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Background: Accumulating evidence supports the involvement of adaptive immunity in the development of radiation‐induced brain injury (RIBI). Our previous work has emphasized the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells in RIBI. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence and potential roles of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTLs) in RIBI to gain a more comprehensive understanding of adaptive immunity in this context. Main Text: Utilizing single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq), we analyzed 3934 CD4+ T cells from the brain lesions of four RIBI patients and identified six subclusters within this population. A notable subset, the cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTLs), was marked with high expression of cytotoxicity‐related genes (NKG7, GZMH, GNLY, FGFBP2, and GZMB) and several chemokine and chemokine receptors (CCL5, CX3CR1, and CCL4L2). Through in‐depth pseudotime analysis, which simulates the development of CD4+ T cells, we observed that the CD4+ CTLs exhibited signatures of terminal differentiation. Their functions were enriched in protein serine/threonine kinase activity, GTPase regulator activity, phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, and cysteine‐type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway. Correspondingly, mice subjected to gamma knife irradiation on the brain showed a time‐dependent infiltration of CD4+ T cells, an increase of MHCII+ cells, and the existence of CD4+ CTLs in lesions, along with an elevation of apoptotic‐related proteins. Finally, and most crucially, single‐cell T‐cell receptor sequencing (scTCR‐seq) analysis at the patient level determined a large clonal expansion of CD4+ CTLs in lesion tissues of RIBI. Transcriptional factor‐encoding genes TBX21, RORB, and EOMES showed positive correlations with the cytotoxic functions of CD4+ T cells, suggesting their potential to distinguish RIBI‐related CD4+ CTLs from other subsets. Conclusion: The present study enriches the understanding of the transcriptional landscape of adaptive immune cells in RIBI patients. It provides the first description of a clonally expanded CD4+ CTL subset in RIBI lesions, which may illuminate new mechanisms in the development of RIBI and offer potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report a simple process involving catalytic adsorptive desulfurization (CADS) of model jet fuel under mild conditions with H2O2 using TiO2 loaded on MCM‐41, SBA‐15, or multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) prepared by ultrasonic assisted initial wetting impregnation. The removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) was investigated in terms of the oxygen/sulfur ratio, temperature, loading capacity, competitive components and adsorption kinetics. The adsorption capacity and adsorption strength of TiO2/MCM‐41 were higher than those of TiO2/SBA‐15, which are related to the higher SBET of MCM‐41, or the presence of numerous silanol groups. The TiO2/MWCNTs also showed excellent DBT adsorption capacities. TiO2/MCM‐41 exhibited better selectivity toward the oxidative‐adsorptive desulfurization of DBT owing to the weak influence of competitive adsorption of aromatics; this was explained by the lack of micropores in the one‐dimensional mesoporous structure. The sample with 1 % TiO2/MCM‐41 showed a high DBT adsorption capacity and rapid kinetics, and thus proved to be an inexpensive and effective desulfurization adsorbent for producing clean jet fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report a simple process involving catalytic adsorptive desulfurization (CADS) of model jet fuel under mild conditions with H2O2 using TiO2 loaded on MCM‐41, SBA‐15, or multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) prepared by ultrasonic assisted initial wetting impregnation. The removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) was investigated in terms of the oxygen/sulfur ratio, temperature, loading capacity, competitive components and adsorption kinetics. The adsorption capacity and adsorption strength of TiO2/MCM‐41 were higher than those of TiO2/SBA‐15, which are related to the higher SBET of MCM‐41, or the presence of numerous silanol groups. The TiO2/MWCNTs also showed excellent DBT adsorption capacities. TiO2/MCM‐41 exhibited better selectivity toward the oxidative‐adsorptive desulfurization of DBT owing to the weak influence of competitive adsorption of aromatics; this was explained by the lack of micropores in the one‐dimensional mesoporous structure. The sample with 1 % TiO2/MCM‐41 showed a high DBT adsorption capacity and rapid kinetics, and thus proved to be an inexpensive and effective desulfurization adsorbent for producing clean jet fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Accumulating evidence supports the involvement of adaptive immunity in the development of radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI). Our previous work has emphasized the cytotoxic function of CD8 + T cells in RIBI. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence and potential roles of cytotoxic CD4 + T cells (CD4 + CTLs) in RIBI to gain a more comprehensive understanding of adaptive immunity in this context., Main Text: Utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we analyzed 3934 CD4 + T cells from the brain lesions of four RIBI patients and identified six subclusters within this population. A notable subset, the cytotoxic CD4 + T cells (CD4 + CTLs), was marked with high expression of cytotoxicity-related genes (NKG7, GZMH, GNLY, FGFBP2, and GZMB) and several chemokine and chemokine receptors (CCL5, CX3CR1, and CCL4L2). Through in-depth pseudotime analysis, which simulates the development of CD4 + T cells, we observed that the CD4 + CTLs exhibited signatures of terminal differentiation. Their functions were enriched in protein serine/threonine kinase activity, GTPase regulator activity, phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, and cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway. Correspondingly, mice subjected to gamma knife irradiation on the brain showed a time-dependent infiltration of CD4 + T cells, an increase of MHCII + cells, and the existence of CD4 + CTLs in lesions, along with an elevation of apoptotic-related proteins. Finally, and most crucially, single-cell T-cell receptor sequencing (scTCR-seq) analysis at the patient level determined a large clonal expansion of CD4 + CTLs in lesion tissues of RIBI. Transcriptional factor-encoding genes TBX21, RORB, and EOMES showed positive correlations with the cytotoxic functions of CD4 + T cells, suggesting their potential to distinguish RIBI-related CD4 + CTLs from other subsets., Conclusion: The present study enriches the understanding of the transcriptional landscape of adaptive immune cells in RIBI patients. It provides the first description of a clonally expanded CD4 + CTL subset in RIBI lesions, which may illuminate new mechanisms in the development of RIBI and offer potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the disease., (© 2024 The Authors. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)