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ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences Volume 42, Issue 2/W10, 17 April 2019, Pages 85-91 Underwater archaeological discoveries bring new challenges to the field, but such sites are more difficult to reach and, due to natural influences, they tend to deteriorate fast. Photogrammetry is one of the most powerful tools used for archaeological fieldwork. Photogrammetric techniques are used to document the state of the site in digital form for later analysis, without the risk of damaging any of the artefacts or the site itself. To achieve best possible results with the gathered data, divers should come prepared with the knowledge of measurements and photo capture methods. Archaeologists use this technology to record discovered arteacts or even the whole archaeological sites. Data gathering underwater brings several problems and limitations, so specific steps should be taken to get the best possible results, and divers should well be prepared before starting work at an underwater site. Using immersive virtual reality, we have developed an educational software to introduce maritime archaeology students to photogrammetry techniques. To test the feasibility of the software, a user study was performed and evaluated by experts. In the software, the user is tasked to put markers on the site, measure distances between them, and then take photos of the site, from which the 3D mesh is generated offline. Initial results show that the system is useful for understanding the basics of underwater photogrammetry.

In this paper, we propose a method based on pixel prediction to detect objects into a large image. We propose to integrate the Weighted Error Layer (WEL) in a Convolution Neuronal Network (CNN) architecture in order to weight the error during the back-propagation and to reduce the impact of the borders. We estimate the orientation of the objects when the detection step is achieved. Our proposed layer is evaluated on real data in order to detect amphorae on the Mazatos underwater archaeological site. © (2017) by the International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO). All rights reserved. 691 695

Throughout the history of the Mediterranean region, seafaring and trading played a significant role in the interaction between the cultures and people in the area. In order to engage the general public in learning about maritime cultural heritage we have designed and developed a serious game incorporating geospatially analyzed data from open GIS archaeological maritime sources, and archaeological data resulting from shipwreck excavations. We present a second prototype of the seafaring serious game, and discuss the results of an evaluation which involved a large multi-site user study with participants from three continents. More specifically, we present the evaluation of “The Seafarers” a strategy-based game which integrates knowledge from multiple disciplines in order to educate the user through playing. A first prototype was reported in Philbin-Briscoe et al. (2017) where an expert-user evaluation of the usability and the effectiveness of the game in terms of the learning objectives was performed. In this paper, we present how the outcomes of the evaluation of the first prototype “The Seafarers – 1” by expert-users were used in the redesign and development of the game mechanics for the second prototype “The Seafarers-2”. We then present our methodology for evaluating the game with respect to the game objective of engagement in learning about maritime cultural heritage, seafaring and trading in particular. Specifically, the evaluation was to test the hypothesis that game playing allows for more engaged learning thus improving longer-term knowledge retention. The evaluation was conducted in two phases and includes a pilot study, followed by a multi-site, multi-continent user-study involving a large number of participants. We analyze the results of the user evaluation and discuss the outcomes. This work is part of the EU-funded project iMareCulture and involves truly multi-continental, multi-institutional and multi-disciplinary cooperation – civil engineers and archaeologists from Cyprus, Human Computer Interaction (HCI) experts and Educationists from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, and cultural sociologists and computer scientists from Canada.

Commercial sea routes joining Europe with other cultures are vivid examples of cultural interaction. In this work, we present a serious game which aims to provide better insight and understanding of seaborne trade mechanisms and seafaring practices in the eastern Mediterranean during the Classical and Hellenistic periods. The game incorporates probabilistic geospatial analysis of possible ship routes through the re-use and spatial analysis from open GIS maritime, ocean, and weather data. These routes, along with naval engineering and sailing techniques from the period, are used as underlying information for the seafaring game. This work is part of the EU-funded project iMareCulture whose purpose is in raising the European identity awareness using maritime and underwater cultural interaction and exchange in the Mediterranean sea.

