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Copyright of Mali Médical is the property of Mali Medical, Faculte de Medecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mali Médical is the property of Mali Medical, Faculte de Medecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Breast cancer is the second cancer of women in Mali. Immunohistochemistry is poorly performed in our African countries. Objectives: To describe the immunohistochemical aspect and determine the prognosis of breast cancer. Methodology: This is a retrospective descriptive study (March 2006-July 2016) in the General Surgery Department of Gabriel Touré University Hospital in Bamako, Mali. Immunohistochemistry was performed in all patients through a collaboration of our German partners. Results: We collected 98 patients (95 women and 3 men) with an average age of 40.04 ± 13.07 years. Twenty-two patients (22.44%) had a personal history of benign breast disease. In 16 patients (16.33%), we found a family breast cancer. The most common histological types were intra ductal carcinoma with 84 (85.72%) and invasive lobular carcinoma in 9 cases (9.18%). Immunohistochemistry found a predominance of triple negative with forty nine patients (50%) followed by Luminal A subtype with 26 cases (26.23%). According to the TNM classification, 44 patients (44.90%) were received at stage III. The median survival was 60 months in the group of patients who received hormone therapy versus 28 months for the group without hormone therapy (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry is essential for the adequate management of breast cancer. Its realization has allowed us to improve the prognosis of hormone-dependent cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Africaine de Chirurgie et Spécialités is the property of Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Regional Landscapes Dynamics in The Cotton Zone of Mali. In recent decades, human activities, particularly agriculture, have led to the gradual transformation of a very large part of the earth's surface. In the Mali cotton zone, this human pressure is relatively high due to an increase in cotton and livestock over the past three decades. In addition to the digital processing of satellite images, the methodology was based on calculations of landscape metrics using the Fragstats software for the quantification of the structure at the scale of the task, and this within the same category of tasks and at the global scale of the landscape. At the level of occupancy classes, heterogeneity is observed mainly related to the increase of the proportion of landscape occupied by the agricultural zone which passed in 30 years from 21.92% to 36.57% to the detriment of the wooded savannah which lost 21.57% of its surface. In terms of landscape dynamics, the introduction of cotton cultivation in this area in the 1990s contributed significantly to an increase of more than 260 km² in the cultivated area.

Introduction: Although an essential frontline service in the prevention of child morbidity and mortality, there are indications that routine vaccinations have been disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to compare vaccination coverage before COVID-19 in Mali in 2019 and during COVID-19 in 2020., Objective: To compare vaccination coverages before COVID-19 in Mali in 2019 and during COVID-19 in 2020., Design: Cross-sectional study., Setting and Participants: We collected routine immunization data from 2019 to 2020 of children under one year in the health district of Commune V in Bamako which includes twelve community health centers (CSCom)., Results: Considering all vaccines together, coverage in 2019 was higher than in 2020 (88.7% vs. 71,6%) (p < 10 - 3 , Fig. 1). In 2020, low proportions of children vaccinated were observed in May (51.1%) two months after the first COVID-19 case in Mali on March 25, 2020. For all vaccines, the mean number of children vaccinated was significantly higher in 2019 (before COVID-19) as compared to 2020 (during COVID-19) (p < 0.05). However, in September and October 2019 BCG vaccine coverage was lower in 2019 as compared to 2020 (p < 10 - 3 )., Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic has affected routine childhood vaccine coverage in Commune V of Bamako, particularly in May 2020. Therefore, new strategies are needed to improve vaccine coverage in young children below 1., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Objective: to report the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic characteristics of the first COVID 19 patients in intensive care., Patients and Method: retrospective descriptive and analyticalstudy over 4 months, covering all adult patients tested positive for SARS-Cov-2 and admitted to intensive care., Results: 49 patients, 35 men and 14 women (2% of cases) were admitted to intensive care. The median age was 64 years [26 - 92]. Hypertension (16; 32.6%), and diabetes (11; 22.4%) were the mostcommoncomorbidities. The most common symptoms on admission were cough (38; 80.9%), shortness of breath (35; 74.5%), and fever (33; 70.2%). The median time to onset of symptoms was 11 days. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) was used in 21 patients (42.9%). Fourteen (28.6%) wereintubated and put onassisted ventilation. The mean hospital stay was 7.77 ± 7.30 days. We recorded 20 (40.8%) deaths. Factors associated with death were high blood pressure, onset of shock, and on mechanical ventilation., Conclusion: Covid-19 remains a public healthproblemwith high morbidity and mortality. The morbidity and mortalityfactorsare: comorbidities and the severity of the clinicalpicture., (Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de renvoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de conserver un exemplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)

