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Previous studies show that some soil moisture products have a good agreement with in situ measurements on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, the soil moisture response to precipitation variability in different products is yet to be assessed. In this study, we focus on the soil moisture response to precipitation variability across weekly to decadal time scales in satellite observations and reanalyses. The response of soil moisture to precipitation variability differs between products, with large uncertainties observed for variations in weekly accumulated precipitation. Using June 2009 as an example, weekly mean anomalous soil moisture varies by up to 25%between products. Across decadal time scales, soil moisture trends vary spatially and across different products. In light of the soil moisture response to precipitation at different time scales, we conclude that remote sensing products developed as part of the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Water Cycle Multimission Observation Strategy and Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) projects are the most reliable, followed by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) dataset. Even products that strongly agree with in situ observations on daily time scales, such as the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS), show inconsistent soil moisture responses to decadal precipitation trends. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECWMF) reanalysis products have a relatively poor agreement with in situ observations compared to satellite observations and land-only reanalysis datasets. Unsurprisingly, products which show a consistent soil moisture response to precipitation variability are those mostly aligned to observations or describe the physical relationship between soil moisture and precipitation well. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We focus on soil moisture responses to precipitation across weekly to decadal time scales by using multiple satellite observations and reanalysis products. Several soil moisture products illustrate good consistency with in situ measurements in different biomes on the Tibetan Plateau, while the response to precipitation variability differs between products, with large uncertainties observed for variations in weekly accumulated precipitation. The response of soil moisture to decadal trends in boreal summer precipitation varies spatially and temporally across products. Based on the assessments of the soil moisture response to precipitation variability across different time scales, we conclude that remote sensing products developed as part of the European Space Agency’s Water Cycle Multimission Observation Strategy and Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) projects are the most reliable, followed by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) dataset. Reanalysis products from ECWMF show inconsistent soil moisture responses to precipitation. The results highlight the importance of using multiple soil moisture products to understand the surface response to precipitation variability and to inform developments in soil moisture modeling and satellite retrievals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aminzadeh and Deng, respectively provide Bayesian predictive models for Exponential-Pareto and Inverse Gamma-Pareto composite distributions which are one-parameter models. The purpose of this article is to develop an alternative Bayesian predictive model (two-parameter) which can be used to compute important risk measures that are not defined via the above predictive models. Bayesian predictive density for the Weibull-Pareto composite distribution is developed and is used to compute risk measures such as Value at Risk (VaR), Conditional Tail Expectation (CTE), Predictive Expectation (PE), Limited Predictive Expected value (LPE), Limited Predictive Variance (LPV), and Limited Predictive Tail-VaR (LPCTE). Accuracy of parameter estimates as well as the risk measures are assessed via simulation studies. It is shown that the informative Bayes estimates are consistently more accurate than ML and the non-informative Bayes estimates. Backtesting for the risk measures is performed and goodness-of-fit of Weibull-Pareto among other composite models to the Danish fire data is assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Meat‐quality traits play an essential role in meat poultry production. To determine the genetic mechanisms of meat quality in Pekin ducks, we performed a large‐scale GWAS to identify quantitative trait loci affecting meat quality in Pekin ducks. We measured 10 traits in 542 Pekin ducks and genotyped each duck using genotyping‐by‐sequencing. The genetic parameters (genomic heritability, genetic correlation) for 10 meat‐quality related traits were evaluated. Based on the large genotype–phenotype dataset, we performed GWASs for all of these traits. A total of 33 significant QTL (P < 3.03 × 10−5) across 13 chromosomes were identified by loci‐based analysis. Some newly identified candidate genes were discovered for fat‐deposition and meat‐quality traits, including PAG1 for body weight and eviscerated weight, INTU and NUP35 for abdominal fat weight and ratio, NUP3 and ARHGDIB for skin fat weight and ratio, GOLGA5 for breast muscle toughness and breast tenderness, and CTDSPL and PKP1 for breast muscle thickness. The current study is the first systematic report regarding duck meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: DNA methylation‐based central nervous system (CNS) tumour classification has identified numerous molecularly distinct tumour types, and clinically relevant subgroups among known CNS tumour entities that were previously thought to represent homogeneous diseases. Our study aimed at characterizing a novel, molecularly defined variant of glioneuronal CNS tumour. Patients and methods: DNA methylation profiling was performed using the Infinium MethylationEPIC or 450 k BeadChip arrays (Illumina) and analysed using the 'conumee' package in R computing environment. Additional gene panel sequencing was also performed. Tumour samples were collected at the German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) and provided by multinational collaborators. Histological sections were also collected and independently reviewed. Results: Genome‐wide DNA methylation data from >25 000 CNS tumours were screened for clusters separated from established DNA methylation classes, revealing a novel group comprising 31 tumours, mainly found in paediatric patients. This DNA methylation‐defined variant of low‐grade CNS tumours with glioneuronal differentiation displays recurrent monosomy 14, nuclear clusters within a morphology that is otherwise reminiscent of oligodendroglioma and other established entities with clear cell histology, and a lack of genetic alterations commonly observed in other (paediatric) glioneuronal entities. Conclusions: DNA methylation‐based tumour classification is an objective method of assessing tumour origins, which may aid in diagnosis, especially for atypical cases. With increasing sample size, methylation analysis allows for the identification of rare, putative new tumour entities, which are currently not recognized by the WHO classification. Our study revealed the existence of a DNA methylation‐defined class of low‐grade glioneuronal tumours with recurrent monosomy 14, oligodendroglioma‐like features and nuclear clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation induced toxicity (RIT) has long been a notorious limit of radiotherapy. RIT can only be circumvented by patient selection or dose de-escalation. No effective treatment of RIT is available. Endothelium injury (EnI) has been recognized as the key pathogenesis in radiotoxicity. EnI initiates the vicious cascade and propagates to various RIT. Defibrotide (DF), a mixture of oligonucleotides, is a potent endothelium protector and is the