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Background and purpose: In clinical studies, checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (CIP) ranks first among the causes of death in programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitor immune-related adverse events. Real-world CIP situations lack extensive population reports. This study aimed to understand the incidence of CIP in the real world of lung cancer in China, and to summarize its characteristics, treatment status and outcomes. Methods: This study retrospectively collected the essential clinical information of patients with an initral diagnosis of lung cancer who received treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital between January 2019 and September 2021. For patients with CIP, we also collected the time of its onset, grade, treatment regimen and outcome. The analyses of incidence, patient’s characteristics and the risk factors of CIP in overall and subgroup were carried out. Moreover, we analyzed the outcomes of patients treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Results: A total of 2 031 patients with immunotherapy were enrolled, with a CIP incidence rate of 7.2% (147/2 031), a severe CIP rate of 2.6% (52/2 031) and a mortality rate of 0.4% (9/2 031). The rate of severe grade in the population with CIP was 35.4%, and the mortality rate was 6.1% (9/147). Compared with non-CIP patients, more CIP patients were male, older (>65 years), with combination therapy, and on first- and second-line immunotherapy in advanced treatment. In subgroup analyses, the incidence of CIP was higher in men, the elderly (>65 years), squamous cancer, combination therapy, anti-PD-1 inhibitors, and first- and second-line therapy in advanced treatment. The median onset time of CIP in the real world was 148 days, with a double-peak characteristic, that was, 60-90 days and 150-210 days after immunotherapy were both the peak time periods for CIP onset. The incidence of CIP was also influenced by seasonality, with a high incidence in autumn and winter. All treated patients used corticosteroids as first-line treatment; the immunosuppressive treatment rate of CIP in this study was 76.2%. After treatment, 97.9% of mild CIP patients and 81.2% of severe CIP patients had a good prognosis, and 17.3% of severe CIP patients died due to CIP. Conclusion: In the real world, the incidence of CIP for lung cancer patients was 7.2%, incidence of severe CIP was 2.6%, and mortality rate was 0.4%; the incidence of severe disease in the population with CIP was 35.4%, and mortality rate was 6.1%. The median onset time of CIP was characterized by a double peak, and incidence of CIP was higher in autumn and winter. Men, the elderly, squamous cancer patients, patients on combination therapy, patients who used anti-PD-1 inhibitors, and patients with advanced treatment had higher incidence of CIP. Most patients with CIP had good outcomes after immunosuppressive therapy.

A series of activated carbon was obtained from rape straw by chemical modification with phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The activated carbon was characterized and the adsorption capacity for Rhodamine B (RhB) from water was analysed. The SEM images showed that PRC-40 is a porous material and the BET analysis revealed a high surface area of 1720 m2/g with the coexistence of micropores and mesopores. The FTIR spectra determined the presence of oxygenated functional groups at its surface. The XPS spectra revealed that the content of carboxyl and metaphosphate groups in the modified activated carbon significantly increased, and this is conducive to the adsorption reaction. The XRD pattern showed the amorphous nature of carbon. The effect of significant parameters, such as the concentration of H3PO4 for modification and pH value, has been discussed. The kinetic data showed that the pseudo-second-order model is predominant. Besides, the Langmuir model was compatible well with the equilibrium data, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the activated carbon modified by H3PO4 was 2882.84 mg/g. Therefore, agricultural waste and rape straw can be used to prepare effective adsorbents for the application with the removal of dye from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid classification of crude baijiu is pivotal for its industrialization and automated development. In this study, a colorimetric sensor array employing peroxidase nanase (Por-CoMoO 4 ) was developed to detect reducing substances and crude baijiu. The peroxidase-like activity of CoMoO 4 was significantly enhanced by porphyrin (Por), exhibiting a K m value of 0.044 mM and V max of 19.37 × 10 -8 for TMB substrate. Peroxidase activity varies at different pH levels. Organic and crude baijiu scavenge free radicals, thereby inhibiting oxTMB formation and yielding distinctive fingerprint profiles. Using linear discriminant analysis, 14 types of small molecules and 16 varieties of Luzhou-flavor crude baijiu were identified within specific concentration ranges. The method achieved 100% accuracy in distinguishing baijiu samples sourced from different distilleries, offering a straightforward, rapid, and effective approach to differentiate crude baijiu during alcoholic beverage production.

With the increasing incidence of lung cancer, the coexistence of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and lung cancer is becoming more common. However, the standard treatment protocols for patients with both conditions are still being explored. The conflict between the rapidly evolving therapeutic approaches for tumors and the limited treatment options for PAP presents a significant challenge for clinicians. Determining the optimal timing of treatment for both conditions to maximize patient benefit is a clinical conundrum. Here, we report a rare case of PAP complicated by lung adenocarcinoma, where interstitial lung changes worsened after neoadjuvant therapy but improved significantly following surgical resection of the lung adenocarcinoma. This case highlights the importance of prioritizing tumor treatment in patients with lung cancer complicated by PAP and examines the interplay between the two conditions, as well as potential therapeutic strategies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wu, Guan, Deng, Mo, Xu, Zhang, Jiang, Liu, Lin and Zhou.)

Objective: To compare the prognostic differences between non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with mild and severe checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis (CIP), and explore the causes of death and prognostic risk factors in NSCLC patients with severe CIP., Methods: A retrospective study of a cohort of 116 patients with unresectable stage III or IV NSCLC with any grade CIP from April 2016 to August 2022 were conducted. To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with different CIP grades, patients were divided into mild CIP group (grade 1-2, n=49) and severe CIP group (grade 3-5, n=67) according to the grade of CIP. To explore the OS-related risk factors in the severe CIP group, the patients were divided into a good prognosis (GP) group (≥ median OS, n=30) and a poor prognosis (PP) group (< median OS, n=37) based on whether their overall survival (OS) were greater than median OS. Baseline clinical and laboratory data were collected for analysis., Results: The median OS of all NSCLC patients combined with CIP was 11.4 months (95%CI, 8.070-16.100), The median OS for mild CIP and severe CIP was 22.1 months and 4.4 months respectively (HR=3.076, 95%CI, 1.904-4.970, P<0.0001). The results showed that the most common cause of death among severe CIP patients in the PP group was CIP and the most common cause in the GP group was tumor. The univariate regression analysis showed that suspension of antitumor therapy was a risk factor for poor prognosis (OR=3.598, 95%CI, 1.307-9.905, p =0.013). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that suspension of anti-tumor therapy (OR=4.24, 95%CI, 1.067-16.915, p =0.040) and elevated KL-6 (OR=1.002, 95%CI, 1.001-1.002, p <0.001) were independent risk factors for poor prognosis., Conclusion: In conclusion, patients with severe CIP had a poor prognosis, especially those with elevated KL-6, and the main cause of death is immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis complicated with infection. In addition, anti-tumor therapy for severe CIP patients should be resumed in time and should not be delayed for too long., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Sun, Li, Deng, Li, Deng, Zhu, Mo, Guan, Hu, Liu, Xie, Lin and Zhou.)