Objectives: The objectives were to describe the epidemiological and prognostic aspects of eclampsia in the Bougouni reference health center., Methods: This was a transversal prospective, descriptive study from January 1 to December 31, 2015 in the gynecology-obstetrics department of Bougouni reference health center. Were included, all pregnant or postpartum women diagnosed with eclampsia during the study period., Results: The frequency of eclampsia was 2.54%. They were adolescent girls in 50% of cases, primigest in 62.5% of cases, unschooled in 67.5% of cases, having not performed any antenatal care in 70% of cases. Eclampsia occurred in antepartum in 37.5% of cases, in 5% in perpartum and in 57.5% in postpartum. Therapeutically, nicardipine with 72.5% and nifedipine with 22.5% were the antihypertensive drugs used. As for anticonvulsants, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) was used in 92.5% and diazepam in 7.5%. The maternal-fetal prognosis was marked by 2.5% of maternal death, 27% of prematurity and 27.5% of fetal death in utero., Conclusion: Eclampsia is a dreadful pathology with serious maternal and fetal complications., (Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de renvoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de conserver un exemplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)

We report a rare case of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with maxillofacial dysmorphia diagnosed in the radiology department at Hopital Sominé Dolo of Mopti. The aim was to describe the role of medical imaging including the CT scan in its diagnosis. He was a 42-year-old man of rural origin with poor socio-economic conditions. He was sent to us for a craniofacial CT scan for assessment of a maxillofacial mass. This CT scan showed a thickening of the diploid of the vault and the cranial base with osteocondensation and osteolytic lesions at the maxillofacial level. An extension assessment showed polyostotic involvement. His diagnosis is based on medical imaging and in particular CT scan. Three types of radiological aspects are evocative: a homogeneous or heterogeneous clarity, a smoke-like appearance and a slightly condensed appearance. Complications observed were deformities, fracture of the femoral neck and aesthetic damage., (Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de renvoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de conserver un exemplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)

Background: Surgical site infections (SSI) complicate most operations in developing countries. A variety of germs is responsible for it. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of surgical site infections and the bacteriological profile., Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective study for descriptive purposes. The included patients were treated between August 2016 and July 2017 in the Surgery B department of the University Hospital Center Point G. The study population consisted of all patients operated on and hospitalized for at least 72 hours. Patients who had an infection of the operative site were retained. The incidence of ISOs, the different bacterial strains and their susceptibility to antibiotics were studied. Data was analyzed on SPSS 12.0., Results: The incidence of surgical site infections was 4.7%. The median age of the patients was 29.5 ± 4.34, the sex ratio was 1.66. The average time to onset of infections was 7.33 days. Of the samples taken, 4 bacterial strains were identified: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinobacter baumanii and Enterobacter spp . Isolated strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to Cefotaxim, Amikacin, Nitrofurantoin, but resistant to Ceftriaxon, Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid. The species of Acinobacter baumanii and Enterococcus spp . Were sensitive to Colistin, but resistant to Ceftriaxone, Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid., Conclusion: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are the main germs of the generally antibiotic-resistant ISOs commonly used in the service., (Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de renvoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de conserver un exemplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)

Breast cancer is the second cancer of women in Mali. Immunohistochemistry is poorly performed in our African countries., Objectives: To describe the immunohistochemical aspect and determine the prognosis of breast cancer., Methodology: This is a retrospective descriptive study (March 2006-July 2016) in the General Surgery Department of Gabriel Toure University Hospital in Bamako, Mali. Immunohistochemistry was performed in all patients through a collaboration of our German partners., Results: We collected 98 patients (95 women and 3 men) with an average age of 40.04 ± 13.07 years. Twenty-two patients (22.44%) had a personal history of benign breast disease. In 16 patients (16.33%), we found a family breast cancer. The most common histological types were intra ductal carcinoma with 84 (85.72%) and invasive lobular carcinoma in 9 cases (9.18%). Immunohistochemistry found a predominance of triple negative with forty nine patients (50%) followed by Luminal A subtype with 26 cases (26.23%). According to the TNM classification, 44 patients (44.90%) were received at stage III. The median survival was 60 months in the group of patients who received hormone therapy versus 28 months for the group without hormone therapy (p = 0.007)., Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry is essential for the adequate management of breast cancer. Its realization has allowed us to improve the prognosis of hormone-dependent cancers., (Le comitée de rédaction se réserve le droit de revoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de sonserver un examplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)

