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Introduction. Recombinant adenoviruses are widely used in the development of vaccines for a variety of infectious diseases. Despite numerous clinical studies, only a few types of human (types 5 and 26) and simian (isolate Y25) adenoviruses are currently used to produce vaccine formulations. Different types of adenoviruses vary in their cellular tropism, which plays a key role in their ability to elicit an immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular tropism of the simian adenovirus type 25 in vitro and its biodistribution in vivo in comparison with human adenoviruses types 5 and 26. Materials and methods. The efficiency of in vitro transduction was evaluated on 15 different cell lines using recombinant adenovirus vectors expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene. In vivo biodistribution and bioluminescence imaging were evaluated in BALB/c mice after administration of recombinant adenoviral vectors encoding the luciferase reporter gene. The acute toxicity of a recombinant simian adenovirus type 25 vector was assessed in mice and rats following intramuscular or intravenous administration. Results. Recombinant simian adenovirus effectively transduces a wide range of cells. At the same time, a higher tropism to human glioblastoma cells (GL-6) was found compared to the other two studied adenoviruses. In vivo experiments have shown that recombinant adenoviruses are mainly localized at the injection site, and transgene expression persists for 21 days. Acute toxicity studies demonstrated that simian adenovirus type 25 vector was well-tolerated, with no animal deaths or detectable toxic effects. Conclusion. The new platform based on the recombinant simian adenovirus type 25 is not inferior to the existing and well-established delivery systems based on human adenovirus types 5 and 26. Due to its high level of gene transfer and favorable safety profile, the use of the simian adenovirus type 25 in medicine has the potential to offer many benefits for the development of vaccines against future infectious diseases.

This paper aims to examine Confucian thesis of moral politics. By comparing three types of administration, Confucius’ thoughts on the problematics of moral politics are analyzed in more detail, highlighting the inner tension between the moral and the political. The difficulty of the concept is shown by discussing its development so that the validity question can be brought to the fore. In order to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the moral politics, it is necessary to first address three distinct approaches to its development. We call the consanguinity-based system of administration of the Western Zhou feudal system Lĭ-Chìh (禮治). This implies using the rites (禮) as the primary means of state governance. Comparatively speaking, the morality-governed administrative method is known as Dé-Chìh (德治). The third, Fă-Chìh (法治), denotes that laws are the basis for state governance. The interdependence of rites, morals, and law makes it impossible to simply divide the three modes of administration. The theory of moral politics offers new avenues for development since China adopted the democratic system. A group of Chinese academics known as the New Confucians attempted to integrate this theory with the democratic system in the early 20th century in an attempt to find a fresh approach to the theory’s application issue. This theory still revolves around Dé-Chìh. Fă-Chìh’s authenticity is amply verified. The New Confucians regard the conflict between Dé-Chíh and Dé-Chìh as a dialectical evolution.

Background. The outcome of complex treatment of implant-associated infection (IAI) depends on various factors, but one of the most important is the etiology of the inflammatory process. Treatment of orthopedic infection caused by Gram-negative microorganisms in general and representatives of the family Enterobacteriaceae in particular causes many difficulties, one of which is the rapid growth of antibiotic resistance. Aim of the study — to evaluate the factors affecting the course and prognosis of implant-associated infection caused by Klebsiella spp. Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of case histories of 85 patients who underwent treatment of IAI caused by Klebsiella spp. in the clinical departments of the center from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2021. According to the results of the telephone survey, the patients were divided into 2 main groups depending on the outcome of the 2-year follow-up period determined in accordance with the Delphi criteria. Results. It was found that the prognosis was significantly worsened by the number of sanitizing surgical interventions in the anamnesis (p = 0.022), the need for sanitizing intervention in the early postoperative period (p0.001) and the presence of Klebsiella spp. growth in postoperative culture tests (p = 0.002), hypoalbuminemia on 7-14 days after the surgery (p = 0.008). The administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the outpatient treament stage significantly improved the outcome (p = 0.038), which is most likely due to a high proportion of polymicrobial associations — 69.5%. Conclusions. There is a statistically significant direct relationship between the probability of an unfavorable treatment outcome of patients with IAI caused by Klebsiella spp. and the number of sanitizing surgical interventions in the anamnesis, low serum albumin (g/l) on 7-14 days after the operation, revision intervention in the early postoperative period, positive growth of Klebsiella spp. in postoperative culture tests. The probability of a favorable outcome was increased by the prescription of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for oral administration at the outpatient stage.

