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The spread of language families is hypothesized to have occurred via agricultural and demographic transitions that drove populations outwards from agricultural centres of origin, "demic diffusion". However, the geographical origins of language families are often tied to where greatest linguistic diversity is seen. For the Sino-Tibetan language family this creates a conflict, as maximal linguistic diversity lies in North-Eastern India and Nepal, whereas centres of Neolithic crop domestication in the Yellow and Yangtze River Basins have low linguistic diversity today. Therefore either Sino-Tibetan languages originated in North-Eastern India, and spread by means other than demic diffusion; or multiple diffusions of agriculturalists occurred from a once linguistically diverse homeland, in which linguistic diversity was maintained or increased as peoples spread westwards, but was lost in the homeland. To explore these two hypotheses, using evidence from linguistics, archaeology and genetics, we compiled existing data on Chinese millets, cultivated trees, and agricultural tools (harvesting knives, shouldered spades) alongside data for wheat and barley from Western Eurasia. These elements were explored alongside existing information from genetic studies and for West Asian animal domesticates. We differentiate a northern cultural and southern demic diffusion for various elements originating in East Asia. In Central Asia a small number of eastern Eurasian elements (millets by 2500 BC, spades by 1st millennium BC) spread west through pre-existing agricultural populations by cultural-diffusion, but significantly did not include language families nor genetic lineages. The southern dispersal driven by demic diffusion of millet farmers carried a more expansive range of eastern cultural elements; millets, spades, hairpins, harvesting knives, house plans, and significantly languages and genetic lineages. We hypothesize a period of demic diffusion beginning c.2500-2000 BC from the southeastern Plateau through Eastern Tibet and the Himalayan foothills, brought peoples, languages and Eastern Eurasian cultural elements eventually to the Kashmir region. We conclude two routes, the Sichuan–Tibet–Kashmir and Yunnan–Assam ones, are the most plausible pathways linking Northern China and Northern India during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past half‐century, most countries have made progress through their demographic transitions with continuing declines in mortality and fertility. The major driver of fertility decline has been the adoption of contraception by women of reproductive age who increasingly desire smaller families. This paper documents the massive changes in contraceptive behavior that have occurred since 1970 at the global and regional levels and examines contraceptive use differentials by marital status and method. To understand the proximate causes of the rise in contraceptive use, we document the changes in the potential demand for contraception (among women who want to space or limit their childbearing) and the degree to which this potential demand is satisfied by the actual practice of contraception. The paper concludes with a confirmation of the strong inverse relationship between contraceptive use and fertility. The main sources of data for these analyses are comprehensive datasets with country, regional, and global estimates of historical trends in fertility and contraceptive behavior maintained by the Population Division of the United Nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the nexus between the green and demographic transitions in the European Union (EU) through the analysis of the challenges and opportunities that agroecology offers for the settlement and socioeconomic participation of Italian city‐dwellers‐turned agroecological farmers and non‐EU agroecological farmworkers in ageing and marginalised rural areas in Italy. Many such areas in Italy have recently experienced an influx of newcomers, including non‐EU labour migrants, refugees and asylum seekers and Italian city‐dwellers looking for a different lifestyle. Municipalities and NGOs have developed initiatives, like agroecology, for newcomers to participate in local societies while simultaneously contributing to sustainable rural (re)development in the context of the EU Green Deal. We discuss the potential of agroecology for the ‘emplacement’ of diverse groups of newcomers in these unlikely places through the analysis of the interpersonal, cultural, economic and institutional relations between newcomers and long‐time residents, and across different groups of newcomers, in two Italian villages. Our findings suggest that everyday interactions among long‐time residents and newcomers contribute to the emplacement of the latter. The analysed agroecological initiatives show potential for the emplacement of newcomers through their strong ethical stance and aspirations for environmental sustainability and improved life quality. However, short‐term contracts for the non‐EU farmworkers combined with tight economic returns for the Italian agroecological farmers may lead to distributional and procedural injustices, including the hyper‐exploitation of migrant farmworkers in the name of environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subnational divergence in the age and sex structures of populations can have far‐stretching consequences for development: from marriage markets to the potential for violence to economic growth. With urbanization and the demographic transition still underway, rural and urban populations continue to differ across low‐ and middle‐income countries. We examine the extent by which internal migration contributes to these differences, from 1970 to 2014 using estimates of migration between rural and urban sectors based on census data from 45 countries. We found that despite heavily delineated migration profiles by age and sex, internal migration does not alter sex and age structures of rural and urban populations. All the same, internal migration does increase urban growth in Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean. In contrast, in Africa, internal migration has little leverage with the urban transition. Across the continents, there is a potential for de‐urbanization, driven by a rural/urban gap in fertility. As such, the rural population may continue to constitute a significant proportion of national populations, necessitating critical investments to ensure they are not left behind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most important health problems among elderly men in China, with the increasing aging of the population. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in eastern China from 2022 to 2023. Recruitment included a total of 70,342 participants aged 60 or older. Social demographic information, such as individual factors like age, education levels and behavior habits, physical examination and laboratory tests results were collected. Age-standardized prevalence rates were estimated by a direct method with a standard population. T test and chi-square test were used to compare the statistical differences. Multivariate regression models were used to identify the risk factors of PCa. Overall, the crude and age-standardized PCa prevalence is 0.93% and 0.91%, respectively in eastern China. When we adjusted all the co-variables, it showed that high age, smoking, having a higher BMI and higher CA19-9 were associated with a higher risk for a prostate cancer diagnosis. Faced with the demographic transition, innovative strategies are needed to control and prevent PCa. Conducting early screening among male population in community health service centers in eastern of China, especially among a population with associated risk factors such as high age, obesity, and conducting community-based intervention programs might be helpful to address this increasingly significant health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family networks are key to understanding the well‐being of older adults because kin provide instrumental and financial support, help manage health and disability, and encourage social integration. Two momentous societal changes have shaped the families of contemporary older adults: the first and second demographic transitions and global educational expansion. The intersection of these two processes raises questions about how older adults are faring in terms of their kin availability. This paper examines the socioeconomic bifurcation of adults in midlife and beyond in terms of the existence of descendants and other kin. Disparities in kin availability may vary across socioeconomic status and contexts, and so we examine this phenomenon worldwide, analyzing data on two thirds of the world's population of adults aged 50 and above. Our results highlight different kin structures by socioeconomic status. High socioeconomic status adults have fewer descendants but a higher likelihood of having at least one child with tertiary education, a partner, and living parents. Low socioeconomic status older adults have larger families with more younger kin. Our results shed new light on potential mismatches between the contemporary family networks of older adults and longstanding social norms and assumptions about caregiving, family, and health policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization and industrialization have driven rapid socio-economic development, leading to a significant population shift from rural areas to cities. This demographic transition has resulted in substantial changes in rural settlements, presenting considerable challenges for rural revitalization. Given the spatial differentiation, it is crucial to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of rural settlements under various development scenarios and at multiple scales within a county. Such analysis is essential for rational planning and sustainable development. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of rural settlements in Xunwu County, Jiangxi Province, China, using land use dynamics, hot and cold spot analysis, and center of gravity migration models. The Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression Model (MGWR) is employed to explore their transformation driving mechanisms. The results show that during 2010–2020 in the study area, the total change rate of rural settlements was 39.82%, with a dynamic degree of 2.87%. The average centroid of the settlements is located in Wenfeng Township, gradually migrating southeastward by 3.7 km. Cold spots are shrinking northward, while hotspots are gathering in Chengjiang Town. Socio-economic conditions dominate the evolution of rural clusters in this region, showing obvious spatial heterogeneity. This is followed by locational conditions that are weakening in influence, while the impact of natural geographical conditions exists in the northeast region. The research findings offer a scientifically rigorous and well-founded analysis of the evolution and driving mechanisms of rural settlements. This analysis provides a solid theoretical basis for policy planning in urban-rural integrated development and supports the sustainable growth of rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review examines the critical issues of declining total fertility rates (TFRs) and aging populations in East Asia with special focus on South Korea. It provides a comprehensive analysis of TFR trends, aging demographics, and the policy responses of these nations to the lowfertility crisis. This study highlights the intricate tapestry of the factors contributing to these demographic shifts, including economic, social, and cultural influences. It also examines the effectiveness of various prenatal policies implemented across these countries, offering insight into their successes and limitations. Furthermore, it explores the role of immigration as a potential solution to the structural challenges posed by low birth rates. This review underscores the importance of multifaceted strategies for addressing the complex demographic challenges faced by South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite recent economic growth and reductions in child mortality in many African countries, the region has experienced a slow fertility transition. In this study, we explore whether the slow structural economic change on the continent can explain this discrepancy. We construct a unique panel dataset combining Demographic and Health Surveys and nighttime light intensity data (an indicator of industrialization) from 57 countries at the subnational region level over three decades to analyze the drivers of fertility transitions across low- and middle-income countries. Our results confirm that household wealth, reduced child mortality, and female primary education are crucial for fertility declines. However, our analysis also highlights the importance of indicators of structural economic change, including the share of labor in nonagricultural occupations, industrialization, the share of women with higher education, and the formalization of the economy. Our simulations suggest that if high-fertility countries in sub-Saharan Africa underwent structural economic transformations comparable to those of other low- and middle-income countries with low fertility rates, their fertility levels could fall by 1 to 1.6 children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple births strain mothers' and families' resources in ways that should highlight preferences for family size, birth spacing, and parity-dependent stopping behavior. Couples with surviving twins reach their target family size sooner than other couples and should be more likely to practice family limitation. Twins are also a greater burden on the mother's time and health, which could lead to postponing the next birth, even among couples who want additional children. We examine these hypotheses by analyzing families with twins in the 1900 and 1910 U.S. Censuses. Using reconstructed birth histories for more than 7 million women in the IPUMS full-count 1900 and 1910 datasets and event-history methods (Kaplan–Meier curves, cure models), we find clear evidence of family limitation following a multiple birth. Couples who had twins or triplets were more likely to stop childbearing, and those who continued having children delayed their next birth. Responses to multiple