The sharpness of the images coming from a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is a very important property for many computer vision applications at micro- and nanoscale. It represents how much object details are distinctive in the images: the object may be perceived sharp or blurred. Image sharpness highly depends on the value of focal distance, or working distance in the case of the SEM. Autofocus is the technique allowing to automatically adjust the working distance to maximize the sharpness. Most of the existing algorithms allows working only with a static object which is enough for the tasks of visualization, manual microanalysis or microcharacterization. These applications work with a low frame rate, less than 1 Hz, that guarantees a low level of noise. However, static autofocus can not be used for samples performing continuous 3D motion, which is the case of robotic applications where it is required to carry out a continuous 3D position measurement, e.g., nano-assembly or nanomanipulation. Moreover, in addition to constantly keeping object in focus while it is moving, it is required to perform the operation at high frame rate. The approach offering both these possibilities is presented in this paper and is referred as dynamic autofocus. The presented solution is based on stochastic optimization techniques. It allows tracking the maximum of the sharpness of the images without sweep and without training. It works under uncertainty conditions: presence of noise in images, unknown maximal sharpness and unknown 3D motion of the specimen. The experiments, that were performed with noisy images at high frame rate (5 Hz), were conducted on a Carl Zeiss Auriga 60 FE-SEM. They prove the robustness of the algorithm with respect to the variation of optimization parameters, object speed and magnification. Moreover, it is invariant to the object structure and its variation in time., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

As an imaging system, scanning electron microscope (SEM) performs an important role in autonomous micro-nanomanipulation applications. When it comes to the sub micrometer range and at high scanning speeds, the images produced by the SEM are noisy and need to be evaluated or corrected beforehand. In this article, the quality of images produced by a tungsten gun SEM has been evaluated by quantifying the level of image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In order to determine the SNR, an efficient and online monitoring method is developed based on the nonlinear filtering using a single image. Using this method, the quality of images produced by a tungsten gun SEM is monitored at different experimental conditions. The derived results demonstrate the developed method's efficiency in SNR quantification and illustrate the imaging quality evolution in SEM., (© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

In Mali the use of traditional medicine is a wide spread phenomenon, not only because of its cultural importance, but also as the majority of people cannot afford the western drugs or medicines. In Mali, the Office du Niger area constitutes the main zone of schistosomiasis transmission where both Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium are encountered. An ethnopharmacological survey, using questionnaire, was conducted in the Office du Niger area of the Niono District to determine the plants used against schistosomiasis amongst traditional healers. Forty healers from 21 villages of six different health areas were interviewed. All interviewed healers knew about urinary schistosomiasis, while only six knew about the intestinal form. The presence of blood in urine was reported as the main symptom of urinary schistosomiasis. Fifty-five plants belonging to 30 families were reported to be used alone for treating urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis, while nine combinations of plants were used against the urinary form of the disease. Cissus quadrangularis and Stylosanthes erecta were the plants most frequently used and were reported for the first time, to be used against schistosomiasis in Mali.

An ethnopharmacological survey was carried out to collect information on the use of seven medicinal plants in rural areas in the nearby regions of Bamako, Mali. The plants were Opilia celtidifolia, Anthocleista djalonensis, Erythrina senegalensis, Heliotropium indicum, Trichilia emetica, Piliostigma thonningii and Cochlospermum tinctorium. About 50 medical indications were reported for the use of these plants in traditional medicine. The most frequent ailments reported were malaria, abdominal pain and dermatitis. The highest number of usages was reported for the treatment of malaria (22%). The majority of the remedies were prepared from freshly collected plant material from the wild and from a single species only. They were mainly taken orally, but some applications were prepared with a mixture of plants or ingredients such as honey, sugar, salt, ginger and pepper. Decoction of the leaves was the main form of preparation (65%) and leaf powder was mostly used for the preparation of infusions (13%). The part of the plants most frequently used was the leaves. There was a high degree of informant consensus for the species and their medicinal indications between the healers interviewed. The results of this study showed that people are still dependent on medicinal plants in these rural areas of Mali.