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To address the challenges of fracture recognition in the CT scanning images of coal or rock, particularly the interference of gangue and the recognition of fractures at different scales, proposed and implemented a network model for coal-rock fracture extraction based on deep learning (MCSN). According to the U-Net architecture, the model utilized its encoder-decoder structure and skip connections to segment the fracture structure images from complex coal-rock body images. Firstly, the fracture structures in the CT scanning images were annotated manually using the internal scan images captured by a coal industrial CT scanning system. And the annotated original data was augmented to create a coal-rock CT fracture dataset. Subsequently, to make the extraction network of main features have a stronger extraction capability of fracture structure features, the weights of a pre-trained VGG16 model were transferred to the U-Net encoder through a transfer learning technique. Simultaneously, the decoder part of the U-Net model was improved using the deep separable dilated convolutional modules (DCAC) and residual modules to effectively boost the recognition capability of fracture structures in the CT images, demonstrating a superior segmentation accuracy and robustness. To validate the effectiveness of the coal-rock fracture extraction network model proposed, the results obtained by the MCSN were compared with those of classical convolutional neural networks and threshold segmentation methods. Experimental comparisons revealed a significant advantage of the model proposed in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The proposed model, employing a multi-scale fusion strategy, demonstrated the capability to effectively extract fractures in complex coal-rock images, thereby enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of fracture identification. The model was applied to the identification of fractures in roadway surrounding rock based on borehole imaging. Fracture extraction was performed through the analysis of borehole videos and planar unfolded images collected by a borehole imaging instrument. The results from both sources were cross-validated to obtain an accurate distribution of fractures in roadway surrounding rock. Furthermore, the model provides guidelines for the injection and sealing of boreholes, increasing volume fraction of coal seam gas extraction.

Using an impact damage-percolation experimental system for gas-bearing coal or rock, the authors carry out various gas-bearing coal impact experiments with in-situ seepage tests to reveal the law of dynamic mechanical characteristics, fracture expansion, and permeability changes of gas-bearing coal under different impact loads and gas pressures loading. Using an industrial CT scanning system, the authors conduct a 3D reconstruction of the fracture structure in order to analyze the internal fracture expansion characteristics of gas-bearing coal and the influence law on gas permeation patterns. The results show that both the impact load and gas pressure play an important role in the dynamic mechanical properties, deformation process, fracture expansion, and gas permeation patterns of gas-bearing coal: ① Under the coupling of impact load and gas pressure, the stress-strain curve of gas-bearing coal has an inconspicuous compaction stage due to the influence of confining pressure and axial pressure. The deformation process of gas-bearing coal includes elastic deformation stage, strain strengthening stage, and failure stage. ② The increase of impact load will increase the dynamic mechanical parameter value of gas-bearing coal, while the increase of gas pressure will reduce the value. The greater the impact load, the higher the gas pressure, and the more sufficient the fracture expansion of gas-bearing coal. At the same time, the fracture structure is more complex. ③ The seepage law of gas-bearing coal is controlled by fracture expansion. Under the coupling of impact load and gas pressure, three types of gas flow exist in gas-bearing coal: pore flow, coexistence of pore flow and fracture flow, and fracture flow. After the impact failure of gas-bearing coal, the gas flow pattern can transition from pore flow to coexistence of pore flow and fracture flow, and eventually to fracture flow, as the gas pressure increases and the influence of gas wedges intensifies. Fracture expansion and flow patterns jointly affect the seepage law of gas-bearing coal. The permeability of gas-bearing coal generally exhibits a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing with the increase of gas pressure.

Abstract This paper presents a kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) integrated with the improved whale optimization algorithm (IWOA) to address the power quality disturbance (PQD) issue in microgrids. First, an adaptive variational mode decomposition method is employed to extract PQD signals in microgrids. Then, the IWOA is utilized to optimize the penalty factor and kernel function parameters for the KELM classifier model, thereby enhancing the performance of the classifier. Furthermore, the test results indicate that the proposed IWOA–KELM achieves high classification accuracy and rapid convergence for complex PQD signals.