births were larger in groups previously identified as leaders in the transition to smaller families, and roughly one third of couples stopped after one or two children. We find no evidence that some groups relied primarily on birth spacing to reduce family size while others relied primarily on stopping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a reply to a study on twinning in humans. The authors analyzed a large dataset of birth records from Northern and Central Europe to understand the relationship between twinning and fertility. They found a negative relationship between the probability of a mother having multiple offspring per birth and her total number of births, challenging the idea that mothers who are more fertile are more likely to have twins. The authors argue that the differences between their study and the previous study are due to the demographic transition and that both studies support the conclusion that the heterogeneity/maternal capacity hypothesis is not supported. They caution against removing specific births from the data and encourage further exploration of complex scenarios using their statistical framework. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a response to a study published in Nature Communications titled "Maternal capacity, twinning and fertility: the last birth matters." The authors of this response aim to test the findings of the original study in a sample of birth records from Estonian mothers born between 1850 and 1899. They found that the association between twinning probability and fertility differed in Estonia compared to the populations studied in the original article. They suggest that this difference may be due to variations in maternal agency over reproduction and the impact of twinning on the life history of mothers. The authors conclude that the direction of the association between twinning probability and fertility depends on the survival and health costs of twin births for primiparous mothers. [Extracted from the article]

Summary Sleep is a complex biological process regulated by networks of neurons and environmental factors. As one falls asleep, neurotransmitters from sleep–wake regulating neurones work in synergy to control the switching of different sleep states throughout the night. As sleep disorders or underlying neuropathology can manifest as irregular switching, analysing these patterns is crucial in sleep medicine and neuroscience. While hypnograms represent the switching of sleep states well, current analyses of hypnograms often rely on oversimplified temporal descriptive statistics (TDS, e.g., total time spent in a sleep state), which miss the opportunity to study the sleep state switching by overlooking the complex structures of hypnograms. In this paper, we propose analysing sleep hypnograms using a seven‐state continuous‐time Markov model (CTMM). This proposed model leverages the CTMM to depict the time‐varying sleep‐state transitions, and probes three types of insomnia by distinguishing three types of wake states. Fitting the proposed model to data from 2056 ageing adults in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Sleep study, we profiled sleep architectures in this population and identified the various associations between the sleep state transitions and demographic factors and subjective sleep questions. Ageing, sex, and race all show distinctive patterns of sleep state transitions. Furthermore, we also found that the perception of insomnia and restless sleep are significantly associated with critical transitions in the sleep architecture. By incorporating three wake states in a continuous‐time Markov model, our proposed method reveals interesting insights into the relationships between objective hypnogram data and subjective sleep quality assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this article is to examine how the authorities of the city of Łódź are shaping their policies in response to the demographic aging of the urban community in the context of the ongoing digitization of municipal services. Design/methodology/approach: The article presents an analysis of statistical data regarding the demographic transition of the city of Łódź from 2000 to 2023, along with demographic projections for the years 2030, 2050, and 2060. Additionally, a content analysis of the city's main strategic plans was conducted to assess the implementation of a development model that addresses the digital revolution and demographic transition. Findings: In recent decades, the population of Łódź has experienced significant aging, a trend expected to continue. The analyzed urban plans inadequately address both demographic transition and digitalization. They do not integrate these aspects, failing to address low digital literacy among seniors or the challenge of creating a smart, age-friendly city. The strategies lack actions tailored to seniors that utilize new technologies and consider their capabilities. Research limitations/implications: The content analysis focuses exclusively on urban strategies and does not take into account the projects implemented by the city related to building a smart age-friendly city that were not planned within these strategies. Practical implications: The study resulted in recommendations for local authorities to address demographic transition by focusing on developing a smart age-friendly city. This includes assessing the interplay between demographic aging and digitalization, considering the grey digital divide in Łódź. We suggest integrating social support with digital technologies and designing solutions tailored to seniors' needs. Engaging seniors in the strategic planning process and systematically evaluating technological solutions from their perspective is crucial. Social implications: Shaping urban policy towards a smart age-friendly city has the potential to counteract the exclusion of older adults from the services offered by smart cities, improve their quality of life, and ensure a just transition for urban areas. Originality/value: A protocol for evaluating urban strategies in response to demographic and digitalization challenges has been proposed. This article is intended for all those interested in the issues of smart age-friendly cities, including local authorities responsible for shaping local senior policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examines the 2022 distribution of primary healthcare centers across Saudi Arabia's 20 regions, focusing on disparities and healthcare accessibility. Methods: A quantitative analysis of the Ministry of Health's data was conducted. Primary healthcare centers distribution was evaluated by calculating the number of primary healthcare centers per 100,000 population across different administrative regions. Results: The study uncovered regional disparities, with the PHCs-per-100,000-people ratio showing significant variance. Regions like Riyadh had an above-average ratio with 7.5 PHCs-per-100,000-people, while Jeddah lagged behind with a concerning 3.2 PHCs-per-100,000-people despite being a populous city. The PHC-per-capita ratio declined to 6.6 in 2022 from 8.0 in 2017. The data also revealed that the Eastern Province showed an increase in the number of