This paper investigates immersive technologies to increase exploration time in an underwater archaeological site, both for the public, as well as, for researchers and scholars. Focus is on the Mazotos shipwreck site in Cyprus, which is located 44 meters underwater. The aim of this work is two-fold: (a) realistic modelling and mapping of the site and (b) an immersive virtual reality visit. For 3D modelling and mapping optical data were used. The underwater exploration is composed of a variety of sea elements including: plants, fish, stones, and artefacts, which are randomly positioned. Users can experience an immersive virtual underwater visit in Mazotos shipwreck site and get some information about the shipwreck and its contents for raising their archaeological knowledge and cultural awareness.

ID: 915725191

The project iMARECULTURE is focusing in raising European identity awareness using maritime and underwater cultural interaction and exchange in Mediterranean Sea. Commercial ship routes joining Europe with other cultures are vivid examples of cultural interaction, while shipwrecks and submerged sites, unreachable to wide public are excellent samples that can benefit from immersive technologies, augmented and virtual reality. The projects aim to bring inherently unreachable underwater cultural heritage within digital reach of the wide public using virtual visits and immersive technologies. Apart from reusing existing 3D data of underwater shipwrecks and sites, with respect to ethics, rights and licensing, to provide a personalized dry visit to a museum visitor or augmented reality to the diver, it also emphasizes on developing pre- and after- encounter of the digital or physical museum visitor. The former one is implemented exploiting geospatial enabled technologies for developing a serious game of sailing over ancient Mediterranean and the latter for an underwater shipwreck excavation game. Both games are realized thought social media, in order to facilitate information exchange among users. The project supports dry visits providing immersive experience through VR Cave and 3D info kiosks on museums or through the web. Additionally, aims to significantly enhance the experience of the diver, visitor or scholar, using underwater augmented reality in a tablet and an underwater housing. The consortium is composed by universities and SMEs with experience in diverse underwater projects, existing digital libraries, and people many of which are divers themselves. 10058 LNCS 805 813 ID: 6884792787

