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We compare the age and sex structure of China's 2000 population census to an estimate of that structure derived from a projection from the 1990 census. Based on China's own official estimates of demographic change, our intercensal analysis indicates a shortfall in enumeration of more than a quarter of all children under age 5 and an eighth of those between 5 and 9, a total of nearly 37 million children missing in the 2000 census. We show that the shortfall is primarily due to underreporting of children in the census. Sex differences in child underreporting were fairly minor. Child underreporting in China is not unprecedented, but child underreporting rates in 2000 were about triple those of precious censuses. We attribute the increase primarily to policy changes beginning in the early 1990s that held officials at all jurisdictional levels personally responsible for enforcing birth quotas. Keywords: China; census; fertility; underreporting; population policy; children; intercensal analysis; sex ratios [Submitted November 2003; Final version accepted May 2004]

A single round household survey was conducted between October 1997 and May 1998. Information was collected on 1545 Maasai households in Kenya and Tanzania using a standardized questionnaire. These data represent the first large-scale, cross-border comparable survey of socioeconomic indicators for the Maasai. The structure of the study is similar to that of a natural experiment: one ethnic group living in two very different nation-states. The survey results describe a current "snapshot" of Maasai livelihoods. Living arrangements are described at both the household (olmarei) and multihousehold (enkang) level, together with changes in housing type. The roles of cultivation, transhumant migration, and employment are described, including a consideration of the prevalence of murranism (warriorhood). The implications of rising levels of sedentarization and cash crop production for Maasai economic diversification are explored. Participation by Maasai in the tourism industry is extremely low despite the proximity of M aasai to major international tourist destinations in East Africa. Levels of formal education show a marked sex bias in completed primary school education in both countries, with far fewer women than men having attended school. KEY WORDS: Maasai; Ngorongoro Conservation Area; Kenya; agropastoralism.

This paper assesses the extent to which Canada's universal health care system has eliminated socio-economic barriers in the use of physician services by examining the role of socio-economic status in the differential use of specific, publicly-insured, primary and specialist care services. Data from the 1994 National Population Health Survey, a nationally representative survey, were analysed using multiple logistic regression. In order to control for the association between primary and specialist utilisation, a two-staged least squares method was used for models explaining specialist utilisation. Health need, as measured by perceived health status and number of health problems, was found to be consistently associated with increased physician utilisation, for both primary and specialist visits. Whereas the likelihood of an individual making at least one visit to a primary care physician was found to be independent of income, those with lower incomes were more likely to be frequent users of primary care, that is, make at least six visits to a primary care physician. Even after adjusting for the greater utilisation of primary care services by those in lower socio-economic groups, and, therefore, their higher exposure to the risk of referral, the utilisation of specialist visits was greater for those in higher socio-economic groups. Canadians lacking a regular medical doctor were less likely to receive primary and specialist care, even after adjustments for socioeconomic variables such as income and education. Although financial barriers may not directly impede access to health care services in Canada, differential use of physician services with respect to socio-economic status persists. After adjusting for differences in health need, Canadians with lower incomes and fewer years of schooling visit specialists at a lower rate than those with moderate or high incomes and higher levels of education attained despite the existence of universal health care. Keywords: Socio-economic status; Utilisation; Primary and specialist services; Canada

Increased immigration by Hispanics and Asians, combined with high nonwhite birth rates, has led to greater racial diversity in the US in the 1990s from the 1960s at the time of the civil rights movement. The economic advancement of blacks is hindered because many whites continue to perceive black tenants, borrowers and employees as undesirable due to negative stereotyping. Asians have the best earnings, employment and education, while Indians and Hispanics have the worst.

The ethnic population is spread throughout the UK and includes people from many different countries. The total ethnic population in the UK is predicted to be 5.8% of the overall population in 1995-6, with around 25% from India. Some 56% of ethnic minorities live in the South East of England, with many Black-Caribbeans located in the West Midlands whilst a number of Pakistanis live in Yorkshire, Greater Manchester and the West Midlands. The average age of people from the ethnic minorities is around 25 years old in contrast to the white population where the average age is around 35 years for men and 38 years for women.

Introduction The Haiti Demographic and Health Survey, or Enquete Mortalite, Morbidite et Utilisation des Services (EMMUS-II), was conducted by the Institut Haitien de l'Enfance, Petionville, Haiti, within the framework of [...]