primary healthcare centers. Conclusion: Disparities in the distribution of primary healthcare centers in 2022 highlight a critical need for equitable healthcare access across Saudi Arabia. Many regions require increased primary healthcare center allocation to match population needs. The findings underscore the urgency of integrating these insights into policy frameworks to achieve the goals of Vision 2030, emphasizing the development of a sustainable and equitable healthcare system. Implications: Policymakers need to consider these disparities to guide the strategic placement of primary healthcare centers and ensure an equitable healthcare system. This study provides a basis for targeted policy interventions to improve healthcare equity and prepare the health system for future demographic and epidemiological transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a new demographic indicator, the remittances‐adjusted support ratio (RASR), which incorporates the support offered through remittances into the existing support ratio (SR). Remittances have increased rapidly in recent decades due to improved technology, and they play a crucial role in the countries that send migrants abroad. This is important as many countries are still undergoing their demographic transitions, and here remittances are particularly relevant. Our formulation of the RASR suggests an alternative in which population pressures are alleviated through migration, but where migrants send remittances and thus provide support without being present in their home countries. We show that the RASR has diverged substantially from the SR in a range of countries during the last three decades. The RASR, therefore, offers new insight into economic and demographic support and constitutes a useful tool for policymakers and researchers in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the elements of a macroeconomic production function—physical capital, human capital, labor, and technology—together with standard growth models to frame the role of religion in economic growth. Unifying a growing literature, we argue that religion can enhance or impinge upon economic growth through all four elements because it shapes individual preferences, societal norms, and institutions. Religion affects physical capital accumulation by influencing thrift and financial development. It affects human capital through both religious and secular education. It affects population and labor by influencing work effort, fertility, and the demographic transition. And it affects total factor productivity by constraining or unleashing technological change and through rituals, legal institutions, political economy, and conflict. Synthesizing a disjoint literature in this way opens many interesting directions for future research. (JEL E22, I25, J10, N30, O33, O43, Z12) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We apply the sociological lens of linked lives to show how household contexts channel transitions to self-employment in ways strongly differentiated by gender. We investigate the impact of demographic transitions to marriage, cohabitation and having children on the transition to selfemployment using fixed-effects models on 10 waves of the UK's nationally representative survey, Understanding Society. Men's transitions to selfemployment and separately to business ownership are remarkably impervious to the arrival of a new child in the household. In contrast, second births raise the odds of self-employment for women and have a strong and statistically significant association with business ownership, highlighting the role of birth parity as a household influence. Within the subset of opposite-sex couples, lives are indeed linked: a partner's long hours precipitate the other partner's transition into self-employment for men and women. However, the effect is asymmetric to the extent that women are much more likely to have a partner working long hours. Marriage is associated with a much higher likelihood of transitioning to business ownership for both men and women, which does not hold for selfemployment overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end of the last century, the northern and north-eastern regions of Russia have entered the final stage of demographic transition, in which the birth rate has fallen below the replacement level of generations, and the proportion of the elderly population has increased to its historical maximum against the background of a mass outflow of the working-age population to the central regions of the country. The demographic transition in this territory is heterogeneous and has its own specifics related to the structure of the economy and the nature of employment, migration flows, the historically established settlement pattern, unfavorable climatic and geographical conditions, and patterns of reproductive and consumer behavior. In order to study this specificity, 226 women aged 2544 were surveyed in Magadan Oblast. The subject of the study was women’s reproductive attitudes, their marital status, focus on having many children, few children or no children, identification of the expected, desired and actual number of children, factors leading to the refusal to have more children, as well as those stimulating childbearing, the problem of distribution of responsibilities in the family. The study has shown that family values are a priority for women of middle and late childbearing age, but they are associated with the demand for improved housing conditions and increased income.

The driving force behind population change lies in fertility. Over the past 70 years, Taiwan has undergone a fertility transition, rapidly declining from a high peak of natural fertility levels to an ultralow rate. This transition has released a substantial labor force and lead to a significant shift in resource allocation, contributing to rapid economic development in the late 20th century. During the same period, Taiwan’s population aging has progressed faster than that of most countries worldwide. The dependency ratio has negatively impact economic development, making social security an important aspect of resource allocation. The changes in age structure have introduced the concepts of “demographic bonus” and “demographic onus”. As a vibrant economy with a population of over 23 million, Taiwan has enjoyed the demographic bonus for more than a quarter of a century but is now facing the challenges of an aging society and declining fertility rates towards demographic onus. This article examines demographic transitions, economic performance and development in Taiwan from 1950 to 2020, elaborating on the definition, criteria, and quantitative delineation of the demographic bonus and demographic onus. It utilized population and economic statistics for a comparative analysis of the historical evolution, current situation, and prospects of the bonus and onus periods in Taiwan, providing a comprehensive narrative of its historical and empirical developments. Finally, the study underscores the complexity of balancing economic growth with demographic sustainability, emphasizing the necessity for multiple policy adjustments to address the adverse effects of demographic transitions.