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Αριθμός δεδηλωμένων πηγών στη βιβλιογραφία: 435 Διατριβή (Διδακτορική) -- Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου, Φιλοσοφική Σχολή, Τμήμα Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας, 2002. Η βιβλιοθήκη διαθέτει αντίτυπο της διατριβής σε έντυπη μορφή. Κατά τη διάρκεια της ύστερη ρωμαϊκής περιόδου (4ος - 5ος αι. μ.Χ.) εμφανίστηκαν νέοι τύποι εμπορικών αμφορέων, κυρίως από τις ανατολικές Επαρχίες της Αυτοκρατορίας, ο χάρτης διασποράς των οποίων περιλαμβάνει ολόκληρη τη Μεσόγειο και τη Μαύρη Θάλασσα. Ανάμεσα στους πλέον διαδεδομένους τύπους είναι ο Late Roman Amphora 1 (στο εξής LR1), εργαστήρια του οποίου έχουν εντοπιστεί στις ακτές της Κιλικίας, στην Καρία, στη Ρόδο και στην Κύπρο. Κατά τη διάρκεια του 7ου αι. μ.Χ. στο σχηματολόγιο των κυπριακών εργαστηρίων προστέθηκε ένας ακόμη τύπος αμφορέα, ο Late Roman Amphora 13 (στο εξής LR13). H παρούσα μελέτη είχε στοχεύει στη διερεύνηση του ρόλου του νησιού στα εμπορικά δίκτυα της ανατολικής Μεσογείου κατά την ύστερη Ρωμαϊκή περίοδο, μέσα από την εξέλιξη της παραγωγής των αμφορέων LR1 και LR13. Μεθοδολογία Για να επιτευχθεί ο στόχος αυτός έπρεπε να γίνουν κατανοητές κατ' αρχήν οι συνθήκες παραγωγής των αγγείων, δηλαδή ο αριθμός των εργαστηρίων, οι μέθοδοι κατασκευής και η τυπολογική εξέλιξη των αμφορέων. Απαραίτητη επίσης κρίθηκε και η μελέτη της εμπορίας και της διασποράς των αμφορέων, εντός και εκτός Κύπρου. Μελετήθηκαν σύνολα 605 τμηματικά σωζόμενοι αμφορείς LR1 και LR13 από της εξής θέσεις: 1. Εργαστήριο της Κάτω Πάφου (σωστική ανασκαφή στο χώρο του ξενοδοχείου Annabelle) 2. Αρχαία Αγορά Αμαθούντας 3. Αρχαία Αγορά Κουρίου 4. Mεγάλη N.A. Bασιλική Αμαθούντας 5. Αγιος T ύχωνας Aμαθούντας 6. Άγιος Γεώργιος Πέγειας Ως αποτέλεσμα της μακροσκοπικής εξέτασης του πηλού των καταγεγραμμένων αμφορέων αλλά και με βάση τις πετρογραφικές αναλύσεις (οι οποίες πραγματοποιήθηκαν στο Τμήμα Γεωλογικής Επισκόπησης του Υπουργείου Γεωργίας της Κύπρου) διαχωρίστηκαν πέντε τοπικά εργαστήρια και δύο ακόμη, των οποίων η κυπριακή ταυτότητα δεν είναι απολύτως εξακριβωμένη. Προκειμένου να εξεταστούν οι συνθήκες παραγωγής, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειραματικές ανακατασκευές αμφορέων σε παραδοσιακά αγγειοπλαστεία της Λευκωσίας. Διαπιστώθηκε ότι υπάρχουν δύο μόνο βασικοί τρόποι κατασκευής αγγείων με ημισφαιρική βάση και στη συνέχεια καταγράφηκαν αναλυτικά τα μορφολογικά αποτελέσματα των διαφορετικών τρόπων μορφοποίησης του πηλού, σε κάθε στάδιο. Με δεδομένα και τα παραπάνω, επιχειρήθηκε κατ' αρχήν ο τυπολογικός διαχωρισμός των αμφορέων LR1, οι οποίο ήταν και οι περισσότεροι αριθμητικά. Tα κριτήρια της κατάταξης ήταν η διαμόρφωση των διαγνωστικών τους τμημάτων (χείλος, λαιμός λαβές) και οι βασικές διαστάσεις του λαιμού (Διάμετρος Στομίου και Υψος Λαιμού). Προκειμένου να μελετηθεί καλύτερα το σύνολο των κυπριακών LR1, ήταν απαραίτητη η ταξινόμηση και των δημοσιευμένων αμφορέων, οι οποίοι προέρχονταν από όλες σχεδόν τις παράκτιες θέσεις της Μεσογείου. Διαχωρίστηκαν δύο τύποι πρώιμων αμφορέων LR1 (4ος - 5ος αι. ) και τέσσερις τύποι της όψιμης φάσης (5ος -7° αι.). Η ίδια διαδικασία ακολουθήθηκε και για τους αμφορείς LR13, οι οποίοι διαχωρίστηκαν σε δύο κύριες ομάδες. Συμπεράσματα Η παραγωγή αμφορέων στην Κύπρο κατά τους ύστερους ρωμαϊκούς χρόνους ε.ιναι ενδεικτική της εμπλοκής του νησιού στα εμπορικά δίκτυα της ανατολικής Μεσογείου. Η παραγωγή εντάθηκε στα τέλη του 6ου αιώνα, οπότε η Κύπρος φαίνεται ότι είτε κατόρθωσε να διατηρήσει το εμπορικό δίκτυο που είχε δημιουργήσει από τον προηγούμενους αιώνες είτε ίσως αναγκάστηκε να εντατικοποιήσει τις εξαγωγές της για να αναπληρώσει το κενό που δημιουργήθηκε από τις απώλειες των εδαφών της γειτονικής Αντιόχειας και της Αιγύπτου. Η παραγωγή αμφορέων στο νησί ήταν αποτέλεσμα των ευνοϊκών αυτών συνθηκών, οι οποίες διήρκεσαν περίπου δύο αιώνες. During the late Roman period (4th - 7th centuries AD), new transport amphorae appeared, mainly in the eastern provinces of the Empire. Their distribution map includes the entire Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Among the most common types is the Late Roman Amphora 1 (LR1), workshops of which have been located in the Cilician coasts, in Caria, Rhodes and Cyprus. During the 7th century, a new type, the Late Roman Amphora 13 (LR13) was added in the repertoire of the Cypriot workshops. This study aims at investigating the role of Cyprus in the trade networks of the eastern Mediterranean during the Late Roman period, as evidenced by the development of the LR1 and LR13 amphora production. Methodology In order to achieve the above mentioned objective, it was necessary firstly to understand the conditions of the amphora production on the island: the number of the workshops, the construction methods and the typology of the vessels. It was also necessary to investigate the trade and diffusion of these amphorae, in and outside Cyprus. A total of 605 partly preserved LR1 and LR13 amphorae were studied from the following sites: 7. Kato Paphos Kiln Site (rescue excavation at Annabelle Hotel) 8. Agora of Amathus 9. Agora of Kourion 10. Amathous coastal Basilica 11. Ayios Tychon, Amathous 12. Ayios Georghios, Peyia Five Cypriot workshops and two more of uncertain origin were distinguished, as a result of macroscopic study of the catalogued amphorae fabrics but also according to petrographic analysis, conducted by the Department of Geological Survey, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources , Cyprus. Moreover and in order to study better the different sub-types, experiments in amphora manufacture were conducted in two traditional pottery workshops of Nicosia. Both potters used two techniques, widely used to make vessels with a convex base. During each step of these techniques, the different marks left on the vessels' surface were recorded in detail. The typological distinction of the Cypriot LR1 amphorae was made on the basis of the fabric and the characteristics of the different manufacturing techniques. The morphology of the vessels' diagnostic parts (rim, neck, handles), the average dimensions of the neck (diameter and height) were also taken into consideration. The published LR1 amphorae from diverse Mediterranean sites were classified according to the same typology: two early types (4th - 5th centuries AD) and four later ones (5th - 7th centuries AD) were distinguished. The Cypriot LR13 amphorae were divided in two groups (rather than types), as only few vessels were examined. Conclusions The amphora production in Cyprus during the late Roman period is indicative of the island's involvement in the trade networks of the eastern Mediterranean. This production was intensified at the end of the 6th century AD, when Cyprus managed to maintain its previous trade contacts, despite the wars that broke out at the neighbouring province; or these networks were enhanced because of the loss of Antioch and Egypt. Thus, the amphora production was directly influenced by these conditions, which remained favourable for Cyprus for about two centuries.