only medication approved for the treatment of post-HSCT severe hepatic sinusoid obstructive syndrome (SOS), with survival benefits and minimal toxicity. The protective effect of DF has been exhibited in chemo-toxicity, hypoxia, physical injury and infection, but not yet in radiation (RT). We hypothesize that DF alleviates RIT through a similar mechanism. Here, we present the first report and primitive results of an in vitro study of DF in RT setting. Primary human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HHSEC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured and RT for a single 4Gy or 8Gy with or without DF at the final concentration of 300ug/ml. Assays for cell viability, survival and proliferation were evaluated. Molecule expression pattern was analyzed by rt-PCR. All the assays were replicated 3 times. After RT, HHSECs became sparse and deformed under the microscope. In contrast, HHSECs cultured with DF before RT generally appeared normal. In accordance, a cell counting kit assay showed that viability of HHSECs was preserved after RT at the presence of DF, while it was dramatically reduced by RT alone (p<0.001). Flow cytometry analysis of programed cell death 48h post-RT confirmed that DF significantly reduced both early and late apoptosis (8.9% vs 14.6%, p<0.05). In the proliferation assay, RT alone almost quartered the number of HUVEC clones, while DF co-treatment partially prevented the extermination. DF alone had no deleterious effect compared with control groups, in concordance with published studies. RT-PCR revealed elevated expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant molecules. In detail, raised mRNA levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF), ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a and eNOS were detected after RT, which were down regulated by DF. DNA break assay by γ-H2AX formation was performed, which showed no drastic difference of γ-H2AX staining after RT with or without DF, implicating other mechanisms. Besides, DF prophylaxis before RT rather than salvage after RT revealed better endothelium protection. We then built a rat model of radiation induced endothelium injury (RIEI) by whole liver exposure. However, due to the COVID-19 outbreak and temporary un-availability of DF, further study is in waiting. Effective therapy of RIT is a huge unmet medical need. DF, an approved, well-tolerated orphan drug for post-HSCT SOS, exhibited definitive protective effect in RIEI as well. Further studies, not only pre-clinically but also in clinical scenarios are warranted and in eager expectation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverse Gamma-Pareto composite distribution is considered as a model for heavy tailed data. The maximum likelihood (ML), smoothed empirical percentile (SM), and Bayes estimators (informative and non-informative) for the parameter θ, which is the boundary point for the supports of the two distributions are derived. A Bayesian predictive density is derived via a gamma prior for θ and the density is used to estimate risk measures. Accuracy of estimators of θ and the risk measures are assessed via simulation studies. It is shown that the informative Bayes estimator is consistently more accurate than ML, Smoothed, and the non-informative Bayes estimators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high-density, high-rise cities such as Hong Kong, buildings account for nearly 90% of energy consumption and 61% of the carbon emissions. Therefore, it is important to study the design of buildings, especially high-rise buildings, so as to achieve lower carbon emissions. The carbon emissions of a building consist of embodied carbon from the production of construction materials and operational carbon from energy consumption during daily operation (e.g., air-conditioning and lighting). While most of the previous studies concentrated mainly on either embodied or operational carbon, an integrated analysis of both types of carbon emissions can improve the sustainable design of buildings. Therefore, this paper presents a holistic framework using building information modeling (BIM) technology in order to enhance the sustainable low carbon design of high-rise buildings. BIM provides detailed physical and functional characteristics of buildings that can be integrated with various environmental modeling approaches to achieve a holistic design and assessment of low carbon buildings. In a case study, the proposed framework is examined to evaluate the embodied and operational carbon in a high-rise residential building due to various envelope designs. The results demonstrate how the BIM framework provides a decision support basis for evaluating the key carbon emission sources throughout a building's life cycle and exploring more environmentally sustainable measures to improve the built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: A gluten‐free diet treats coeliac disease, but its efficacy depends on strict adherence. A variety of patient factors may influence adherence but have not been well described at a population level. Aim: To comprehensively assess the patient factors that influence gluten‐free diet adherence in patients with coeliac disease. Methods: Patients with coeliac disease completed an online survey comprising the validated Celiac Dietary Adherence Test in addition to data on demographics, details of diagnosis and management and assessment of diet knowledge, quality of life and psychological distress. Survey data were analysed for predictors of adherence and quality of life. Results: Of 7393 responses, 5310 completed the Celiac Dietary Adherence Test and 3230 (61%) were adherent to a gluten‐free diet. Multivariate regression showed older age, being male, symptoms after gluten ingestion, better food knowledge and lower risk of psychological distress were independent predictors of adherence (each P ≤ 0.008). Additionally, dietary adherence was associated with better quality of life (P < 0.001; multiple regression). Respondents who considered themselves to have poor food knowledge were more likely to incorrectly identify gluten‐free foods, but could still recognise gluten‐containing foods, suggesting that poor knowledge may lead to over‐restriction of diet. Conclusions: Poor knowledge of a gluten‐free diet and psychological wellbeing were independent modifiable risk factors for inadequate adherence to a gluten‐free diet in patients with coeliac disease. Involvement of both a dietitian and mental health care professional, in the presence of psychological distress, is likely to be necessary to improve adherence and health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: A nonlinear forced vibration control method for a flexible plate with piezoelectric actuators is proposed in this paper. A model of a flexible plate, taking into account the hysteresis of the piezoelectric actuator, is given. In addition, the design of nonlinear control system is given by using the operator theory. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear control system is confirmed by simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of general anxiety disorder (GAD) among postmenopausal women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and to identify its associated factors.