Abstract Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising optoelectronic materials for solution‐processed thin film optoelectronic devices. However, the large surface area with abundant surface defects of CQDs and trap‐assisted non‐radiative recombination losses at the interface between CQDs and charge‐transport layer limit their optoelectronic performance. To address this issue, an interface heterojunction strategy is proposed to protect the CQDs interface by incorporating a thin layer of polyethyleneimine (PEIE) to suppress trap‐assisted non‐radiative recombination losses. This thin layer not only acts as a protective barrier but also modulates carrier recombination and extraction dynamics by forming heterojunctions at the buried interface between CQDs and charge‐transport layer, thereby enhancing the interface charge extraction efficiency. This enhancement is demonstrated by the shortened lifetime of carrier extraction from 0.72 to 0.46 ps. As a result, the resultant PbS CQD solar cells achieve a power‐conversion‐efficiency (PCE) of 13.4% compared to 12.2% without the heterojunction.

With the development of coal seam fracturing technology, promote the gas extraction by liquid nitrogen cold soaking fracturing coal has attracted widespread attention. In order to study the effect of liquid nitrogen cold soaking on the microstructures of different coals (lean coal, fat coal and anthracite) before and after liquid nitrogen cold soaking, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), pore size distribution instrument and physical adsorption instrument were jointly characterized. The influence of liquid nitrogen cold soaking on the distribution of pore volume and specific surface area of different coal samples was comparatively analyzed. The results show that the thermal stress generated during the liquid nitrogen cold soaking destroys the microstructure of the coal or causes the initiation of micro-cracks, After liquid nitrogen cold soaking, the total pore volume and specific surface area of coal samples increase. The total pore volume growth rate of fat coal is the lowest, followed by anthracite, and the lean coal’s is the highest. The volume of micropores, micropores, meso-pores and macropores/fractures in the coal samples increase. cold leaching of liquid nitrogen causes macropores to pass through and form macropores/fissures in coal samples, resulting in the reduction of pore volume of macropores. After liquid nitrogen cold soaking, the pore specific surface area of each coal sample concentrate in the range of 10 − 100 nm, and has obvious peak characteristics. Liquid nitrogen cold soaking can increase the adsorption capacity of lean coal, fat coal and anthracite coal samples, and the adsorption capacity difference is the largest in the middle high pressure region (0.4 < p/p0 < 1.0). Liquid nitrogen cold soaking can effectively transform the internal microstructure of different coals. The research results are helpful to reveal the spatial expansion and connectivity of macroscopic and microscopic pore fractures in coal reservoirs during liquid nitrogen cracking.

Using an impact damage-percolation experimental system for gas bearing coal or rock and an industrial CT scanning system, the authors design and carry out a series of dynamic compression-seepage tests for loading at different impact velocities under triaxial prestressed states and reconstruct the three-dimensional crevices structure of the impact-damaged sandstone in order to reveal the law of damage features and permeability of the gas bearing sandstone under different impact loads. The experimental results of dynamic stress-strain curve characteristics, energy dissipation laws, damage and permeability evolution features under different impact velocities loading of fluid-solid coupling sandstone samples show that as the impact loading velocity increases, the strain rate of the gas bearing sandstone increases. The incident wave energy, reflection wave energy, transmission wave energy and absorption energy increase simultaneously as well. The peak stress and peak strain of gas bearing sandstone increase with the impact velocity as well, and the compaction stage in the dynamic stress-strain curve is constantly compressed until it disappears completely. The failure form of gas bearing sandstone is mainly shear failure under the condition of triaxial static and gas-solid coupling. With the increase of impact velocity, the number of tensile cracks under the combination of impact load and gas pressure increases continuously. Poisson's ratio effect and eccentric compression form two types of tensile cracks along the axial direction or perpendicular to the sample. The two types of tensile cracks are connected along the outer edge of the specimen, showing a grid shape. Nascent cracks are interconnected, which drives macroscopic through cracks formation. The absorption energy of gas bearing sandstone directly determines the degree of damage. The increasing absorption energy not only increases the damage degree of gas bearing sandstone after damage, but also greatly improves the permeability. The permeability of gas bearing sandstone after impact damage follows a linear positive correlation with its crack rate.

