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Intramuscular heating differences exist between transducers from the same manufacturer is determined. Results concluded that heating curves differ but peak heating at 10 minutes is similar.

Context: Researchers have recommended certain ultrasound treatment parameters for deep heating; however, we observed different parameters in the clinical setting. Objective: To compare the treatment effect of using observed clinical parameters (OCP) from 8 clinicians to the treatment effect of using the recommended parameters (RP) sited in research. Design: 2 × 2 repeated measures design. Setting: Sports injury research laboratory. Participants: Ten healthy volunteers. Interventions: Two 1 MHz treatment, 1 RP treatment (1.5 W/cm², 10-min, area-2 to 3 × ERA), and 1 OCP treatment (1.3 W/cm², 8-min, area 3.9 X ERA) Main Outcome Measure: Tricep surae temperature 3 cm below superficial tissue Results: The RP treatment increase temperature from 36.4 ± 1.0 to 40.3 ± 2.0°C, which was a greater change than the OCP (36.5 ± 1.2 to 38.2 ± 1.6°C). Conclusions: The OCP treatment resulted in a lower heating affect than the RP. Small change in treatment area, intensity, and duration can have a large effect on temperature change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: it has been suggested that to obtain optimal physiological effects of heating, musculoskeletal temperature (TEMP) should be elevated 3 °C above baseline and maintained for at least 5 min. Objective: To identify a multi-intensity ultrasound protocol that will achieve optimal heating. Design: 1 × 2 between-subjects. Setting: Sports-injury research laboratory. Participants: 20 healthy volunteers. Interventions: A 2.5-mm treatment at 2.4 W/cm² immediately followed by a 7.5-min treatment at 1.0 W/cm² (T1) and a 10-min treatment at 1.5 W/cm² (T2). Outcome Measures: TEMP change during the first 2.5 mm of ultrasound treatment (°C), time the TEMP was ≥3 °C above baseline during and after the treatment. Results: T1 increased TEMP during the first 2.5 mm of the ultrasound treatment (3.22 ± 1.25 °C) more than T2 did (1.68 ± 0.72 °C). No difference was found for the remaining measures. Conclusions: The multi-intensity protocol (2.4 W/cm² and 1.0 W/cm²) did not result in optimal heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nesser TW, Demchak, T.J. Variations of preseason conditioning on volleyball performance. JEP online 2007:10(5):35-42. Over two competitive seasons (04--05 and 05-06), NCAA Division I female volleyball players (ht 177.9 ± 5.6 cm, wt 70.2 ± 3.8 kg and ht 175.5 ± 8.0 cm, wt 67.4 ± 7.5 kg, respectively) completed two weeks of preseason multiple daily practices. The 04-05 preseason consisted of 24 practice sessions, 12 resistance-training sessions, and 2 rest days within a 14-day period. The 05-06 preseason consisted of 17 practice sessions, 10 resistance-training sessions, and 1 rest day within a 14-day period. Players completed three performance variables prior to the start of preseason conditioning (PPS), following preseason conditioning (PTPS), and post regular season (PTS). Performance variables include a spike vertical jump (SVJ), a block vertical jump (BVJ), and a T-run agility test (TRUN). t-tests were used for data analysis. Results (04-05): SVJ decreased between PPS (52.1 ± 2.9 cm) and PTPS conditioning (48.8 ± 3.4 cm, p = 0.000), but returned to PPS levels by PTS (54.5 ± 3.9 cm, p = 0.03). BVJ decreased between PPS (47.5 ± 3.1 cm) and PTPS (39.8 ± 3.7 cm, p = 0.000) and remained low (PTS 44.3 ± 4.7 cm, p = 0.016). TRUN increased in time between PPS (10.12 ± 0.5 sec) and PTPS (10.33 ± 0.7 sec, p = 0.027). TRUN returned to PPS levels by PTS (10.10 ± 0.5 sec, p = 0.001). Results ('05-'06): SVJ and BVJ experienced no change at PTPS (52.0 ± 2.9 cm vs. 52.9 ± 3.9 cm, p = 0.48 and 40.9 ± 3.3 cm vs. 41.9 ± 3.5 cm, p = 0.15) or PTS (54.6 ± 3.5 cm, p = 0.08 and 42.0 ± 3.5 cm, p = 0.87). TRUN improved at PTPS (10.01 ± 0.6 sec vs. 9.69 ± 0.6 sec, p = 0.006) and continued to improve by PTS (9.17 ± 0.8 sec, p = 0.003). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest multiple practices in the preseason can be beneficial pending sufficient rest and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Ice bags "to go" are a common practice in athletic training. Objective: To determine the effect of submaximal exercise on tissue temperatures during a common ice-bag application. Design: 2 X 5 fully repeated-measures design with treatment (cooling while resting, cooling while walking) and time (pretreatment, immediately after ice application, and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes during treatment) as the independent variables. Setting: Laboratory setting. Patients or Other Participants: Sixteen healthy, physically active volunteers (age = 21.63 ± 2.63 yrs, height = 68.97 ± 4.00 cm, mass = 80.97 ± 18.18 kg, calf skinfold = 21.1 ± 9.3 mm). Main Outcome Measure(s): Left triceps surae intramuscular and skin temperatures, as measured by thermocouples to the nearest 0.1°C, served as dependent measures. Intervention(s): After collecting baseline temperatures, we secured a 1.0-kg ice bag to the calf using plastic wrap before the subject either rested prone or walked on a treadmill at 4.5 km/h for 30 minutes. Results: Treatment did not (P < 0.10) affect the ∼15°C (P < 0.0001) surface temperature decrease, which remained depressed immediately upon ice-bag application (P ° 0.05). Conversely, intramuscular temperature continually cooled (34 to 28°C), while subjects rested (P ° 0.0001), whereas no change took place during walking (P = 0.49). Moreover, at the 20- and 30-minute treatment intervals, the resting intramuscular temperatures were, respectively, 3.9°C and 5.4°C cooler than the walking intramuscular temperatures (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The current trend of wrapping "to go" ice bags to the leg is not likely to achieve deep tissue cooling despite surface temperature decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare three different intervals for a between sets rest period during a common isokinetic knee extension strength-testing protocol of twenty older Brazilian men (66.30 ± 3.92 yrs). The volunteers underwent unilateral knee extension (Biodex System 3) testing to determine their individual isokinetic peak torque at 60, 90, and 120° ·s-1. The contraction speeds and the rest periods between sets (30, 60 and 90 s) were randomly performed in three different days with a minimum rest period of 48 hours. Significant differences between and within sets were analyzed using a One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. Although, at angular velocity of 60°·s-1 produced a higher peak torque, there were no significant differences in peak torque among any of the rest periods. Likewise, there were no significant differences between mean peak torque among all resting periods (30, 60 and 90s) at angular velocities of 90 and 120°·s-1. The results showed that during a common isokinetic strength testing protocol a between set rest period of at least 30 s is sufficient for recovery before the next test set in older men. Key PointsMuscle fiber cross sectional area (CSAf ) decreased 38% following spinal cord injury (SCI).Early intervention with functional electric stimulation cycle ergometry (FES-CE) prevented further loss of CSAf in SCI patients and increased power output.Muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) and myonuclear density were unaffected by SCI or FES-CE.