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among postmenopausal women with symptomatic POP. Sociodemographic data and medical histories were obtained. Participants completed the POP Quantification (POP-Q), the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7 (PFIQ-7), and the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20) measures. Measures of GAD were obtained using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). The data were analyzed using independent sample t-tests, the Mann-Whitney U-test, χ2 tests, Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression.Results: Of the 177 participants interviewed, 19.2% had symptoms of GAD. There were no statistically significant differences in the sociodemographic characteristics or the POP-Q stage between women with and without GAD (p > 0.05). GAD was significantly associated with higher PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7 subscale scores (p < 0.05). After multiple logistic regression analyses, only the PFIQ-7 subscale UIQ-7 (odds ratio = 1.025, 95% confidence interval 1.007-1.043, p = 0.005) and the PFDI-20 subscale CRADI-8 (odds ratio = 1.025, 95% confidence interval 1.004-1.047, p = 0.021), which represented the impact on quality of life from lower urinary tract symptoms and the distress caused by bowel dysfunction, were risk factors that were independently associated with GAD.Conclusions: GAD is prevalent in almost one-fifth of postmenopausal women with symptomatic POP. GAD is not associated with the severity of the POP-Q stage but is associated with higher scores for lower urinary tract and bowel dysfunction caused by POP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let $${(m^2 - n^2, 2mn, m^2 + n^2)}$$ be a primitive Pythagorean triple such that m, n are positive integers with $${ \gcd (m,n)=1}$$ , $${m > n}$$ , $${m\not\equiv n\pmod{2}}$$ . In 1956, Jeśmanowicz conjectured that the only positive integer solution to the exponential Diophantine equation $${(m^2-n^2)^x + (2mn)^y = (m^2+n^2)^z}$$ is x = y = z = 2. Let $${(m,n)\equiv(u,v)\pmod{d}}$$ denote $${m\equiv u\pmod{d}}$$ and $${n\equiv v\pmod{d}}$$ . Using the theory of quartic residue character and elementary method, we first prove Jeśmanowicz' conjecture in the following cases. (i) $${(m,n)\equiv(1,2)\pmod{4}}$$ . (ii) $${(m,n)\equiv(3,2)}$$ , $${(7,6)\pmod{8}}$$ or $${(m,n)\equiv(3,6)}$$ , (7,2), (11,14), (15,10) $${(\mod{16})}$$ . (iii) $${(m,n)\equiv(3,14)}$$ , (7,10), (11,6), $${(15,2)\pmod{16}}$$ and $${y > 1}$$ . Then, by using the above results, two lemmas that based on Laurent's deep result and computer assistance, for $${n\equiv2\pmod{4}}$$ with $${n < 600}$$ , we prove the conjecture without any assumption on m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid nanowires combining semiconductor and superconductor materials appear well suited for the creation, detection, and control of Majorana bound states (MBSs). We demonstrate the emergence of MBSs from coalescing Andreev bound states (ABSs) in a hybrid InAs nanowire with epitaxial Al, using a quantum dot at the end of the nanowire as a spectrometer. Electrostatic gating tuned the nanowire density to a regime of one or a few ABSs. In an applied axial magnetic field, a topological phase emerges in which ABSs move to zero energy and remain there, forming MBSs. We observed hybridization of the MBS with the end-dot bound state, which is in agreement with a numerical model. The ABS/MBS spectra provide parameters that are useful for understanding topological superconductivity in this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim was to evaluate the incidence and type of defects that occurred with K3 rotary nickel-titanium instruments during routine clinical use. Methodology A total of 2397 K3 (G- PACKS, SybronEndo, West Collins, Orange, CA, USA) instruments were collected from a graduate endodontic clinic over 21 months. All the instruments were limited to a maximum use of 30 canal preparations. The collected instruments were measured by a digital caliper to determine whether any fractures had occurred and then were visually inspected for deformation and fracture under a stereomicroscope. The surfaces of fractured instruments were further evaluated under a scanning electron microscope. Data were analysed using chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results The incidence of instrument defect was 5.63%, consisting of 3.59% fractures and 2.05% deformations. The defect rates of 0.04 and 0.06 files were statistically higher than the other taper groups ( P < 0.003) except for 0.08 files ( P > 0.05). For the fractured instruments, 63.95% failed from flexural fatigue, whilst 36.05% failed from torsion. Conclusion Flexural fracture was the major mode of fracture for instruments with larger taper. A routine check for instrument integrity particularly for 0.04 and 0.06 files at high magnification is recommended after each clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose/objective(s): Delays during definitive radiation treatment are not uncommon, as highlighted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and are associated with worse survival. We aim to utilize the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to determine whether prolonged chemoradiation (CRT) treatment time in stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can be compensated for by an increase in total radiation dose.Materials/methods: We identified 26,101 patients who were treated curatively with CRT using standard doses (59.4-66.6 Gy) and fractionation for stage III NSCLC between 2004-2017. Treatments were classified as non-prolonged or prolonged. The total number of days allowed for non-prolonged treatment for each dose/fractionation was calculated by adding number of fractions, weekend days (to accommodate any weekday start), and 2 additional days. Any treatment exceeding this number of days was prolonged. Multivariable Cox proportional regression was used to assess the association between specific doses and treatment durations and OS while adjusting for age, gender, race, comorbidity score, insurance status, facility type, urban/rural location, education, clinical T and N category.Results: Of 26,101 patients, 57% were male and the median age was 67. The most common T and N stage were T2 (31%) and N2 (64%), respectively. The majority of patients (62%) did not have prolonged treatment. For those who had prolonged treatment, the median prolongation was 4 days and survival was worse (HR 1.256, P = < 0.0001). Comparison of non-prolonged and prolonged treatment was then limited to two dose levels: 60 Gy and 66 Gy, both delivered in 2 Gy fractions (13,189 patients). Both doses resulted in similar survival for non-prolonged treatment (HR for 60 Gy non-prolonged: reference; HR for 66 Gy non-prolonged: 1.01, P = 0.633) and worse survival if treatment was prolonged (HR for 60 Gy prolonged: 1.294, P = < 0.0001; HR for 66 Gy prolonged: 1.216, P = < 0.0001). Direct comparison of the prolonged groups for 60 Gy and 66 Gy is tabulated below. For prolongation of 1-3 days, 66 Gy and 60 Gy were equivalent. If treatment was prolonged for 4 days or longer, survival was improved for higher total radiation dose.Conclusion: Prolonged CRT in stage III NSCLC is associated with worse survival. Alteration of total dose should be considered for prolonged treatment time, especially as the number of missed days increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To purify and characterize the biosurfactants produced by Achromobacter sp. HZ01. Methods and Results After fermentation, one biosurfactant was successfully purified from the fermentation broth of strain HZ01 by centrifugation, extraction using ethyl acetate, silica gel chromatography and reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography. The critical micelle concentration ( CMC) of the biosurfactant and the effects of temperatures, pH and salinities on its stability were determined. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, analysis of fatty acids and amino acids and mass spectrometry were used to characterize the biosurfactant. The maximum production yield of the crude biosurfactant reached to 6·84 g l−1 after incubation for 96 h. Except the favourable adaptability to a wide range of temperatures, pH and salinities, the biosurfactant with a CMC value of 48 mg l−1 could efficiently emulsify diverse hydrophobic compounds. The chemical formula of this biosurfactant was confirmed to be CH3-( CH2)17- CHO- CH2- CO-Gly-Gly-Leu-Met-Leu-Leu, in which the oxygen atom of group CHO linked to the last amino acid (Leu), a structure had never been reported before. Conclusions The purified biosurfactant is a novel cyclic lipopeptide. Significance and Impact of the Study One novel lipopeptide was purified and characterized. The novel biosurfactant exhibited good potential applications, such as bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transplant patients represent a cohort in which COVID-19 (C19) may stimulate an unpredictable clinical course. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of C19 infection on AlloMap gene expression profiling (AM) and AlloSure donor derived cell free DNA (AS) results in patients post heart transplant. The Surveillance Using HeartCare Outcomes Registry (SHORE) is a multicenter study for post heart transplant patients followed with AM/AS for 5 years. Patients enrolled were analyzed based on C19. AM/AS were evaluated before, at the time and following infection. Both individual trends and the differences between the median AS and AS levels were studied. Nonparametric tests were used to assess categorical and longitudinal variables. 21 patients developed C19 infection; 16 (76%) were males, median age 50 years. There was no significant difference in AM or AS in stable patients (no rejection, CAV, graft dysfunction, dnDSA) compared to the first AM/AS profile in the C19+ patients, Figure 1. Event rates in C19+ patients are described in Table 1. 12 C19+ patients had 28 biopsies, 2 of which were within 30 days of C19. 1 patient had ACR 2R and another AMR 1; all other biopsies were

We explore the signatures of Majorana fermions in a nanowire based topological superconductor-quantum dot-topological superconductor hybrid device by charge transport measurements. At zero magnetic field, well-defined Coulomb diamonds and the Kondo effect are observed. Under the application of a finite, sufficiently strong magnetic field, a zero-bias conductance peak structure is observed. It is found that the zero-bias conductance peak is present in many consecutive Coulomb diamonds, irrespective of the even-odd parity of the quasi-particle occupation number in the quantum dot. In addition, we find that the zero-bias conductance peak is in most cases accompanied by two differential conductance peaks, forming a triple-peak structure, and the separation between the two side peaks in bias voltage shows oscillations closely correlated to the background Coulomb conductance oscillations of the device. The observed zero-bias conductance peak and the associated triple-peak structure are in line with Majorana fermion physics in such a hybrid topological system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background General anaesthesia facilitates surgical operations and painful interventions in millions of patients every year. Recent observations of anaesthetic-induced neuronal cell death in newborn animals have raised substantial concerns for young children undergoing anaesthesia. However, it remains unclear why some brain regions are more affected than others, why certain neurones are eliminated while neighbouring cells are seemingly unaffected, and what renders the developing brain exquisitely vulnerable, while the adult brain apparently remains resistant to the phenomenon. Methods Neonatal (P7), juvenile (P21), and young adult mice (P49) were anaesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane. At the conclusion of anaesthesia, activated cleaved caspase 3 (AC3), a marker of apoptotic cell death, was quantified in the neocortex (RSA), caudoputamen (CPu), hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG), cerebellum (Cb), and olfactory bulb (GrO) and compared with that found in unanaesthetized littermates. Results After anaesthetic exposure, increased AC3 was detected in neonatal mice in RSA (11-fold, compared with controls), CPu (10-fold), CA1 (three-fold), Cb (four-fold), and GrO (four-fold). Surprisingly, AC3 continued to be elevated in the DG and GrO of juvenile (15- and 12-fold, respectively) and young adult mice (two- and four-fold, respectively). Conclusions The present study confirms the findings of previous studies showing peak vulnerability to anaesthesia-induced neuronal cell death in the newborn forebrain. It also shows sustained susceptibility into adulthood in areas of continued neurogenesis, substantially expanding the previously observed age of vulnerability. The differential windows of vulnerability among brain regions, which closely follow regional peaks in neurogenesis, may explain the heightened vulnerability of the developing brain because of its increased number of immature neurones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cr(chromium)/CrNx/CryCz/Cr-DLC (diamond-like carbon) film in a mid-frequency dual magnetron sputtering was explored for its application in geophysical prospecting. The influences of pulsed substrate bias voltage on the surface morphology, microstructure, hardness, adhesion and friction property of the film were investigated. The proposed film provides a coating solution for executive components of geophysical instruments. Cr-DLC film at −140 V exhibited good combined properties: high hardness up to 32·5 GPa; good adhesion [ Lc (critical loads) up to 63·7 N]; superior wear resistance and friction coefficient low to 0·126 at ambient atmosphere and 0·052 in a seawater environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LTF (lactotransferrin, also known as lactoferrin) is a key component of innate immune defense. It has recently been found to have anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activity in different cancers. We previously reported LTF to be the most significantly downregulated gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) specimens relative to normal nasopharyngeal epithelial tissues, and it was also negatively associated with the progression and metastasis of NPC. However, the mechanism underlying this remains unclear. In the current study, we revealed that LTF can suppress 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 expression via the mitogen-activated protein kinase/c-Jun pathway and thus repress AKT signaling. We also showed that LTF interacts with keratin 18 (K18) and so blocks the formation of the K18-14-3-3 complex, leading to downregulation of K18-mediated AKT activation. Thus, LTF suppresses AKT signaling by two separate mechanisms, leading to inhibition of NPC tumorigenesis. This is the first report on the tumor suppressive effects of LTF through repression of AKT signaling in NPC. It suggests that both LTF and AKT signaling merit further study in the field of NPC research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose/objective(s): Administration of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) after surgical resection of a tumor ≥4cm is standard of care based on studies demonstrating improved overall survival. No such standard exists for tumors ≥ 4cm treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), and thus, administration of ACT remains variable across institutions. Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), we aim to analyze overall survival (OS) in patients who undergo SBRT followed by ACT for localized non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Additionally, we seek to identify predictors for receipt of ACT.Materials/methods: Patients with node negative, non-metastatic NSCLC treated with definitive SBRT between 2004-2017 were identified from the NCDB. Patients were grouped into tumor size < 4cm or ≥4cm, and by use of ACT within 30 days of SBRT. Demographics were described by treatment. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between tumor size and treatment, adjusting for age, gender, race and comorbidities. Overall survival was calculated from date of end of radiation to date of death or last follow up. Multivariable Cox proportional regression was used to investigate the association between tumor size, treatment type, and OS, adjusting for the factors above.Results: Of the 17441 patients identified meeting the inclusion criteria, 195 received ACT after SBRT (1.1%). Forty-nine percent of these patients were male, and 91% were white. The median age of patients who received ACT was 69. Twenty-six percent of the patients who received ACT had tumors ≥ 4cm (n = 51). There was a significant difference in hazard of death; patients with tumors ≥ 4cm without ACT (n = 1310) had worse OS as compared to those with tumors < 4cm without ACT (n = 15936) (HR 1.45; 95% CI 1.34-1.56, P < 0.0001). This difference became non-significant when comparing ≥4cm with ACT versus < 4cm without ACT (HR 1.17; P = 0.40). On pairwise comparison, there was no difference in hazard of death when comparing tumors ≥ 4cm with ACT versus ≥4cm without ACT (HR 0.81; P = 0.26). On multivariate analysis, tumor size ≥ 4cm was a significant predictor for receipt of ACT (OR 5.08; 95% CI 3.64-7.07, P < 0.0001). Older patients (OR 0.93 per 10yr increase; 95% CI 0.92-0.95, P < 0.0001) and those with comorbidities (OR 0.73 any vs no comorbidities; 95% CI 0.54-0.97, P = 0.032) were less likely to receive ACT. Notably, there was no difference between sex and race, white versus non-white, in administration of ACT.Conclusion: Patients with tumors ≥4cm treated with SBRT without ACT have decreased OS as compared to those with tumors < 4cm who are similarly treated without ACT. This survival decrement disappears when comparing tumors ≥4cm with ACT to tumors < 4cm without ACT suggesting a benefit to ACT. While there was no difference in OS between patients with tumors ≥4cm with or without ACT, this could be due to the small number of patients with tumors ≥4cm who received ACT. These findings identify a need to further study the roll of systemic therapy after SBRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, robust non-linear control design to an ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) with hysteresis, uncertainties and input constraints is studied. The IPMC is a novel smart polymer material, and many potential applications for low mass high displacement actuators in biomedical and robotic systems have been shown. In general, the IPMC has highly non-linear property and hysteretic behaviour, and the control input is subject to some constraints to ensure safety and longer service life of IPMC. Moreover, there exist uncertainties caused by identifying some physical parameters and approximate calculation in dynamic model. As a result, considering measurement error of parameters and model error, a practical nonlinear model is obtained, and a non-linear robust control design with hysteresis, uncertainties and input constraints using operator-based robust right coprime factorisation is proposed for an IPMC setup, where, the Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model is used to describe the hysteresis, and which is identified using experimental data. The effectiveness of the proposed control method based on obtained non-linear model is confirmed by simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the technical feasibility of T1ρ MRI for the liver, and to determine the normal range of liver T1ρ in healthy subjects at clinical 3 T. Methods: There were 15 healthy volunteers. Three representative axial slices were selected to cut through the upper, middle and lower liver. A rotary echo spin-lock pulse was implemented in a two-dimensional fast-field echo sequence. Spin-lock frequency was 500 Hz, and the spin-lock times of 1, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ms were used for T1ρ mapping. The images were acquired slice by slice during breath-holding. Regions of interest (ROIs; n=5) were manually placed on each slice of the liver parenchyma region, excluding artefacts and vessels. The mean value of these ROIs (n=15) was regarded as the liver T1ρ value for the subject. Six subjects were scanned once at fasting status; six subjects were scanned once 2 h post meal; three subjects were scanned twice at fasting status; and seven subjects were scanned twice 2 h post meal. Results: When two readers measured the same 10 data sets, the interreader reproducibility (ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient) was 0.955. With the 10 subjects scanned twice, the ICC for scan–rescan reproducibility was 0.764. There was no significant difference for the liver T1ρ value at the fasting status (43.08±1.41 ms) and post-meal status (42.97±2.38 ms, p=0.867). Pooling together all the 32 scans in this study, the normal liver T1ρ value ranged from 38.6 to 48.3 ms (mean 43.0 ms, median 42.6 ms). Conclusion: It is feasible to obtain consistent liver T1ρ measurement for human subjects at 3 T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Expansive additives are widely used to compensate the drying shrinkage of cement-based materials to avoid cracking. However, the expansion of conventional ettringite-bearing expansive additive depends strongly on wet curing and is mainly generated at early age, and hence it may not work well in concretes without sufficient water supply or exhibit long-term shrinkage. MgO-based expansive additive, for which less water is needed for the formation of Mg(OH)2 in comparison to ettringite, was prepared and its compensating effect on the autogenous shrinkage and late age thermal shrinkage of Portland and fly ash cement pastes at low water-to-cement ratio was investigated. The tests were conducted under sealed condition, so that the moisture exchange with the environment was prevented. Results show that, even under the non-wet curing condition, the shrinkages of cement pastes can be compensated effectively. Microstructure analysis by scanning electron microscope indicates that the macro-expansion of cement pastes is probably caused by the locally restrained expansion of MEA due to the hydration of MgO. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper proposes an integrated procedure to study on real-time estimation of time-varying multi-joint human arm viscoelasticity. Estimating viscoelasticity of time-varying human multi-joint arms has been a challenging issue, particularly the uncertainty factor consisting of time-varying motor command from the central nervous system, measurement noises and modelling error of the rigid body dynamics. In general, the uncertainty factor is subject to non-Gaussian noise. In this paper, with a score function technique, a practical filter algorithm for estimating the multi-joint human arm viscoelasticity is proposed. The filter guarantees that all of the estimated elements of viscoelasticity are bounded. A lab-based experimental rig is set up to provide a real bench test to the theoretical development. It has been observed that the theoretical prediction is consistent with simulating real demos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents some joint source and relay power allocation algorithms in the amplify-and-forward (AF) relay networks using the efficacious geometric programming (GP). According to the constraints, approximate expressions of the received signal-to-noise ratio are first obtained. Thereafter, the problems are cast into appropriate GP forms according to the constraints. The power allocated to the source(s) and to the relays is then determined iteratively via the single condensation method. The new GP approach is shown to be applicable to a variety of constraints by using all of the relays for assistance and is amenable to asymmetric channels in both the single-user and multi-user AF relay networks. Conducted simulations show that the proposed power allocation schemes can attain superior performance compared with the previous works under various constraints in miscellaneous scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: We present our modification of a sutured arterial anastomosis in orthotopic rat liver transplantation as well as a literature survey and analysis of the existing techniques of rearterialization with regard to technical difficulties and potential limitations. Methods: The donor common hepatic artery (CHA) was anastomosed to the enlarged lumen of the recipient proper hepatic artery (PHA), tailored to match the size of the donor CHA, with an end-to-side interrupted suture technique. Vascular patency of hepatic rearterialization was assessed both intraoperatively and at the time the liver grafts were harvested (postoperative days 2 and 28). The effect of arterialization on hepatic morphology was confirmed by histological examination and compared to nonarterialized rat orthotopic liver transplantation. Results: The CHAs had a significantly larger diameter (up to 3-fold) compared to the PHAs, which represents a considerable size mismatch. The anastomosis procedure including the size adaptation required 15-25 min. All anastomoses were patent immediately, 5 min after rearterialization and at both harvest time points. The liver lobular architecture was intact in the rearterialized group, whereas a moderate degree of bile duct proliferation and portal/lobular lymphocytic infiltration were observed in the nonarterialized group. Conclusion: The new technique is a time-consuming and microsurgically challenging but universally applicable and robust procedure accommodating even a substantial mismatch in vessel diameter. Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the potential efficacy of mechano growth factor (MGF) for bone injury, we firstly investigated the effects of growth factors, including MGF, its E peptide (a short 24-amino acid C-terminal peptide, MGF-Ct24E), and insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) on MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cell proliferation. MGF-Ct24E had the highest pro-proliferation activity among three growth factors, which was 1.4 times greater than that of IGF-1. Moreover, MGF-Ct24E promoted cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest in the S and G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle, but also mainly by the activation of the MAPK-Erk1/2 pathway. In vivo, a 5-mm segmental bone defect in the radius of 27 rabbits was treated with MGF-Ct24E by two doses (28.5 and 57 μg /kg body weight) vs. non-growth factor injection for five consecutive days postoperatively. The cumulative rate of radiographically healed defects and histological scores of bone defect-healing revealed a statistical difference between high-dose treatment and non treatment (p < 0.01), which showed the treatment promoted defect healing. This report is the first to demonstrate that MGF-Ct24E possesses positive effects on osteoblast proliferation and bone-defect healing, suggesting a new strategy in fracture healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, operator-based output tracking control for non-linear uncertain systems with unknown time-varying delays is considered by using the robust right coprime factorisation approach and delay compensating operator. The property of the time-varying delays is analysed in detail, and a delay compensating operator is designed. Based on the proposed design scheme, the output tracking performance is realised. Also, an example about the temperature control process of an aluminium plate with Peltier element actuator is given to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical analysis, and the effectiveness of the proposed design scheme is also confirmed by the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is concerned with the robust right coprime factorisation of non-linear plants based on the isomorphism approach. First, the factorisation of the non-linear plant is realised by using the isomorphism approach where the Bezout identity is simply satisfied with the obtained factors. Moreover, the stability of the non-linear feedback system and the output tracking to the reference input are studied. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The electronic properties of the system have been calculated by means of the self-consistent relativistic KKR-CPA (Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker Coherent Potential Approximation) method of band structure calculations for disordered systems. Using a linear response formalism, the magnetic susceptibility and Knight shift of have been investigated thoroughly. The corresponding results are discussed in detail in comparison with experimental data. In particular, it is shown that for low H concentrations the H Knight shift is determined by a transferred negative contribution due to the high partial spin susceptibility of Pd. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study examines marine boundary layer cloud regime transition during a cold air outbreak (CAO) over the Norwegian Sea, simulated by a global storm‐resolving model (GSRM) known as the Simple Cloud‐Resolving Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model (SCREAM). By selecting observational references based on a combination of large‐scale conditions rather than strict time‐matched comparisons, this study finds that SCREAM qualitatively captures the CAO cloud transition, including boundary layer growth, cloud mesoscale structure, and phase partitioning. SCREAM also accurately locates the greatest ice and liquid in the mesoscale updrafts, however, underestimates supercooled liquid water in cumulus clouds. The model evaluation approach adopted by this study takes advantages of the existing computational‐expensive global simulations of GSRM and the available observations to understand model performance and can be applied to assessments of other cloud regimes in different regions. Such practice provides valuable guidance on the future effort to correct and improve biased model behaviors. Plain Language Summary: Cold air outbreaks occur when cold, dry air moves over warmer ocean regions, forming extensive boundary layer clouds. However, current climate models struggle to accurately represent these clouds due to their complex nature. This study examines the performance of the global storm‐resolving model, the Simple Cloud‐Resolving Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model (SCREAM), in simulating marine boundary layer clouds during cold air outbreaks over the Norwegian Sea. This study compares the SCREAM simulated clouds during a cold air outbreak event to observations under similar large‐scale conditions from satellites and ground‐based measurements collected during a field campaign of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program. The results indicate that SCREAM successfully simulates three distinct cloud patterns during cold air outbreaks with credible mesoscale structures. Yet, it tends to underestimate supercooled liquid water and consequently, the cloud liquid water fraction, especially in cumulus clouds. The study suggests that using high‐resolution observations under similar large‐scale conditions can effectively evaluate global storm‐resolving models. This approach helps identify areas for improvement without requiring expensive global storm‐resolving model simulation designed for specific cases. Key Points: The Simple Cloud‐Resolving Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model (SCREAMv0), at a resolution of 3 km, simulated three distinctive cloud regimes in cold air outbreaks with credible mesoscale structuresSCREAMv0 qualitatively captures the transition of the cloud phase partitioning based on high‐resolution observationsObservations selected based on similar large‐scale conditions can be important references for global storm‐resolving model evaluation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaves of 41 species of Castanopsis, six species of Castanea, and Chrysolepis chrysophyllum Hjelmq. were examined. In Castanopsis, all species possessed cyclocytic stomata with thickened subsidiary cells; thin-walled peltate trichomes are the most frequent type on the abaxial surface of the leaves of this genus. In Castanea, stomata are transitional between cyclocytic and anomocytic; thin-walled peltate trichomes were recorded for the first time on the abaxial surface of Castanea leaves. In Chrysolepis, cyclocytic stomata with non-thickened subsidiary cells and thick-walled peltate