We propose an Ideal Specialization Model to help explain the diversity of population growth trajectories exhibited across archaeological regions over thousands of years. The model provides a general set of expectations useful for guiding empirical research, and we provide a concrete example by conducting a preliminary evaluation of three expectations in Central West Argentina. We use kernel density estimates of archaeological radiocarbon, estimates of paleoclimate, and human bone stable isotopes from archaeological remains to evaluate three expectations drawn from the model's dynamics. Based on our results, we suggest that innovations in the production of food and social organization drove demographic transitions and population expansion in the region. The consistency of population expansion in the region positively associates with changes in diet and, potentially, innovations in settlement and social integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's rate of aging population and declining fertility are very rapid. The role of demographic transition in the development of the manufacturing industry remains controversial. We construct a heterogeneous DSGE model that includes demographic dividends to simulate and analyze the impact of demographic transition on the expansion and upgrading of manufacturing industry. Besides, we conduct empirical research using China's provincial-level panel data from 2003 to 2020. The results reveal that, first, the recession of the first demographic dividend characterized by a decrease in labor supply has suppressed the expansion of manufacturing scale, but promoted structural upgrading; second, the second demographic dividend can promote the growth of output in various manufacturing industries, especially advanced manufacturing; third, receiving the second demographic dividend can offset the negative effect from recession of the first demographic dividend on manufacturing industry. However, the negative impact currently suffered by China's manufacturing industry cannot be fully compensated for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on redefining the concept of caregiver strain for family caregivers providing end-of-life care in Hong Kong. Topics include the development and validation of a new three-factor model for caregiver strain, the demographic correlates of caregiver strain, and implications for future caregiving interventions tailored to diverse sociodemographic groups.

The article explores the relationship between population dynamics, economic growth, and planetary boundaries. It emphasizes the impact of population size, consumption, and resource intensity on the environment. While consumption growth is the main driver of environmental impact, population growth indirectly contributes as well. The United Nations' stance on population growth and its connection to environmental harm is also discussed. The article concludes that reducing population size and focusing on welfare rather than economic growth is necessary to address the environmental crisis. Additionally, the article examines the different mortality transitions in China and India, with China's population starting to decline and India's population still growing. The need to address the healthcare needs of India's growing older population is highlighted. The global issue of population aging is also discussed, with the proportion of people over 65 expected to increase by 2050. The challenges and concerns of population aging for high-income countries are addressed, and potential solutions such as pronatalist policies and immigration are debated. The article suggests that the growthist paradigm, which prioritizes economic growth, may need to be reevaluated in light of social and environmental problems. [Extracted from the article]

A burgeoning demographic literature documents the exceedingly high rates at which contemporary cohorts of women across the Global South experience the death of their children—even amid historic declines in child mortality. Yet, the patterning of maternal bereavement remains underinvestigated, as does the extent to which it replicates across generations of the same family. To that end, we ask: Are the surviving daughters of bereaved mothers more likely to eventually experience maternal bereavement? How does the intergenerational clustering of maternal bereavement vary across countries and cohorts? To answer these questions, we make use of Demographic and Health Survey Program data from 50 low- and middle-income countries, encompassing data on 1.05 million women and their mothers spanning three decadal birth cohorts. Descriptive results demonstrate that maternal bereavement is increasingly patterned intergenerationally across cohorts, with most women experiencing the same fate as their mothers. Multivariable hazard models further show that, on average, women whose mothers were maternally bereaved have significantly increased odds of losing a child themselves. In most countries, the association is stable across cohorts; however, in select countries, the risk associated with having a bereaved mother is shrinking among more recent birth cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progressive increase in the number of deaths caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Brazil and around the world between 2010 and 2020 raises questions in scientific society. At the same time, there is also an increase in life expectancy at birth (LEB). Thus, the aim of this study was, for the first time, to compare the increase in AD mortality rate (ADMR) in Brazilian regions over the years 2010 to 2020 with the increase in LEB, and investigate the possible correlation between these demographic transition phenomena and pesticide sales and exposure during this period. Data were extracted from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), from the Department of Informatics and Technology of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (DATASUS) and from the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA). There was a significant increase in life expectancy at birth and in ADMR over the years between 2010 and 2020 in all Brazilian regions, with the female population in the South region being the most affected. In conclusion, there is a strong positive correlation between the increase in ADMR and LEB; ADMR and Human Development Index (HDI) and ADMR and pesticide sales and exposure in Brazil over the years studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although available statistics reveal Africa as an insignificant contributor to the devastating global climate condition, the succeeding impacts seem to hit the region harder than others. Efforts to address the environmental issues have seen the transition from carbon-intensive to carbon-abating sectors. Hence, this study makes the first empirical attempt to probe the ecological effects of structural transition and demographic mobility amidst the presence of technological innovation, foreign direct investment, and renewable energy. The empirical evidence focuses on the five highest emitters in Africa from 1990 to 2019 using advanced estimators, including cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL), augmented mean group (AMG), common correlated effect mean group (CCEMG), and method of moment quantile regression (MMQR). For easy tracking of emanating effects, structural transition is captured by agriculture, manufacturing, and service sectors' value added, whereas demographic mobility vectors rural and urban population. The results reveal agriculture sector, manufacturing sector, rural population, and urban population as amplifiers of CO2 emissions. Conversely, the moderating roles of technological innovation amidst service sector, foreign direct investment, and renewable energy are confirmed. Besides, Granger causality uncovers unidirectional and bidirectional causality in the model. Promoting developments in research and development and adopting carbon tax policies are among the