In order to solve the problem of stress concentration on the roof of the mining trench, reduce the risk of sudden collapse of the roof overburden and disturbance, improve the control effect of the surrounding rock of the roof cutting and retaining roadway, and reduce the construction cost of mining tunnels, a new type of pouch sealing technology has been developed. By using on-site testing methods, the optimal sealing material ratio was optimized, and the crack propagation law and roof cutting effect of the 11503 W working face in Zhaizhen Coal Mine, Shandong Province were studied under hole spacing of 0.7, 1.0, and 1.1 meters and different sealing methods. The results show that using 1.5 m single pouch sealing technology in the blasting test, when the water cement ratio of the sealing material is 1:1, the required sealing strength and sealing temperature can be achieved, and there will be no punching phenomenon. When the spacing between holes is 1 m, the blasting effect is optimal, with a single hole effectively reaching a cutting seam length of about 0.5 m. There are obvious through cracks in the cave, with a total length of about 7 meters. After using the new pouch sealing technology for blasting, the displacement and bottom drum volume on both sides of the tunnel are lower than those of the traditional yellow mud sealing method, and the bottom drum volume is reduced by 37% and 53%, respectively. Based on comprehensive theoretical analysis and on-site experiments, the optimal hole spacing is determined to be 1 m, and the pouch sealing effect is good.

The kidney plays a central role in maintaining the fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in the body. Bicarbonate transporters NBCn1, NBCn2, and AE2 are expressed at the basolateral membrane of the medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL). In a previous study, NBCn1, NBCn2, and AE2 are proposed to play as a regulatory pathway to decrease NaCl reabsorption in the mTAL under high salt condition. When heterologously expressed, the activity of these transporters could be stimulated by the InsP3R binding protein released with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IRBIT), L-IRBIT (collectively the IRBITs), or protein phosphatase PP1. In the present study, we characterized by immunofluorescence the expression and localization of the IRBITs, and PP1 in rat kidney. Our data showed that the IRBITs were predominantly expressed from the mTAL through the distal renal tubules. PP1 was predominantly expressed in the TAL, but is also present in high abundance from the distal convoluted tubule through the medullary collecting duct. Western blotting analyses showed that the abundances of NBCn1, NBCn2, and AE2 as well as the IRBITs and PP1 were greatly upregulated in rat kidney by dietary sodium. Co-immunoprecipitation study provided the evidence for protein interaction between NBCn1 and L-IRBIT in rat kidney. Taken together, our data suggest that the IRBITs and PP1 play an important role in sodium handling in the kidney. We propose that the IRBITs and PP1 stimulates NBCn1, NBCn2, and AE2 in the basolateral mTAL to inhibit sodium reabsorption under high sodium condition. Our study provides important insights into understanding the molecular mechanism for the regulation of sodium homeostasis in the body.

Stable performance is a key requirement for solar cell devices. Here, spectroscopy combined with depth profiling reveals I2 and PbI2 are distributed evenly in a perovskite solar cell under an electric field, while the electric field itself promotes chemical heterogeneity and device degradation.

This paper discusses research on the dynamic response characteristics of a heavy-haul railway tunnel and the surrounding soil under the conditions of substrate health and a base void. The detection results of the base condition of 20 double-track tunnels for a heavy-haul railway show the main distribution law of base voids. Based on this, a 1:20 scale test model of a heavy-haul railway tunnel is established. The vibration load of the train is established by a vibration exciter arranged at the tunnel invert. The dynamic response and attenuation law of a heavy-haul railway tunnel lining structure and the surrounding soil are tested using acceleration sensors, strain gauges, and soil pressure boxes. The research results show that most of the diseases are concentrated below the heavy-haul line. The base void causes the peak acceleration of the nearby tunnel invert to increase by 55.6%. Tunnel annular construction joints reduce the conductivity of the vibration waves in the axial direction of the tunnel. The acceleration attenuation rate of the soil above the tunnel invert is significantly less than that under the invert. The base void reduces the acceleration of the nearby soil layer by 19.4% and increases the stress on the surface of the nearby tunnel invert by 21.3%, and the stress change amplitude increases by 0.55%. The tunnel structure in the area of the base void experiences fatigue damage. The base void causes the compaction and bearing capacity of the nearby soil to decrease and the softening speed of the tunnel basement soil layer to increase. Therefore, for the basement damage to heavy-haul railway tunnels, “early detection, early treatment” should be performed.

