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In October 2023, a disease outbreak in pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) farms in Zhongshan City, Guangdong, China, caused high mortality. Diseased fish (mean length: 15 ± 1 cm) exhibited swimming disorders, fin rot, hemorrhage, and an enlarged spleen. Histopathological observations generally revealed inflammation, necrosis, and congestion in the spleen, kidneys, and brain tissues. The most severe pathological changes included interstitial edema and tubular atrophy in the kidneys, hemosiderin deposition in the spleen, massive red blood cell infiltration, and a decrease in lymphocytes. A single strain of bacteria (Tol-1) was isolated from the diseased pufferfish and identified as a Gram-positive streptococcus strain, exhibiting α-hemolysis on sheep blood agar plates. Through biochemical characterization, 16S rDNA sequencing, morphological analysis, and specific primer-based identification, the Tol-1 strain was identified as Lactococcus garvieae, serotype I. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that Tol-1 was sensitive to Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Cephalexin, and Doxycycline, but resistant to Kanamycin, Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin. In addition, 15 common virulence factors were detected in the Tol-1 strain, including adhPav, adhPsaA, adhC I–II, adh, and hly 1–3. Pufferfish (mean length: 17 ± 1 cm) subjected to artificial infection via intraperitoneal injection (IP) with the Tol-1 strain exhibited clinical symptoms and histopathological damage similar to those observed in naturally infected fish. An infection dose of 1 × 105 CFU/fish resulted in 80% mortality. The study fulfilled Koch's postulates, indicating that the disease outbreak in pufferfish was caused by L. garvieae, which exhibited a high mortality rate in pufferfish despite the subtle clinical symptoms. These results serve as a warning for pufferfish farming areas and provide a scientific basis for future prevention and control efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, under the guidance of the active view of criminal law, the risk of the continuous expansion of criminal law to punish micro-crimes has been further highlighted. This trend, while increasing the guarantee of legal interests, has also brought some negative effects. Among them, the most typical is the judicial application of drunk dangerous driving crime, which is mainly manifested as follows: the number of cases is huge, the judicial cost increases significantly; the discretion standard is not uniform, leading to judicial injustice; the scope of the crime is too wide, and the criminal consequences are too heavy. To this end, it is necessary to give full play to the initiative of the judicial organs, activate the application of the “proviso” clause and clarify the scope of non-prosecution, and realize the appropriate restriction of the judicial disposal; continuously optimize the dual punishment mechanism in China, explore the elimination mechanism of the criminal record of micro crimes and strengthen the legal publicity. The prosecution of micro crimes should be strictly controlled from the substantive and procedural aspects, the path of micro crimes should be improved, and the governance system of micro crimes should be constructed, so as to reflect the criminal policy of combining mercy with severity, and constantly improve the social governance effect of criminal justice.