emanating policies on the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the impact of the growing elderly population and single-person households on residential electricity demand in China. Using a dynamic panel model, this study investigates a balanced panel dataset encompassing 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2016. The results indicate that households in China show limited responsiveness to changes in electricity prices and household income in the short and long run. Regarding demographic transitions, the results reveal that the presence of working-age individuals, elderly individuals, and single-person households contributes to an increase in electricity demand. Furthermore, the results highlight the significance of higher education in reducing electricity demand, suggesting the need for educational programmes that promote energy-saving behaviour and environment-friendly attitudes. These findings offer valuable insights for policy makers and stakeholders aiming to develop effective strategies for managing residential electricity demand in light of changing demographics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A population is regarded as the main non-economic driver of carbon emissions, causing the climatic crisis, especially in China experiencing a dramatic demographic transition. In contrast to aging, low fertility, the most remarkable feature of the Chinese population transition, has always been ignored when evaluating carbon emissions, due to the lack of long-run data. To narrow this gap, an integrated framework combining the continuous input–output tables from 1997 to 2018 with the Mann–Kendall test and vector auto-regression was presented to clarify the fluctuating trend of household embedded carbon emissions and the driving pattern of low fertility, aging, and urbanization. Our main findings showed that changes in household embedded carbon emissions have increased sharply in the last two decades. The growth of Chinese household embedded carbon emissions began to accelerate in 2001, which lagged 1 year behind the demographic indicators. Low fertility has a positive impact on households' embedded carbon emissions. More importantly, the impact of low fertility is more significant and far-reaching than that of aging. These suggest that aggressive policies for stimulating fertility and low-carbon lifestyles should be considered by policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study makes use of the 2016 Household Multipurpose Survey of Family, Social Subjects, and Life Cycle to demonstrate that family‐related behavior is now rapidly changing in Italy. The country is often taken as a stronghold of traditionalism. We, instead, highlight recent and substantial changes in cohabitation, dissolution, and nonmarital fertility in the country. In doing so, we carefully assess the predictions made by the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) and show that trends in Italy are monotonically moving in the direction of the SDT. There are, though, important differences across educational groups and regions, that is, family‐related behavior is also changing in the South of Italy in much the same way but not at the same speed as in the rest of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CSIC and AEMET are collaborating in the development of ten climate services in Spain. These services are fundamental tools for the study of climate and decision-making in different areas of society. The project aims to advance climate research and provide thematic and sectoral climate services. The services include seasonal climate prediction, forest fire risk, meteorological drought, agroclimatology, climate change indicators, extreme temperature events, extreme precipitation events, wind, radiation, and attribution of extremes to climate change. These services are designed to be used by companies, administrations, and individuals in decision-making. The project is funded by the Ministry for Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge and the European Commission. [Extracted from the article]

The ongoing demographic transition within aging single-family house neighborhoods in Germany poses a significant challenge for municipalities. The scarcity of data and information related to demographic composition and location quality complicates research efforts and the development of adaptive strategies for these residential areas. This issue is particularly pronounced in rural regions where resources for capturing and analyzing demographic trends are limited. To address this gap, we propose a methodology based on geographic information systems. In this approach, municipal population registers serve as a central data source for extracting insights about the residents. We present the findings primarily in the form of maps, as they are intended to be easily comprehensible for urban planners and local government staff. Additionally, we outline the initial steps in establishing a small-scale monitoring system that incorporates demographic indicators as well as reachability estimates. A case study from northern Bavaria is used as an illustration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of people aged 60+ in the world's population structure means that more different generations are living together than ever before. This transition in the demographic process affects the lives of everyone, young and old alike, and raises concerns that macroeconomic and social gains will diminish and it will result in the erosion of the welfare state. In terms of public finance, the main concern is that while public revenues will decrease, expenditures will increase, causing financing problems. In this study, only the tax policy dimension of the aging of the society is addressed through a literature review, and answers are sought as to which concerns should be expressed and to what extent, and what should be done. The fact that the elderly dependency ratio is increasing day by day and that the issue is not sufficiently addressed in the context of tax policy increases the importance of the study. The conclusion is that the concern is appropriate, but each country's dimension is different, and countries should find solutions according to their own realities. This is because different country experiences do not make it possible to offer a standardized common solution to everyone on this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The transitional state between normal aging and dementia is known as Cognitive impairment (CI) where a person has memory complaints and objective evidence of CI but no evidence of dementia. With the globe undergoing a "demographic transition," the magnitude of neurodegenerative disorders is rising. In India, 27.3% of older persons with comorbidities had CI. Early identification of CI will likely help initiate proper remedial intervention, leading to better overall outcomes. In order to determine the prevalence of CI in older persons and whether it is associated with co-morbid conditions, this study was designed. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 older adults aged ≥60 residing in rural areas of Lucknow, selected using multistage cluster sampling. The Hindi Mental State Examination (HMSE) scale was used to assess cognitive function. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidity status. Results: Among 350 participants, with mean ± SD age 70.66 ± 9.53 years, the prevalence of CI as per HMSE (<23) was 24.9%. Overall, the mean HMSE score was less in individuals with (25.2) than without (27.19) comorbidities. Those with comorbidities had significantly lower mean scores in all individual domains of HMSE. Conclusion: CI affects one-fourth of the older adult population. Risk increases with the presence of comorbidities. Hence, screening, and early treatment are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Living independently, as opposed to in sheltered housing or with caregivers, is an important aim in the recovery of individuals with psychosis, but the transition to independence can be challenging. This study aims to investigate how individuals with psychosis move between living arrangements and to identify the barriers and facilitators of moving towards independence. Methods: The living arrangements of 1119 individuals with non-affective psychosis from the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis study were assessed at baseline, at three- and six-year follow-ups and further categorized as either supported (sheltered housing or with parents) or independent (single or with partner/family). We estimated the probabilities of transitioning between the living statuses and investigated the influence of demographic characteristics, symptomatology, cognition, social support, and premorbid social adjustment on transition using Markov chain modelling. Results: The majority of individuals living in supported housing remained there during the six-year follow-up period (~ 60%). The likelihood of moving from supported to independent living was twice as high for participants who were younger, five-to-six times higher for women, twice as high for individuals with better overall cognition, and five times higher for those with a course of low positive symptoms. Conclusion: This study highlights that a large group of individuals with psychosis in supported housing is unlikely to move to independent living. Older men with cognitive impairments and who show continuous severe positive symptoms are the least likely to move living independently. Tailored interventions for these at-risk individuals could increase their chances of moving to independent living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to determine the presence of demographic dividends and analyze their gender-specific characteristics. For this purpose, the influence of the total working-age population and the working-age population disaggregated by gender on the socioeconomic outcomes of countries categorized into early-demographic, latedemographic, pre-demographic, and post-demographic transition groups is investigated. The results demonstrated the presence of demographic dividends in both early and late-demographic transition countries. This phenomenon can be attributed to the male working-age population in the case of early-demographic transition countries, whereas for late-demographic transition countries, both genders contribute to this realization. Moreover, the analysis indicated that inflation, globalization, and financial development positively impact socioeconomic performance, whereas trade openness and corruption are associated with a decline in socioeconomic performance. The study highlights the underutilization of the female working population, emphasizing that without their active participation, the dividends of economic participation may either remain unrealized or, if achieved, may not be sustained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential effect of a demographic transition on industrialization is of interest to scholars in both demography and economics. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence that a demographic transition creates population pressure that can facilitate rural industrialization. By studying China's rapid demographic transition in the late twentieth century before massive internal labor migration took off and linking it to large regional variations in the process of rural industrialization in the wake of the country's market-oriented reforms, we find that initial local population pressure is positively associated with subsequent rural industrial development, proxied by the extensive growth in local privately and collectively owned enterprises. Population pressure was more significantly associated with rural industrialization than other demographic factors considered, such as birthrate, dependency ratio, and sex ratio at younger ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Population ageing is a demographic transition and burdens every country's health sector. A lack of social security combined with low government health-sector spending has made health-care utilisation difficult among elderly in many developing countries like India. This makes population ageing a global phenomenon for policymakers, researchers and stakeholders to discuss and debate in 21st century. The purpose of this paper is to examine the behavioural determinants of health-care utilisation among elderly population in Punjab. Design/methodology/approach: This study examines health-care utilisation among the elderly population in Punjab. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data in the state of Punjab, with a multi-stage stratified random sample of 385 respondents. Logit regression was used to analyse the association between several behavioural factors like age, gender, place of residence, source of livelihood, education and frequency of visits with health-care utilisation among elderly aged 60 and above. Findings: This study revealed that gender, age, place of residence, source of livelihood, education and frequency of visits were significant determinants of health-care utilisation among elderly population. Originality/value: This study directs the need to improve health-care utilisation in a country, reducing inequalities that exist among the elderly population with respect to socio-economic and demographic differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The continuing global demographic and epidemiologic transitions signal an ever-increasing cancer burden over the next decades, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries, with over 20 million new cancer cases expected annually as early as 2025. So, the study is planned to see cancer awareness and help seeking behaviour among the urban community. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the age group of more than 18 years of participants residing in an urban field practice area of a tertiary care centre. Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM) survey form was used to see the awareness which includes questions related to warning signs of cancer and help seeking barriers in the community Results: Among the participants, 91 (45.5%) responded lung cancer as commonest cancer among men and 158 (79%) responded breast cancer as commonest cancer among women. It was found in this study that 86% participants were aware that unexplained lump could be a warning sign of cancer followed by unexplained pain (68.5%), unexplained bleeding (67%) and unexplained weight loss (66.5%). Conclusion: It was revealed in our study that the participants had inadequate awareness of early warning signs of cancer. It was also observed that there were some help seeking barriers in the community for cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Due to the increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and the Colombian demographic transition, the necessity of palliative care has arisen. This study used accessibility and coverage indicators to measure the geographic barriers to palliative care. Methods: Population-based observational study focused on urban areas and adult population from Colombia, which uses three measurements of geographic accessibility to services: a) density of palliative care services per 100,000 inhabitants, b) analysis of geographic distribution by territorial nodes of the country, and c) spatial analysis of palliative care services using Voronoi diagrams. ArcGIS Pro software was used to map services' locations and identify geographic disparities. Results: A total of 504 palliative care services were identified, of which 77% were primary health care services. The density of palliative care services in Colombia is 1.8 primary care services per 100,000 inhabitants and 0.4 specialized services per 100,000 inhabitants. The average palliative care coverage is 41%, two regions of the country have a coverage below 30%. Twenty-eight percent of the services provide care for a population greater