Hydraulic fracturing in the immediate roof is a suitable method to increase the permeability of soft outburst coal seam. In this work, the propagation law of hydraulic fractures in laminated virgin sandstone and the change of microstructure after hydraulic fracturing were revealed. The results show that the hydraulic fracturing pressure of sandstone with different bedding angles is 15.69~22.17 MPa. In the experiments, the hydraulic fractures extend through the bedding planes when the bedding angle is 45°. When the bedding angle is 0°, 15°, 30°, or 60°, the hydraulic fracture is prone to extend along a bedding plane. The hydraulic fracture in sandstone is jointly determined by the internal fractures and the cementation strengths of the bedding planes. The internal fractures may not necessarily guide the extension of the hydraulic fractures. The hydraulic fracturing pressures of the samples affected by the bedding plane and internal fractures are significantly lower than that of samples with uniform strength. Besides, hydraulic fracturing cannot change the connectivity between pores. The hydraulic fractures are the main channel for gas migration. The results can provide some guidance for the design and application of hydraulic fracturing in the immediate roof of the soft outburst coal seam.

The combination of real-time computed tomography (CT) scanning test and loading test can visualize the evolution process of defects such as internal pores and fissures in the coal. The axial deformation of the loaded coal sample will change the layers of the same section in the real-time CT scanning test, which will affect the analysis of fracture progression. To address the concern, we presented a CT image similarity retrieval method. The dynamic development law of fracture networks under triaxial stress was investigated using image processing technologies. The results reveal that the CT images of the coal sample in the same section can be obtained using the proposed CT image similarity retrieval method, which can more accurately characterize the fracture distribution and dynamic evolution law. The coal sample under triaxial stress experienced three fracture evolution stages: the closure in the compaction and elastic stages, the initiation and development in the plastic yield stage, and the rapid expansion and penetration in the postpeak stage. The variation trend of two-dimensional fracture ratio and fracture volume was consistent. The analysis is conducive to clarifying the coal failure mechanism under triaxial stress.

According to the downhole temperature filed, the mechanical behavior of TWIP steel for expansion tube was studied in the temperature range from 25°C to 300°C. Meanwhile, the phase and microstructure changes before and after deformation were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicate that yield strength, tensile strength and elongation decrease with temperature increasing. The TWIP steel is single-phase of austenite before and after deformation. Analysis on the microstructure shows that the deformation twins gradually decrease with increasing temperature. The deformation process cannot benefit from the deformation twins, which is responsible for the decreased ductility. In addition, due to the increased temperature, the stacking fault energy becomes high enough to restrain twinning, thus dislocation glide becomes the main deformation mechanism.

Due to the long-term coupling effect of a train load and groundwater, the surrounding rock at the tunnel bottom will soften in a certain range and the mechanical parameters of the surrounding rock will decrease, causing the uneven distribution of the confining pressure at the tunnel bottom and affecting the base concrete structure service life. In this research, the method of combining field tests and numerical simulation is adopted, and the vertical displacement, vertical acceleration, and maximum and minimum principal stresses are used as evaluation indicators. The dynamic response law of the base structure with the softened surrounding rock of the heavy-duty train is analyzed, and the Miner linear cumulative damage theory is introduced to obtain the service life of the tunnel bottom structure under different softening conditions. The results show that with the decrease in the softening coefficient and the increase in the softening thickness of the bedrock, the displacement, acceleration, and principal stress response indexes of the structure increase by varying degrees, and the service life of the base structure decreases almost linearly. The maximum vertical displacement, acceleration, and tensile stress are located directly below the track, and the maximum compressive stress is located at the connection between the inverted arch and the side wall. According to the predicted value of the service life, the reliability of the base structure is divided into four levels: safety, warning, danger, and serious danger.

The accurate classification of power quality disturbance (PQD) signals is of great significance for the establishment of a real-time monitoring system of modern power grids, ensuring the safe and stable operation of the power system and ensuring the electricity safety of users. Traditional power quality disturbance signal classification methods are susceptible to noise interference, feature selection, etc. In order to further improve the accuracy of power quality disturbance signal classification methods, this paper proposes a power quality disturbance classification method based on S-transform and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Firstly, S-transform is used to extract disturbance signals to obtain the time-frequency matrix with characteristics of the disturbance signals. As an extension of wavelet transform and Fourier transform, S-transform can avoid the disadvantages of difficult window function selection and fixed window width. At the same time, the feature extracted by S-transform has better noise immunity. Secondly, CNN is used to perform secondary feature extraction on the obtained high-dimensional time-frequency modulus matrix to reduce data dimensions and obtain the main features of the disturbance signal, then the main features extracted are classified by using the SoftMax classifier. Finally, after a series of simulation experiments, the results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately classify single disturbance signals with different signal-to-noise ratios and composite disturbance signals composed of single disturbance signals, and it also has good noise immunity. Compared with other classification methods, the algorithm proposed in this paper has better timeliness and higher accuracy, and it is an efficient and feasible power quality disturbance signal classification method.