Background. One of the little-studied but long-known problems is determining the optimal treatment regimen for patients with infectious arthritis of the hip joint. Existing studies offer various methods of conservative and surgical treatment, which, however, do not have a fundamental evidence base. The polyetiology and variability of the clinical manifestations of infectious arthritis of the hip joint and the severity of the consequences in case of incorrectly chosen tactics require a differentiated approach to treatment and development of certain diagnostic and treatment algorithms. The aim of the review – to identify pathogenesis factors that are significant for the choice of treatment tactics and to analyze modern methods of treating infectious arthritis of the hip joint based on the data from available medical literature. Methods. For analysis, we selected 90 foreign and domestic sources published between 1997 and 2023. Inclusion criteria were: clinical studies, analytical reviews and meta-analyses of the literature. The search was performed in eLIBRARY, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Results. The analysis showed that, despite the comparable effectiveness and advantages of individual treatment methods, their use is limited to certain indications, and the choice of the optimal one for a particular patient should take into account many etiopathogenetic factors, clinical, laboratory and instrumental data, the role of which is still insufficiently studied. Currently, throughout the world the “gold standard” for radical surgical treatment remains the technique of two-stage hip arthroplasty using an antibacterial spacer. However, encouraging results of alternative treatment methods require continued search for ways to optimize diagnostic and therapeutic tactics.

The ultra-high frequency (UHF) tag IC’s main part of the power management unit (PMU) design technique is presented. The technique is a step-by-step algorithm for designing a PMU and consists of five interrelated stages. At the first stage, the requirements for the parameters of the PMU (output voltage, output DC power, efficiency, output capacitor capacity) and the Q-factor of the tag analog front-end are determinates. At the second stage, the design of an electrical circuit of a voltage multiplier (VM) is carried out. VM is required to convert the voltage of the input radio frequency (RF) signal into an DC voltage. During the third stage, the design of the electrical circuit of the DC voltage limiter is carried out, which is necessary to reduce the output voltage of VM to a safe level. The result of stage 4 is an electrical circuit of surge protection designed to provide the required level of immunity of the tag IC to the effects of electrostatic discharge and a high-power RF signal. As part of the final stage, the evaluation and alignment with the required Q-factor value of the tag IC analog front-end is carried out. The proposed technique can be used for the development of domestic UHF tag ICs (ISO 18000-6C, GJB 7377.1, etc.) based on CMOS technological processes, including ICs designed for radio frequency identification of critical infrastructure objects. Using the presented technique, the design of a PMU with an estimated efficiency value of 70%, an estimated Q-factor of the analog front-end of less than 15 at an RF input signal power of -12.7 dBm was performed.

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need and expediency of supplementing the competence of international activities with the competence of public sports diplomacy of specialists in physical culture and sports for productive participation in the implementation of international sports cooperation programs. The article complements the political, humanitarian, cultural prerequisites for the implementation of public diplomacy in the field of physical culture at the level of mass and amateur sports, recorded in international and Russian documents. The goals of public diplomacy in the field of youth policy and student sports are clarified, aimed at creating a positive image, business reputation and a productive personal and corporate brand. Based on the concept of “sports well-being”, the structure of its components and their content, the content of the phenomenon “personal brand of a student-athlete” is substantiated. The structure of the components of the personal brand of a student-athlete as an actor of public diplomacy was modeled. Methodology for designing a personal brand of a student-athlete is presented. Recommendations have been formulated for designing the content of the educational program of additional education, the advanced training course “Strategies, tactics and techniques of public diplomacy in the field of physical culture and sports”, integrating knowledge in the field of foreign policy, world sports, sociology, social psychology, intercultural communication, public relations and journalism, collectively necessary and sufficient to assume the social role of “actor of public sports diplomacy”.