Introduction The Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), was conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics, the State Ministry of Population/National Family Planning Coordinating Board, and the Ministry of Health, [...]

The use of Mean Square Error (MSE) confidence intervals can lessen uncertainty in migration estimates resulting from poor assumptions of mortality. Viewing mortality as a constant results in both bias and a greater likelihood of random error. MSE confidence intervals are applied to 1980-1990 migration estimates for Arkansas that were compiled using the Forward Life Table Survival Method in order to show the benefits of MSE.

Ethnic minorities usually live in areas where the proportion of minorities is high, while the majority of whites reside in areas where there is a very small proportion of ethnic minorities. The minorities tend to live more in the urbanised areas of the United Kingdom. There were slightly more than 3 million ethnic minorities living in the United Kingdom in 1991, with minorities accounting for 5.5% of the population of 54.9 million. The spatial settlement pattern of ethnic minorities is examined.

Introduction The Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), was conducted by the National Population Council, Cairo, Egypt, within the framework of the DHS Program of Macro International Inc. Data for [...]

Introduction The Syria Maternal and Child Health Survey (SMCHS) was conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Syrian Arab Republic within the framework of the Pa Arab Project [...]

Results of the Namibia Demographic Health Survey conducted by the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Windhoek, Namibia, are already available. The survey was undertaken through the joint effort of the Central Statistical Office which is also based in Windhoek. Data gathered were from 4,101 households with 5,421 female respondents aged 15 to 49 and 3,562 children under the age of five years. The interviews were conducted between Jul 1992 and Nov 1992.

The population growth in Russia has been on the downtrend since the 1980's because of declining birthrate matched with an increase in the death rate. The rising morbidity statistics are attributed to an increase in the incidence of chronic and infectious diseases, mainly illnesses related to the circulatory and endocrine system. Chronic alcoholism has also doubled in two years, along with infant mortality and the incidence of childhood diseases. The increase in morbidity has also been blamed on inadequate food supply, water and air pollution due to contamination from the Chernobyl nuclear accident and inadequate health care facilities.

Canada's population stood at 27,296,859 as of Jun 4, 1991, according to the 1991 Census of Canada. The 7. 9% population growth rate marked the first time that an increase in the intercensal population growth rate was recorded since the 1951 Census. Census figures also indicate that the national growth rate was exceeded by those obtained in British Columbia, Ontario, Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories. In addition, statistics obtained by decennial censuses reveal that Alberta, British Columbia and Ontario registered the greatest increases in percentage share of the nation's population.

The results of a demographic and health survey undertaken by the Paraguay Center of Population Studies are presented. The survey was conducted in eastern Paraguay, where 98% of the population is concentrated. Areas covered include fertility, fertility preferences, current contraceptive use, contraception, marital and contraceptive status, postpartum factors, infant mortality, disease, prevention and treatment and nutritional status.

The population of foreign-born Blacks in the United States between 1980 and 2005 more than tripled, two-thirds of which are from Latin America and the Caribbean. The immigration of Blacks to the U.S., including statistical data, laws and policies, their integration to American society, and population distribution are discussed.

The population of Northern Ireland is projected to grow by 5.4 per cent over the next 15 years, according to figures published by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency [...]

The National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), a 1990-1992 nationwide face-to-face survey of the U.S. population age 15-54 regarding the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity, required, as with most large-scale surveys, multiple callbacks [...]

Data and measurement problems have complicated the debate over trends in job instability in the United States. We compare two cohorts of young white men from the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS), construct a rigorous measure of job change, and confirm earlier findings of a significant increase in job instability. We then benchmark the NLS against other main data sets in the field and conduct a thorough attrition analysis. Extending the analysis to wages, we find that the wage returns to job changing have both declined and become more unequal for young adults, mirroring trends in their long-term wage growth.

We update the evidence on changes in job stability through the mid-1990s, using recently released Current Population Survey data for 1995 that parallel earlier job tenure supplements. In the aggregate, job stability declined modestly in the first half of the 1990s. Moreover, the relatively small aggregate changes mask rather sharp declines in stability for workers with more than a few years of tenure. Nonetheless, the data available to this point do not support the conclusion that the downward shift in job stability for more tenured workers, and the more modest decline in aggregate job stability, reflect long-term trends.