trichomes were observed. The thickened subsidiary cells support the placement of the “ fissa-group” in Castanopsis. The results of this study support the idea that Castanopsis and Castanea are sister groups. Thick-walled peltate trichomes were only recorded in Chrysolepis, thus supporting its taxonomic separation from Castanopsis. The phylogenetic distribution of trichome types among genera of Fagaceae is summarized. The evolutionary trends of trichome types in Castanopsis are discussed, as are the implications of stomatal and trichome features on fossil identification and ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust non-linear control and tracking design scheme for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) non-linear perturbed plants are considered, that is, robust stability and output tracking performance are studied by using operator-based robust right coprime factorisation approach. Some sufficient conditions for the MIMO non-linear perturbed plants are derived. By using these conditions, the obtained control and tracking systems are robustly stable, and the desired output tracking performance is realised. Finally, two general examples and one example about the application to a three-input/three-output aluminium plate are given to initially demonstrate the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first passage failure of multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) quasi integrable-Hamiltonian systems under combined harmonic and white noise excitations in the case of external resonance is studied. First, a stochastic averaging method for quasi integrable-Hamiltonian systems under combined harmonic and white noise excitations using generalized harmonic functions is reviewed briefly. Then, a backward Kolmogorov equation governing the conditional reliability function and a Pontryagin equation governing the conditional mean of the first passage time are established from the averaged Itô equations, respectively. The conditional reliability function, and the conditional probability density and conditional mean of the first passage time are obtained from solving these equations together with suitable initial condition and boundary conditions. The comparison between the analytical results and those from Monte Carlo simulation for an example shows that the proposed method works very well. It is also shown by using Monte Carlo simulation that the reliability of the system in the case of external resonance is much lower than that in the non-resonant case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystine knot toxins (CKTs) in spider venoms represent a rich source of novel ligands for varied ion channels. Here, we identified 95 novel putative CKT precursors by analyzing expressed sequence tags of the tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao venom gland. Phylogenetics analyses revealed one orphan family and six families with sequence similarity to known toxins. To further investigate the relationships of their structures, functions and evolution, we assayed 10 representative toxins for their effect on ion channels, and performed structure model comparisons, evolution analysis and toxin distribution analysis. This study revealed two major types of CKTs: pore-blocking toxins and gating modifier toxins. A few blockers were observed with relatively high abundance and wide distribution, which may be a category of original toxins that block channels conserved in various preys with relatively high specificity. The gating modifier families contain advanced toxins, usually have many members and interact with diverse regulatory components of channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy diffusion controlled reaction rate of a reacting particle with linear weak damping and broad-band noise excitation is studied by using the stochastic averaging method. First, the stochastic averaging method for strongly nonlinear oscillators under broad-band noise excitation using generalized harmonic functions is briefly introduced. Then, the reaction rate of the classical Kramers' reacting model with linear weak damping and broad-band noise excitation is investigated by using the stochastic averaging method. The averaged Itô stochastic differential equation describing the energy diffusion and the Pontryagin equation governing the mean first-passage time (MFPT) are established. The energy diffusion controlled reaction rate is obtained as the inverse of the MFPT by solving the Pontryagin equation. The results of two special cases of broad-band noises, i.e. the harmonic noise and the exponentially corrected noise, are discussed in details. It is demonstrated that the general expression of reaction rate derived by the authors can be reduced to the classical ones via linear approximation and high potential barrier approximation. The good agreement with the results of the Monte Carlo simulation verifies that the reaction rate can be well predicted using the stochastic averaging method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors map the route undertaken by the Project Management Office of the Gansu Basic Education Project (GBEP) in Gansu Province, China, in instituting measures to ensure good learning opportunities for children with special educational needs within the four poor counties benefiting from this DFID supported project. The main purpose of GBEP has been to increase enrolment and retention in these poor, minority areas so as to achieve universal basic education. As general enrolment increased so did that of pupils with special needs, the educational needs of which the schools began responding to in an unconscious way. However, at the start there was little understanding at the classroom and management levels of how to ensure access to learning as well as access to school. The authors map out the road to change and the methods undertaken to change practice at various management and classroom levels so as to enable schools to provide more adequately for these children. Experiences of and lessons from project implementation have been analysed so as to generate implications which might be beneficial to inclusive education initiatives in areas, in China and elsewhere, with similar conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effects of load and temperature on in vitro degradation behaviors of poly(glycolide-co-l-lactide) 90/10 multifilament braids were investigated in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4. The property changes of the braids with time were monitored by tensile test, gel permeation chromatography analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The interrelationships between material properties, time and experimental conditions were explored. The results showed that the polymer braids gradually lost their strength and molecular weight with the increasing in vitro time. While the load levels applied had no effect on the materials, raising temperatures significantly accelerated the degradation. It was found that for a given tensile breaking strength retention (BSR), the dependence of degradation time on temperature could be illustrated by an Arrhenius-type equation, from which the activation energy could be derived. Further analysis indicated that there are well-defined relationships between molecular weight, BSR and breaking strain retention, and these relationships can be illustrated mathematically. Finally, the surface morphology of the fiber showed visible change during the degradation process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The performance and strength of many composites, hybrid and thin multi-layered material systems are very much dependent upon the mechanical properties of interfaces. However, continuum mechanics approach to the characterization of interfacial properties has had limited success because it is often unable to incorporate the effects of molecular and chemical interactions into the model. There is therefore a need to understand and study the