Aim – to conduct a comparative assessment of the accuracy of the developed method of preoperative planning for primary hip arthroplasty. Material and methods. The "Method of preoperative planning in hip arthroplasty" and special device were developed to improve the accuracy of preoperative planning and reduce the number of complications. A clinical study was conducted in the comparison groups. In the main group (50 patients), we used the proposed method in the pre-operative planning; in the control group the patients were prepared for the operation using a standard planning method. The accuracy of evaluation of implant sizes, limb length and offset were registered in the post-operative period. The preoperative planning data were compared with the results obtained. Results. The accuracy of offset estimation in the main group was higher than in the control group (T-criterion = -2.6; p = 0.01). The average difference between the estimated offset and the one obtained in the main group was 1.4±1.5 mm, in the control group it was 2.2±1.7 mm. The error in head size estimation in the main group was less than in the control group (odds ratio = 3.02). No significant differences were registered in determining the size of components of the endoprosthesis, and there were no differences in the leg length in the study groups. Conclusion. The developed method allows for improving the accuracy of preoperative planning in hip arthroplasty. The proposed device ensures the correct placement of patients when performing pelvic radiography, and also makes it easy to change it when performing this procedure.

The minimum refractive index of the aluminophosphosilicate (APS) core in optical fibers has been determined for a wide range of phosphorous and aluminum concentrations. It was found that the APS core refractive index became higher by ~0.0005–0.0012 as compared to that in optical fiber preform. The analysis of the measured data has shown that at least 0.2 mol.% of Al2O3 and P2O5 remain in their ordinary form near their equimolar concentrations and do not form an AlPO4 join (the effect observed for all concentrations of AlPO4 join from 5 to 25 mol.%).

Dihydroquercetin (DHQ) is a representative of flavonoids that is available on the market as a food supplement and registered as an active pharmaceutical ingredient. The structure of this compound is characterized by the presence of two chiral centers in positions 2 and 3 of the pyranone ring. Current regulatory documentation on DHQ lacks quantitative analysis of the stereoisomers of this flavanonol. This poses potential risks for consumers of DHQ-based dietary supplements and developers of new drugs. This review was conducted to systematize data on the pharmacology of DHQ stereoisomers and the possible methods of controlling them in promising chiral drugs. We found that relying on literature data of polarimetry for the identification of DHQ stereoisomers is currently impossible due to these heterogeneities. NMR spectroscopy allows to distinguishing between trans- and cis-DHQ using chemical shifts values. Only HPLC is currently characterized by sufficient enantioselectivity. Regarding pharmacology, the most active stereoisomer of DHQ should be identified, if the substituents in chiral centers both take part in binding with the biological target. The significant impact of stereochemical structure on the pharmacokinetics of DHQ isomers was reported. The question about these toxicity of these compounds remains open. The results of the conducted review of scientific literature indicate the necessity of revising the pharmacology of DHQ taking into account its stereoisomerism.

The article talks about digitalization, to which all spheres of human activity, including education, are subordinated nowadays, therefore it is advisable to produce specialists with competencies corresponding to modern realities. In this regard, the possibilities of digitalization of physical education are considered on the example of the Higher School of Physical Culture and Sports of the I. Kant BFU. Since the educational and educative potential of digital technologies has been proven by many researchers, our main task is to test educational technologies in the educational process of training specialists in the field of “Physical culture” and determine what conditions for their implementation should be created within a specific university. The object of the study is the educational process at the Higher School of physical culture and Sports, which trains specialists in the field of “Physical culture”, who will have to teach their students not only theoretical knowledge, but also motor actions. The analysis of the results of the readiness of graduate students showed that the systematic introduction of digital educational technologies into the teaching of disciplines under the training program of the direction “Physical culture” makes it possible to individualize the educational process, expand the forms and space of pedagogical innovations in the educational process and, accordingly, improve the quality of education.