The mast-step is the longitudinal structure and the complex system which was intended to receive and secure the mast. This structural element, essential for the integrity and the seaworthiness of any sailing ship, however, has not been sufficiently studied or interpreted. The topic was last approached by Geannette (1983) but since then, new discoveries of shipwrecks that preserve their mast-step have been added to the archaeological record. The present dissertation discusses the results of an attempt to re-examine and re-evaluate the available data, aiming to contextualize the changes in the construction of the mast-step in the longue durée. The analysis begins with the earliest archaeological evidence (7th century BC) in the Mediterranean until the end of the Early Roman period (3rd century AD) and extends geographically throughout the eastern, central and western Mediterranean. A corpus of the related shipwrecks presents the structure, the dimensions and the characteristic or the unique features of each mast-step and keelson/mast, laying the foundations for a diachronic examination of the timber’s form and function, as well as its adjacent elements. As a result, the chronological development of the construction is suggested, associated with specific Mediterranean shipbuilding traditions. This, in turn, leads to the formulation of a structural typology, associated with the different types of mast-step placement, its position into the hull and its relationship with the mast. In the absence of archaeological evidence, carefully chosen examples provided by iconography and experimental archaeology are used as supplementary and auxiliary elements for better understanding and interpretation of the functional and morphological characteristics of the mast-step and keelson/mast-step. The evolution of the mast-step and keelson, their relationship, as well as their association with the structure of the hull, reflects the broader development in the construction of ancient ships. Therefore, the examination and interpretation of these timbers may supplement our knowledge of ancient shipbuilding and, consequently, ancient seafaring.