Abstract In order to supply benefits for safe production of coal underground and efficient exploitation of coalbed methane, a self‐developed gas seepage experimental device considering gas adsorption and desorption was proposed to study the seepage properties of gas‐saturated coal in this paper. A series of gas seepage experiments under different loading conditions were carried out to investigate the change rules of permeability of gas‐saturated coal. The experimental results covered the significant effects of confining pressure, gas pressure, temperature change, creep stress, and complete stress‐strain process on the seepage laws of gas‐saturated coal. The experimental results showed that the permeability of gas‐saturated coal is strongly sensitive to the effective stress and decreases with the increase of the effective stress. Under the fixed confining pressure, the permeability of gas‐saturated coal showed an obvious Klinkenberg effect, but the Klinkenberg effect would no longer be evident once the gas pressure was larger than 1.0 MPa. And the change law of permeability of gas‐saturated coal with temperature was mainly reflected in the comprehensive effect of thermal stress and effective stress on the control of pore deformation. Under the complete stress‐strain loading conditions, the change rules of permeability were mainly dependent on the failure mode of gas‐saturated coal. And the change rules of permeability, for the condition of triaxial creep stress, were relied on the stage of creep deformation. The deformation at decay creep stage was responsible for a steady permeability after the failure of gas‐saturated coal, while the deformation at nondecay creep stage was responsible for a rapid increase of permeability after the failure of gas‐saturated coal. The results in this work can offer some helpful suggestions for efficiently exploring coalbed methane in the future.

The characteristics of the aerodynamic effects of high-speed trains passing in a shield tunnel were studied using the three-dimensional, compressible, unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for the simulation analysis. Numerical calculations were compared with dynamic model tests to verify the reliability of the numerical simulations. The results showed that the compression wave characteristics of high-speed trains in shield tunnels were consistent with those in molded concrete tunnels. When high-speed trains met in the middle of the shield tunnel, the positive and negative peak attenuation rates of shield tunnels were higher than the positive and negative peak attenuation rates of molded lining tunnels, and the maximum pressure attenuation rate could reach 57.8%. At the same time, the micro-pressure wave of the former was reduced by 10.78%, compared with those of the latter. When meeting cars at different locations, the maximum pressure at the intersection in the center of the tunnel was significantly higher than those at other intersection points in the tunnel. Different intersection positions and different tunnel lining structures had relatively little influence on the aerodynamic drag and lateral force, while train speed had a significant influence.

Abstract Cuticular waxes play important eco‐physiological roles in protecting plants against abiotic and biotic stresses and show high sensitivity to environmental changes. In order to clarify the responses of cuticular waxes on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) leaves to different light wavelengths, the phenotypic plasticity of cuticular waxes was analyzed when plants were subjected to white, red, yellow, blue, and purple light. Leaf samples from yellow, purple, and white lights were further analyzed, and candidate genes of wax biosynthesis were selected by RNA‐seq technology and transcriptome processing. Yellow light increased the total wax coverage and changed the crystal structure compared with leaves under white light. Light wavelengths changed the relative abundance of dominant primary alcohol from C24 under white, yellow, and red lights to C26 under blue and purple lights. In total, 100,194 unigenes were obtained, and 10 genes were annotated in wax biosynthesis pathway, including VLCFAs elongation (KCS1, KCS4, LACS2 and LACS9), acyl reduction pathway (FAR3 and WSD1), and decarboxylation pathway (CER1, CER3 and MAH1). qRT‐PCR analysis revealed that yellow and purple lights significantly influenced the expression levels of these genes. Yellow light also increased the water loss rate and decreased the photosynthesis rate. Light at different wavelengths particularly yellow light induced the changes of phenotypic plasticity of cuticular waxes, which thus altered the leaf eco‐physiological functions. The expression levels of genes related to wax biosynthesis were also altered by different light wavelengths, suggesting that light at different wavelengths may also be applied in selecting candidate genes involved in wax biosynthesis in other crops.