Results of designing the low-noise amplifier, quadrature demodulator, and baseband amplifier with an integrated low-pass filter for the UHF radio frequency identification receiver are presented. IP-blocks are designed for implementation in the domestic CMOS 180 nm technology process. The low-noise amplifier is implemented with integrated single pole double throw switches based on the MOSFETs which are needed for bypass mode realization at the RF input. The benefits of this approach are increased input linearity of the receiver by no less than 30 dB with an increase of a noise figure. The quadrature demodulator is realized according to a typical design based on the passive MOSFET mixer core. The programmable-gain baseband amplifier is implemented with an integrated low-pass filter based on Tow-Thomas biquad architecture. IP-blocks designed for use in an RFID reader transceiver VLSI IC with sensitivity value no more than -75 dBm and input linearity value not less than 10 dBm in a «Talk» mode. The trustiness of the receiver is provided by the full-cycle design procedure and verification under experimental investigation. The electric parameters values of the proposed receiver correspond to foreign VLSIs implemented in a CMOS process with the same technology nodes. Thus, it is important to design the domestic ISO 18000-6C reader equipment intended for critical infrastructure.

The Fe–Ga alloy is a promising magnetostrictive material thanks to of the optimal combination of functional properties and relatively low price due to the absence of rare-earth elements in the composition. To obtain the maximum magnetostriction in Fe–Ga polycrystals, it is necessary to create a crystallographic texture with a predominance of the direction, since the tetragonal magnetostriction constant is the largest. Traditional methods of thermomechanical treatment do not lead to the formation of such a texture in a bcc alloy. In this paper, for the first time, the authors propose to use inclined rolling to increase the proportion of favorable texture components. Warm rolling with a deformation degree of 70 % was carried out at angles of 0, 30 and 90° to the direction of hot rolling. The deformation texture was examined using X-ray texture analysis and the texture and structure of the material after recrystallization was analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) on a scanning electron microscope. Quantitative texture analysis was carried out using the orientation distribution function (ODF) method using the ATEX software. The volume fraction of some texture components was calculated. The study shows that a significant change in the deformation textures and primary recrystallization occurs during rolling at an angle of 90°. The sample after such rolling contains the largest amount of the planar component {100}. The study identified a relationship between the texture of deformation and recrystallization in Fe–Ga: to increase the proportion of components with the crystallographic direction during recrystallization, the presence of planar components {111} in the deformation texture is necessary, which is associated with the predominant growth of favorable components in the deformation matrix with such a texture.

A meeting of Interdisciplinary Expert Panel with leading specialists in the field of orthopedics/traumatology, surgery, rheumatology, and neurology was held in Moscow on February 10, 2023. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the current status of local injection therapy (LIT) in Russia and the rationale behind the use of collagen-based products for various musculoskeletal disorders. The experts considered the following issues: (1) General contraindications to the use of medical products based on tropocollagen as well as an algorithm for actions in case of adverse events; (2) Guidelines regarding LIT in general and LIT using tropocollagen in particular, including in combination with other LIT products; (3) Particular indications and approaches to the treatment of patients with abnormal changes in appendicular joints and spine with damage to both intra-articular structures and periarticular soft tissue.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus continuously acquires mutations, leading to the emergence of new variants. Notably, the effectiveness of global vaccination efforts has significantly declined with the rise and spread of the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant. Methods: The study used virological, immunological and histological research methods, as well as methods of working with laboratory animals. In this study, we evaluated the Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V), an adenoviral vaccine developed by the N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, and conducted experiments on hemizygous K18-ACE2-transgenic F1 mice. The variants studied included B.1.1.1, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.1.28/P.1, B.1.617.2, and B.1.1.529 BA.5. Results: Our findings demonstrate that the Sputnik V vaccine elicits a robust humoral and cellular immune response, effectively protecting vaccinated animals from challenges posed by various SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, we observed a notable reduction in vaccine efficacy against the B.1.1.529 (Omicron BA.5) variant. Conclusions: Our results indicate that ongoing monitoring of emerging mutations is crucial to assess vaccine efficacy against new SARS-CoV-2 variants to identify those with pandemic potential. If protective efficacy declines, it will be imperative to develop new vaccines tailored to current variants of the virus.

