65-66, 2002. Hommage à René Girault : Pour une histoire des relations internationales, sous la direction de Robert Frank. pp. 28-35.