To understand the effects of thermal shock on microcrack propagation and permeability in coal, thermal shock tests were conducted on coal specimens by using a constant temperature drying oven (105 °C) and a SLX program controlled cryogenic tank. The growth and propagation of microcracks were measured with computer tomography (CT) scanning and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests. Results showed that thermal shocks improved the permeability of coal significantly. Notably, the permeability of coal after thermal shocks increased from 211.31% to 368.99% and was positively correlated with temperature difference. CT scanning images revealed that thermal shocks increased the crack number, crack volume and crack width as well as smoothened and widened the gas flow paths, thereby enhancing coal permeability. Moreover, SEM images showed that heating-cooling shocks created more new microcracks, forming more complex crack propagation paths and better connectivity among microcracks in coal compared to cooling shocks. We proposed a crack propagation criterion for coal to explain the mechanism of crack failure and propagation during thermal shocks. Our experiment results and theoretical analysis indicate that the heating-cooling shock is more effective in damaging and breaking coal than the cooling shock. Thus, it can be used as an alternative approach to enhance coal permeability in the production of coalbed methane (CBM).

To address the problem of the collapse of the roof of the Bailuyuan tunnel during construction, the causes of collapse were analyzed, targeted treatment measures were proposed, and the effects of the treatment measures were evaluated through on-site monitoring and three-dimensional numerical simulations. The results showed that the particular characteristics of loess and the synergy of groundwater were the internal causes of the tunnel’s collapse as well as, to a certain extent, atmospheric precipitation. Therefore, the combination of multiple factors contributed to the tunnel’s collapse. Untimely monitoring and measurement, as well as the low initial support parameters, reflect a lack of human understanding of the collapse. Based on the analysis of the causes of the collapse, comprehensive treatment measures for inside and outside the tunnel are proposed, which are shown to be effective and to be capable of preventing the occurrence of further collapses. After the collapse treatment, the measured maximum settlement of the tunnel vault was 65.1 mm, the maximum horizontal convergence was 25 mm, the maximum surrounding rock pressure was 0.56 MPa, and the maximum stress on the steel arch frame was 54.34 MPa. Compared with the original design plan, the vertical stress, horizontal stress, and shear stress of the surrounding rock obtained from numerical simulation after the collapse treatment were greatly reduced, the reduction rate at the vault reached 50%, and the safety factors of the initial support positions after treatment met the specification requirements. The research results can provide engineering guidance for the design and construction of large-section tunnels crossing deep-loess strata, and they are of important engineering significance.

Six perennial herbs (Plantago asiatica, Polygonum viviparum, Anaphalis lactea, Kobresia humilis, Leontopodium nanum and Potentilla chinensis) widely distributed in alpine meadows were reciprocally transplanted at two sites in eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Hongyuan (3434 m, 2.97 °C, 911 mm) and Qilian (3701 m, 2.52 °C, 472 mm), aiming to evaluate the responses of alpine plants to changing environments. When plants were transplanted from Hongyuan to Qilian, most plant species showed a decrease of total wax coverage in first year and reverse trend was observed for some plant species in second year. However, when plants were transplanted from Qilian to Hongyuan, the response of total wax coverage differed greatly between plant species. When compared with those in first year, plasticity index of average chain length of alkane decreased whereas carbon preference index of alkane increased at both Hongyuan and Qilian in second year. The total wax coverage differed between local and transplanted plants, suggesting both environmental and genetic factors controlled the wax depositions. Structural equation modeling indicated that co-variations existed between leaf cuticular waxes and leaf functional traits. These results suggest that alpine herbs adjust both wax depositions and chain length distributions to adapt to changing environment, showing climate adaptations.