We present a rare insight into the biodiversity of a remote, mountainous area of central Asia and outline challenges to conserve the critically endangered keystone argali (Ovis ammon ammon L.), the largest subspecies of mountain sheep. Existing conservation is set in the context of competition with livestock grazing and disturbance by local pastoralists. We suggest how this pressure would increase as pastures become degraded by a future more arid climate. Focusing on the transboundary population, migrating between the Russian and Mongolian Altai over the Sailugem Ridge, we track historical population numbers. Due to increased protection, the argali’s local population is currently growing. However, most argali populations live outside the protected areas where they are forced to compete for forage with livestock. Due to ever-increasing anthropogenic pressures, argali has almost reached the region’s environmental capacity, so the number of local populations is decreasing. Consequently, even the current situation requires more areas of protection, and climate change will accelerate pasture degradation, thereby further increasing competition with livestock. We present various ways to predict the impacts of changes in climate, e.g., the “7 M’s approach” and grazing pressure and then recommend additional conservation measures acceptable for the indigenous population of traditional pastoralists.

Results of designing the specialized RF elements library intended for use in the CMOS 180 nm process are presented. The RF library includes a set of RF MOSFETs for amplifiers and switches design, three types of varactors based on the MOS-structure, spiral inductors, MIM-capacitors and other elements. The RF library is intended for use in combination with CAD Cadence Virtuoso IC and is focused on designing a set of amplifiers, frequency oscillators and convertors, controlled attenuators and phase shifters microwave IP-blocks of the transceiver VLSI. A test chip is developed with using the presented RF library, focused on conducting research by probe methods and containing 13 types of basic elements and specialized structures for the RF characterization of the domestic CMOS 180 nm process.

The article presents a report on the First All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference “Student Sports: Innovations, Technologies and Digital Transformation” dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the Higher School of Physical Culture and Sports of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, which was held from March 29 to April 1, 2023 in Kaliningrad.

COVID-19 is an infectious disease that ranges from the common cold to severe interstitial pneumonia, respiratory failure and septic shock. Patients with severe COVID-19 are characterized by a dysfunctional immune response, whereby neutrophils may amplify pathological damage or control other cell subsets. Despite the rapid study of all parts of the immune system in COVID-19 patients, there remain many unknown critical features of neutrophils in the control of viral infections. This article reviews the role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 with emphasis on the release of neutrophil traps, neutrophil heterogeneity, and mechanisms involved in immunothrombosis. The knowledge summarized in this study should help integrate neutrophil biology to develop new and more effective COVID-19 therapies.