The Cypriot amphora, well-known in scholarship as basket handle amphora, was the characteristic maritime transport container of Cyprus and it was produced during the Archaic, Classical and Early Hellenistic periods. The vessel was also distributed during the same periods in the Eastern Mediterranean, especially the coasts of Egypt, the Levant and the south and southwestern coasts of Anatolia. This thesis aims to record all the published Cypriot amphorae that were excavated in Cyprus and to demonstrate the distribution of the vessel within the island based on various parameters which include chronology, typology and possible regional production centers. For this purpose, a catalogue of 257 entries (including complete and fragmented amphorae) has been formed in the framework of this thesis. Additionally, maps were created to visualize the distribution of the Cypriot amphora within the island, and multiple tables indicating the dissemination of the different typological variants of the amphora as well as the appearance of the vessel within shipwrecks in the eastern Mediterranean. This study has demonstrated that the Cypriot amphora circulated throughout the island, yet with the evident absent of published material coming from the north and northwest coast of Cyprus. Furthermore, two regional production centers can be securely identified up to date: Amathus, which is confirmed by stamps, and Salamis, according to petrographic analyses. Based on the results of scientific analyses on the contents of such vessels discovered in two Classical wrecks, the Ma‘agan Mikhael and the Yavneh-Yam, it was shown that these Cypriot amphorae were carrying wine. However, the discovery of such vessels in the context of an olive press at Nicosia-Agios Georgios Hill indicated that the vessel was also used for carrying olive oil. Finally, a thorough study of the characteristic Cypriot transport amphora is hindered by the lack of publications of the excavated material that could shed light on the dissemination of the different types of this vessel at a spatial and temporal level. At the same time scientific analyses are needed to help determine the regional production centers.

Understanding and reconstructing the wreck site formation processes (WSFP) and events that have transformed a ship into an archaeological site is an established area of research in shipwreck archaeology and an essential prerequisite to the interpretation of any shipwreck. However, the scarcity of coherent and undisturbed ancient shipwreck sites, but also the only recent advancements of underwater mapping techniques have prevented archaeologists from comprehensively examining and reconstructing such complex procedures (i.e. WSFP) in ancient shipwrecks. The process of identifying and describing the WSFP is achieved through the documentation, study and analysis of all the surviving material and their associations. With this in mind, even the isolated and fragmentary finds within the broader site can contribute in explaining the spatial disposition and relational aspects that characterize the site assemblage. The potential information that may be derived from the spatial analysis of such micro-scale evidence (i.e. small finds and pottery fragments) in shipwreck sites, however, has yet to be fully explored. This thesis explores the use of 3D modelling and visualization for intra-site stratigraphic analysis, using as its case study the Mazotos shipwreck site, a coherent shipwreck site, dated to the 4th century BC and located southwest of Larnaca, Cyprus. The high level of the site’s preservation, classifies it among the rare cases of shipwrecks in the Mediterranean where the internal stratigraphy and the various phases of the site’s formation processes can be studied in detail. A workflow for mapping micro-stratigraphic evidence in a 3D environment is proposed and applied, aiming to evaluate the potential of plotting pottery fragments in a 3D environment and by extension the use of 3D applications, in the stratigraphic analysis of shipwreck sites and the study of their formation processes. Digital photogrammetry and 3D computer graphics have become indispensible tools in shipwreck archaeological research, providing and permitting new ways of acquiring, analyzing and interpreting the evidence of the past. The implementation of 3D digital mapping and visualization enables the spatial examination of elements such as micro-stratigraphy, which can demonstrably contribute significantly to the identification, understanding and reconstruction of both the depositional and site formation processes, aiding in attaining a more complete interpretation of the archaeological record.