Introduction Rice bean (Phaseolus calcaltus), as an annual summer legume, is always subjected to acid soils in tropical to subtropical regions, limiting its growth and nodulation. However, little is known about its responses to lime and biochar addition, the two in improving soil fertility in acid soils. Materials and Methods In the current study, a pot experiment was conducted using rice bean on a sandy yellow soil (Orthic Acrisol) with a pH of 5.5. The experiment included three lime rates (0, 0.75 and 1.5 g kg−1) and three biochar rates (0, 5 and 10 g kg−1). The biochar was produced from aboveground parts of Solanum tuberosum using a home-made device with temperature of pyrolysis about 500 °C. Results and Discussion The results indicated that both lime and biochar could reduce soil exchange Al concentration, increase soil pH and the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen, and enhance urease and dehydrogenase activities, benefiting P. calcaltus growth and nodulation in acid soils. Lime application did decrease the concentrations of soil available phosphorus (AP) and alkali dispelled nitrogen (AN), whereas biochar application increased the concentrations of soil AP, AN and available potassium (AK). However, sole biochar application could not achieve as much yield increase as lime application did. High lime rate (1.5 g lime kg−1) incorporated with low biochar rate (5 g biochar kg−1) could obtain higher shoot biomass, nutrient uptake, and nodule number when compared with high lime rate and high biochar rate. Conclusion Lime incorporated with biochar application could achieve optimum improvement for P. calcaltus growing in acid soils when compared with sole lime or biochar addition.

Background Fertilization as one of the measures in restoring degraded soil qualities has been introduced on arid steppes in recent decades. However, the fertilization use efficiency on arid steppes varies greatly between steppe types and years, enhancing uncertainties and risks in introducing fertilizations on such natural system to restore degraded steppes. Methods The experiment was a completely randomized design with five fertilization treatments, 0 (Control), 60 kg P ha−1 (P), 100 kg N ha−1 (N), 100 kg N ha−1 plus 60 kg P ha−1 (NP), and 4,000 kg sheep manure ha−1 (M, equaling 16.4 kg P ha−1 and 81.2 kg N ha−1). Soils were sampled from a degraded arid steppe which was consecutively applied with organic and inorganic fertilizers for three years. We analyzed the diversity and abundance of soil bacteria and fungi using high-throughput sequencing technique, measured the aboveground biomass, the soil chemical properties (organic carbon, available and total phosphorus, available and total nitrogen, and pH), and the microbial biomass nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon. Results In total 3,927 OTU (operational taxonomic units) for bacteria and 453 OTU for fungi were identified from the tested soils. The Ace and Chao of bacteria were all larger than 2,400, which were almost 10 times of those of fungi. Fertilizations had no significant influence on the richness and diversity of the bacteria and fungi. However, the abundance of individual bacterial or fungi phylum or species was sensitive to fertilizations. Fertilization, particularly the phosphorus fertilizer, influenced more on the abundance of the AMF species and colonization. Among the soil properties, soil pH was one of the most important soil properties influencing the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi. Discussion Positive relationships between the abundance of bacteria and fungi and the soil chemical properties suggested that soil bacteria and fungi communities in degraded steppes could be altered by improving the soil chemical properties through fertilizations. However, it is still not clear whether the alteration of the soil microbe community is detrimental or beneficial to the degraded arid steppes.

The roadway surrounding rock is often subjected to severe damage under dynamic loading at greater mining depths. To study the dynamic response of prestressed anchors, the damage characteristics of anchor solids with different prestresses and number of impacts under dynamic and static loads were investigated by improving the Hopkinson bar equipment. The effect of prestress on stress wave transmission was obtained, and the laws and reasons for axial force loss under static and dynamic loads were analyzed. The damage characteristics of anchor solids were determined experimentally. The results show that with an increase in prestress from 15 to 30 MPa, the peak value of the stress wave gradually increases and the decay rate gradually decreases. Shear damage occurred at the impact end of the specimen, combined tension and shear damage occurred at the free end, and fracture occurred in the middle. With an increase in the number of impacts, the damage to the anchor solid specimens gradually increased, and the prestressing force gradually decreased. After impact, the axial force of the various prestressed anchor solid specimens gradually increased; however, the anchor bar with a 17 MPa prestressing force had the slowest rate of axial force loss during impact, withstanding a greater number of impacts. In on-site applications, after three explosions, the displacement on both sides of the tunnel supported by 17 MPa prestressed anchor rods could be controlled within 0.3 m, with an average displacement of 206, 240, and 283 mm, respectively, increasing by 16.5% and 17.9%. This study, based on theoretical analysis and laboratory research combined with field application provides guidance for the anchor support of a dynamic loading tunnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]