BackgroundDespite therapy advances, one of the leading causes of cancer deaths still remains lung cancer. To improve current treatments or prevent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the role of the nutrition in cancer onset and progression needs to be understood in more detail. While in colorectal cancer, the influence of local microbiota derived SCFAs have been well investigated, the influence of SCFA on lung cancer cells via peripheral blood immune system should be investigated more deeply. In this respect, nutrients absorbed via the gut might affect the tumor microenvironment (TME) and thus play an important role in tumor cell growth.ObjectiveThis study focuses on the impact of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) Sodium Butyrate (SB), on lung cancer cell survival. We previously described a pro-tumoral role of glucose on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. In this study, we wanted to know if SB would counteract the effect of glucose and thus cultured A549 and H520 in vitro with and without SB in the presence or absence of glucose and investigated how the treatment with SB affects the survival of lung cancer cells and its influence on immune cells fighting against lung cancer.MethodsIn this study, we performed cell culture experiments with A549, H520 and NSCLC-patient-derived epithelial cells under different SB levels. To investigate the influence on the immune system, we performed in vitro culture of peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC) from control, smoker and lung cancer patients with increasing SB concentrations.ResultsTo investigate the effect of SB on lung tumor cells, we first analyzed the effect of 6 different concentrations of SB on A549 cells at 48 and 72 hours cell culture. Here we found that, SB treatment reduced lung cancer cell survival in a concentration dependent manner. We next focused our deeper analysis on the two concentrations, which caused the maximal reduction in cell survival. Here, we observed that SB led to cell cycle arrest and induced early apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells. The expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and A549 lung cancer stem cell markers (CD90) was induced. Additionally, this study explored the role of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and its receptor (IFN-γ-R1) in combination with SB treatment, revealing that, although IFN-γ-R1 expression was increased, IFN-γ did not affect the efficacy of SB in reducing tumor cell viability. Furthermore, we examined the effects of SB on immune cells, specifically CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells from healthy individuals, smokers, and NSCLC patients. SB treatment resulted in a decreased production of IFN-γ and granzyme B in CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Moreover, SB induced IFN-γ-R1 in NK cells and CD4+ T cells in the absence of glucose both in PBMCs from controls and NSCLC subjects.ConclusionOverall, this study highlights the potential of SB in inhibiting lung cancer cell growth, triggering apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest, and modulating immune responses by activating peripheral blood CD4+ T cells while selectively inducing IFN-γ-R1 in NK cells in peripheral blood and inhibiting peripheral blood CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of action of SB in the TME and its influence on the immune system provide valuable insights of potentially considering SB as a candidate for adjunctive therapies in NSCLC.

BackgroundColorectal cancer is among the most common cancers in the world, and splenic flexure colon cancer accounts for about 2-5% of them. There is still no consensus on the surgical treatment of splenic flexure colon cancer (SFCC), and the extent of surgical resection and lymph node dissection for SFCC is still controversial.AimTo compare the postoperative and long-term oncologic outcomes of extended right colectomy (ERC), segmental colectomy (SC) and left colectomy (LC) for SFCC.MethodUp to March 2024, retrospective and prospective studies of ERC, SC, and LC for SFCC were searched through databases. Pooled weighted/standardized mean difference (WMD/SMD), odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a fixed effects model or random effects model, and meta-analysis was performed using Stata.ResultsThis meta-analysis includes 5,918 patients from 13 studies with more lymph node harvest (OR:6.29; 95%Cl: 3.66-8.91; Z=4.69, P=0), more operation time (WMD: 22.53; 95%Cl: 18.75-26.31; Z=11.68, P=0), more blood loss (WMD:58.44; 95%Cl: 20.20-96.68; Z=2.99, P=0.003), longer hospital stay (WMD:1.74; 95%Cl: 0.20-3.29; Z=2.21, P=0.03), longer time to return to regular diet (WMD:3.17; 95%Cl: 2.05-4.30; Z=5.53, P=0), longer first flatus time (WMD:1.66; 95%Cl: 0.96-2.37; Z=4.61, P=0) in ERC versus SC. More lymph node harvest (WMD: 3.52; 95% Cl: 1.59-5.44; Z=3.58, P=0) in ERC versus LC and LC versus SC (WMD: 1.97; 95% CI: 0.53-3.41; Z=2.68, P=0.007), respectively. There is no significant difference between anastomotic leakage, postoperative ileus, total postoperative complication, severe postoperative complication, wound infection, reoperations, R0 resection, postoperative mortality, 5-year overall survival (OS), 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) in three group of patients. In LC versus SC and ERC versus LC, there is no difference between operation time, blood loss, hospital stay, return to regular diet, and first flatus.ConclusionIn the included studies, SC and LC may be more advantageous, with fewer postoperative complications and faster recovery. ERC harvests more lymph nodes, but there is no significant difference in long-term OS and DFS between the three surgical approaches. Given that the included studies were retrospective, more randomized controlled trials are needed to validate this conclusion.