than 50,000 inhabitants within their coverage area, exceeding the acceptable limit by international standards. Conclusions: Palliative care services are concentrated in three main regions (Bogotá D.C., the Center, and the Caribbean) and are limited in the Orinoquia and Amazonia nodes. Density of specialized palliative care services is extremely low and there are regions without palliative services for adults with palliative needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographic transition and environmental governance are the most prominent focal points of global concern in the 21st century. We quantitatively evaluate the distinct carbon emission impacts of the global demographic transition by regression models based on C–D production function. Our study highlights that while demographic transition boosts per capita economic growth, it adversely affects overall economic output and aggregate economic growth, highlighting significant reductions in carbon emissions as a result of these demographic changes. However, it has a negative contribution to overall economic output and economic growth. Meanwhile, demographic transition eventually reduces carbon emissions to some extent. The relationship between population urbanization and carbon emissions mainly conforms to an inverted U-shaped curve, while some of it does to a linear growth pattern. However, the relationship between population aging and carbon emissions mainly conforms to an inverted U-shaped pattern. The impacts of demographic transition on carbon emissions confirm the universality of the EKC law in the particular production function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this review is to examine the changes in food consumption pattern of Indians over the years and to recommend evidence-based policy making regarding all the factors affecting food consumption. Methods: We have reviewed the articles frommajor databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords used for the search included dietary pattern, dietary trend, dietary intake, food system, nutrition system, prehistoric food systems, drought, famine, whole grains, diets, prices, income, environment, urban food consumption, processed foods, food security, food preferences, demographic transition, fat intake, food production, public distribution system, food consumption pattern, Indian agriculture, and India. Results: There is no facilitating environment for the production and cultivation of healthy and sustainable food. Conclusion: Policymakers should make major amendments to food and agricultural policies, and demotivate the consumption of junk food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demographic structure is an important factor influencing the development of the services industry. As the country with the world's most serious aging problem, China's service industry structure is likely to undergo profound changes in response to the rapid demographic transition. Therefore, this paper examines the effect of population aging on the development of the service industry in the context of China's accelerating population aging. The study found that: (1) Population aging has a significant "inverted U" effect on the development of the services industry. (2) The impact of population aging on the development of the service industry has obvious regional and industry heterogeneity. The study of regional heterogeneity found that population aging in economically developed regions has a more obvious effect on the development of the service industry than in economically less developed regions. Industry heterogeneity studies found that population aging has an obvious promotional effect on the development of medical and other rigid demand industries, while the effect on other non-rigid demand industries is not significant. (3) The threshold effect test found that when the degree of population aging exceeds the threshold, the stimulating effect of population aging on the development of the services industry is no longer significant. The research in this paper provides useful insights into the likely response to changes in the industrial structure of the services industry, and offers some implications for countries with similar demographic profiles to China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niger, a country in Western Africa, has the highest fertility rate in the world, with a total fertility rate of 6.7 in 2023. It is classified as a "least developed country" with a low human development index. The United Nations predicts that Niger's population will reach 67 million by 2050, more than doubling its current population. However, achieving sustainable development goals in Niger, such as reducing poverty and improving education and healthcare, will be challenging due to its high population growth and limited resources. The country also faces issues such as high child marriage rates, adolescent fertility, and low contraceptive use. To harness its demographic dividend, Niger needs to address challenges like low education, high unemployment, and gender inequalities. [Extracted from the article]

This study examines the changing age structure in Slovakia and ageing process, analyzing district-level data from 2001, 2010, and 2020. The research highlights significant ageing trends across most Slovak districts. These demographic changes have profound implications, including potential labor shortages, increased demand for healthcare and social services, social isolation, pension system strain, and shifting housing needs towards older adults. Understanding these trends and regional variations is vital for effective planning and provision of education, social services, and healthcare for diverse age groups in Slovakia. Our research underscores the complexity of implementing effective measures to mitigate the consequences of demographic ageing, given the regional disparities in ageing intensity. This study offers valuable insights for optimal planning. The challenges identified, such as financing social and healthcare systems and supporting vulnerable groups, are not unique to Slovakia but are shared by many countries undergoing similar demographic transitions. By examining Slovakia's approach, we contribute to the broader discourse on demographic ageing and highlight the need for future research to focus on comparative studies between regions and countries. This will help identify best practices and innovative solutions that can be adapted to various socio-economic contexts, fostering international collaboration and informed policy-making to address the global impact of ageing populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary trends in low fertility can in part be explained by increasing incentives to invest in offspring's embodied capital over offspring quantity in environments where education is a salient source of social mobility. However, studies on this subject have often neglected to empirically examine heterogeneity, missing out on the opportunity to investigate how this relationship is impacted when individuals are excluded from meaningful participation in economic spheres. Using General Social Survey data from the United States, I examine changes in the relationship between number of siblings and college attendance for White and Black respondents throughout the 1900s. Results show that in the early 1900s, White individuals from larger families had a lower chance of completing four years of college education than those from smaller families, whereas the likelihood for Black individuals was more uniform across family sizes. These racial differences mostly converged in the later part of the century. These results may help explain variations in the timing of demographic transitions within different racial groups in the United States and suggest that the benefits of decreasing family size on educational outcomes may be conditional on the specific economic opportunities afforded to a family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]