influence of these factors on mechanical properties such as adhesion strength at a more fundamental level. In the present work, the interfaces of two common coupling agents and matrix polymers in composites are studied with atomistic modeling and simulation. The polymer matrix is polycarbonate (PC) and the coupling agents studied are gamma amino-propyl-triethoxysilane (AMPTES) and stearic-propyl-triethoxysilane (SPTES). Two interface models, SPTES-PC and AMPTES-PC were built and the work of adhesion was calculated from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The separation of the coupling-agents-matrix interfaces was simulated using MD calculations and the mechanical properties were obtained. It is shown that the higher work of adhesion of the interface is not equal to higher interfacial toughness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Develops a remote sensing algorithm to estimate the three-dimensional distribution of suspended sediment concentration in upper water layers. Use of the gradient transition algorithm to realize atmospheric correction while deriving depth-weighted suspended sediment concentration and penetration depth; Analysis of the vertical structure of the upper layer of water column along the plume front.

No other cutaneous lesions, no respiratory symptoms or COVID-19 associated multisystem inflammatory syndromes were detected. Furthermore, no hair grew in the scalp lesions at the follow-up; hair loss is a common symptom in COVID-19 patients. Editor, Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) in pregnant women and newborns have been described.1-4 It remains unclear whether the maternal infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes harm to fetus I in utero i before birth. [Extracted from the article]

Kidney disease is a common comorbidity seen in heart disease, and so the number of patients undergoing combined heart-kidney transplantation (HKT) continues to increase, as well as the number of waitlisted patients for HKT. Recent evidence suggests a favorable immunomodulatory effect for combined HKT, making these patients ideal candidates for non-invasive monitoring for rejection and injury. The use of gene-expression profile testing (AlloMap®) in HKT recipients vs heat transplant (HT) alone has remained uncertain with earlier reports suggesting higher values in HKT, while more recent reports suggesting equivocal results between the two. Additionally, the profile of donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) (AlloSure®) in HKT has not yet been evaluated. The Utility of dd-cfDNA in Association with Gene Expression Profiling (D-OAR) registry is a prospective, observation study of HT recipients monitored with AlloMap and AlloSure. The D-OAR registry and prospectively collected data from UCLA Medical Center were assessed for patients who underwent HKT with associated AlloSure and AlloMap scores and compared to patients who underwent HT alone. The cumulative distribution functions of AlloMap and AlloSure scores were stratified by HT vs. HKT. Patients with CMV and acute cellular rejection (≥2R) were excluded from the analysis. There were 300 HT recipients and 14 HKT recipients. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. The median AlloMap and AlloSure scores for HT recipients (N=300) were 29 and 0.09% respectively, while for HKT recipients (N=14) AlloMap and AlloSure scores were 33.5 and 0.41% respectively. See table 1 There were slightly higher AlloMap scores in HKT vs HT patients, while AlloSure results in HKT were significantly higher. Further work to establish baseline parameters and understand changes to these parameters during rejection episodes would benefit HKT patients by allowing non-invasive monitoring for rejection and graft injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The influence of age on outcomes after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is not well studied. To address this question, we assessed 222 patients who underwent LVAD placement and were divided into quartiles based on age (years): group 1, ≤44; group 2, 45 to 53; group 3, 54 to 59; and group 4, ≥60. Eighty-four patients died on LVAD support. Six- and 12-month survivals for the four groups of LVAD patients were 67.7, 73.7, 49.8, and 38.2, and 49.4, 57.3, 42.7, and 26.2, respectively (all P < .01). Older patients showed a higher risk of infections, embolic strokes, and respiratory complications. They were the least likely to undergo reoperations postimplantation (56%, 53%, 50%, 46%, P = .06). After adjusting for baseline differences between the groups, there was a trend toward increasing mortality with age, which did not reach significance (odds ratio 1.93; 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 3.92 for the oldest quartile as compared with the youngest). In conclusion, these results suggest in the absence of other high risk factors, age alone should not be used as an independent contraindication for LVAD implantation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To evaluate the diagnostic and differential efficacy of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) histogram analysis for different motor subtypes of Parkinson's disease (PD). Seventy PD patients including 40 with postural instability and gait disorder (PIGD) and 30 with tremor-dominant (TD) and 36 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled prospectively and underwent MRI examinations. The regions of interest (ROI) in the deep brain nuclei were delineated and features were extracted on the map of mean kurtosis (MK), axial kurtosis (Ka), and radial kurtosis (Kr), respectively. The differences in histogram features between PD patients and HC and between patients with PIGD and TD were compared. The areas under the curve (AUCs) were calculated to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of all histogram features. The correlations between histogram features and clinical indicators were evaluated. Some DKI histogram features were significantly different between PD patients and HC, and also different between patients with PIGD and TD (all p< 0.05). MK of the substantia nigra pars reticulate (SNpr kurtosis), Ka of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) 50 percentile (SNpc P50), and Kr of SNpc 90th percentile showed the highest AUC for distinguishing patients with PIGD from HC. MK-SNpc 10th percentile, Ka-SNpc 25th percentile, and Kr of the head of the caudate nucleus (CN) 90th percentile had the highest AUC for distinguishing patients with TD from HC. MK of the putamen 10th percentile combined with Ka of the bilateral red nucleus RN kurtosis yielded the highest diagnostic performance with an AUC of 0.762 for distinguishing patients with PIGD from TD. Certain DKI histogram features were correlated with Hoehn–Yahr (H&Y) stage, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, tremor score, and PIGD score (all p< 0.05). DKI histogram analysis was useful to diagnose and discriminate different motor subtypes of PD. Certain DKI histogram features correlated with clinical indicators. • The combination of DKI and histogram analysis is more valuable than the mean value. • DKI was more sensitive than conventional diffusion-weighted imaging. • Ka might have a greater diagnostic value among MK, Ka and Kr. • DKI histogram is helpful to distinguish different motor subtypes in PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the effective g factor of Andreev subgap states in an axial magnetic field to investigate how the superconducting density of states is distributed between the semiconductor core and the superconducting shell in hybrid nanowires. We find a steplike reduction of the Andreev g factor and an improved hard gap with reduced carrier density in the nanowire, controlled by gate voltage. These observations are relevant for Majorana devices, which require tunable carrier density and a g factor exceeding that of the parent superconductor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]