As a scientific method, comparative studies respond to the needs of society. However, the logic of globalisation has reduced the demand for comparative analysis in international and national (regional) studies. Nevertheless, old, settled coastal areas — which European urban science considers as evidence of the decisive effect of coastal position on spatial development and urbanisation — remain valid research objects. Achieving corresponding theoretical and practical goals requires qualitative and quantitative analysis of urbanisation in coastal areas. This article aims to determine whether the territorial support frameworks of settlement in the St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad regions meet the modern conditions of settlement system development. A cartographic modelling of the settlement structures of the two Russian regions was carried out using Golden Software Surfer 20. The models obtained were supplemented with isolines reflecting the fields of the spatial structure of urban settlement. The settlement systems were analysed from the standpoint of transport communications, using the Engel and Goltz coefficients. The coefficient values show that road transport is the most developed in the study regions, while river transport is the least developed. It is concluded that spatial development is leading to urbanisation and reinforcing the monocentric model of spatial structure. However, the economic effects of monocentricity are almost exhausted, and the limits of polarisation and effective growth attainable with the model are nearly reached. This calls for a transition to a polycentric urbanisation model through developing local centres and enhancing transport connectivity between them. It seems that, in the new economic and political conditions, Russia’s two coastal border regions will benefit the most from the linear-­nodal settlement. The study identified the local cores that can lay the foundation for the transition to the new settlement model.

Background. The glasnost policy pursued in the USSR in the second half of the 1980s made it possible to weaken censorship restrictions. At party conferences, in newspapers, television programs, previously forbidden topics began to be raised. One of them is the spread of bureaucracy in the organs of power in the Soviet Union. The fight against this phenomenon in the Soviet Union during the years of perestroika was practically not considered as a phenomenon in post-Soviet historiography within the Kirov region. The paper analyzes the articles of the newspaper “Kirovskaya Pravda”, condemning bureaucracy. The headings that highlighted the negative impact of red tape on society were studied. Purpose. Consider and analyze the articles of the newspaper “Kirovskaya Pravda” of the perestroika period, which denounce bureaucracy. Materials and methods. The basis for the study was the archival materials of the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region and the issue of the newspaper “Kirovskaya Pravda” – the organ of the Kirov Regional Committee of the CPSU and the Regional Council of People’s Deputies in the period under review. When analyzing sources, the method of content analysis was used. Results. The appearance in the newspaper “Kirovskaya Pravda” of columns devoted to exposing bureaucracy in the Kirov region was associated with the political trend set by M. S. Gorbachev in 1986. Most of the articles published in the periodical within the framework of sections “Bureaucratism - out of the way” and “Addresses of red tape”, were associated with complaints from tenants of apartment buildings about the work of housing and communal services enterprises. The reason for the irregular publication of articles was a change in the interest of the country’s leadership in this topic. The results of the content analysis allow us to conclude that both headings that denounced formalism contained similar stories of residents of the Kirov region who faced bureaucracy. The problems associated with the sphere of housing and communal services were the basis for articles related to red tape. Practical implications. The results of the study can be used to study the phenomenon of “bureaucracy” during the years of perestroika.

Physiological changes during pregnancy often disrupt women's sleep. If these changes are combined with other factors (obesity, iron or magnesium deficiency, anxiety, etc.), the pregnant woman may develop sleep disorders: obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, restless legs syndrome, leg cramps, and insomnia. These disorders increase the risk of pregnancy complications, reduce the quality of a woman's life, and form the basis for somatic and mental disorders in the postpartum period. Therefore, the obstetrician has to be familiar with the phenomenology, diagnosis, and treatment of sleep disorders in pregnant women to treat them promptly or to refer a woman to a neurologist or psychiatrist. This review briefly describes the common sleep disorders occurring in pregnant women, especially the various types of insomnia. The main groups of sedative agents are characterized, of which only doxylamine is acceptable for use in routine practice because of its proven efficacy and safety during pregnancy.

Introduction Osteotomy is an important part of orthopaedic interventions and can result in an injury to the periosteum reducing regenerative capabilities of the bone. Material and methods A device for processing the femur was developed to allow osteotomy be produced from the medullary canal. An experimental study was conducted on femoral models in two comparison groups (20 models in each). Osteotomy of the femoral shaft was performed at a distance of 15 cm from the apex of the greater trochanter. Duration of bone intersection and magnitude of partial and complete defects of the simulated periosteum were evaluated. Results The average duration of osteotomy was 482.8 ± 15.4 s in the main group and 181.3 ± 16.1 s in the control group. The average overall length of injury to the simulated periosteum to the entire depth was 1.4 ± 3.0 mm in the main group being significantly less in the control measuring 13.6 ± 3.8 mm (Mann-Whitney U-test = 7.0, p = 0.00). The average total length of partial injury to the periosteum (1.4±2.6 mm) was significantly less in the main group than in controls (21.8 ± 5.8 mm, Mann-Whitney U-test = 0.0, p = 0.00). Discussion The surgical device offered, as opposed to existing devices, allowed bone intersection to be performed with high accuracy. The presence of endoscopic control of the osteotomy depth ensured preservation of the periosteum. The device could be used for several bone cuts using a single surgical approach. Conclusion The use of the device slightly increased duration of the osteotomy and facilitated minimally invasive intervention retaining periosteum at the osteotomy site and provided better conditions for bone regeneration.

Traces the continuity of the ideas of Neoplatonism in Greek-Byzantine Patristics in the process of developing the orthodox doctrine of the Holy Trinity by the Church Fathers. The author emphasizes commonalities and distinctions in Neoplatonism and Christianity. Plotinus’ concept of the triad, the One - the Intellect - the Soul, is considered with a focus on the analysis of Plotinus’ ideas regarding the One as Deity and the Origin of the world. The process of emanation of the Neo-platonic trinity hypostasis and its connection through the World Soul with the material world is highlighted. The formation of the dogma of the Holy Trinity in classical Eastern (Greek-Byzantine) Patristics is presented in comparison with Neoplatonism. The ideas of Arius and Arianism, which also absorbed Neoplatonism, but created a theology of a different, unorthodox persuasion, are considered. The provisions of Athanasius of Alexandria, a representative of classical Patristics, on the Holy Trinity and Arius are compared. The creative perception of Plotinus’ conceptual positions in the works of St. Athanasius is presented and their difference is analyzed. In particular, the concepts of the One, the Intellect, and the Soul of Plotinus and St. Athanasius’ understanding of God the Father, the Son of God and the Holy Spirit are considered. The peculiarity of the emergence and existence of the hypostases in Plotinus’ triad in the dialectical process of successive emanation is highlighted. The existence of the hypostases in the triadic dogma of Christianity is shown as the same in being (homoousion) of the three Persons of the Trinity united by a single divine essence. The theological interpretation of the intra-divine life of the Trinity and its philosophical-religious expression in the categories “unborn” (Father), “begotten” (Son of God), “proceeding from the Father” (Holy Spirit) are revealed. The concepts of emanation (Neoplatonism) and proceeding (Patristics) are compared.

Deep neural networks are becoming an increasingly effective tool for solving a wide range of complex applied tasks, because they are able to establish patterns in unstructured data, such as images, video and audio information. Despite the fact that the probability of error of modern neural network models decreases, ML models remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks. In this regard, the issues of ensuring the security of machine learning models from adversarial attacks are among the most urgent. Within the framework of this work, a study was conducted on the effectiveness of the transfer learning technology to increase the stability of convolutional neural networks from adversarial attacks. The study was conducted on the example of the task of recognizing road signs in images, which is key in the field of automotive unmanned transport networks. During the experiment, a basic neural network model was built to solve the problem of classifying road signs and attacks based on PGD and FGSM algorithms were implemented, which reduced the classification accuracy by about 2.8 times. To protect against the considered white box attacks on the neural network, competitive training was conducted, which increased the accuracy of the model by 12.11%. In addition, the technology of transfer training was considered, which made it possible to achieve an increase in reliability after competitive training by 42.38% compared to the original data set. The obtained research results can be used in the development of a secure intelligent decision support system for detecting an area containing a road sign on a DVR frame and subsequent classification of the selected image segment.