Search

With the global pursuit of renewable energy and carbon neutrality, hydrogen-based microgrids have also become an important area of research, as ensuring proper design and operation is essential to achieve optimal performance from hybrid systems. This paper proposes a distributed control strategy based on multiagent self-triggered model predictive control (ST-MPC), with the aim of achieving demand-side control of hydrogen-based microgrid systems. This architecture considers a hybrid energy storage system with renewable energy as the main power source, supplemented by fuel cells based on electrolytic hydrogen. The primary objective of this architecture is aiming at the supply and demand balance problem under the supply and demand relationship of microgrid, the service life of hydrogen-based microgrid energy storage equipment can be increased on the basis of realizing demand-side control of hydrogen energy microgrid system. To accomplish this, model predictive controllers are implemented within a self-triggered framework that dynamically adjusts the counting period. The simulation results demonstrate that the ST-MPC architecture significantly reduces the frequency of control action changes while maintaining an acceptable level of set-point tracking. These findings highlight the viability of the proposed solution for microgrids equipped with multiple types of electrochemical storage, which contributes to improved sustainability and efficiency in renewable-based microgrid systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in application of solar PV systems, it is of great significance to develop and investigate direct current (DC)-powered equipment in buildings with flexible operational strategies. A promising piece of building equipment integrated in PV-powered buildings, DC inverter heat pump systems often operate with strategies either focused on the power supply side or on the building demand side. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate the operational strategy of a DC inverter heat pump system for application in an office building with a PV power system. Firstly, the PV power fluctuation and demand-side load characteristics were analyzed. Then, a series of heat transfer and heat pump system models were developed. A reference building model was developed for simulating the performance of the system. A control logic of the DC inverter heat pump was proposed with a certain level of flexibility and capability considering both the characteristics of the PV power generation and the demand-side heating load. MATLAB/Simulink 2021 software was used for simulation. The simulation results show that the DC inverter heat pump is able to regulate its own power according to the change signal of the bus voltage such that the DC distribution network can achieve power balance and thus provide enough energy for a room. This study can provide a reference for developing flexible operational strategies for DC inverter heat pump systems. The proposed strategy can also help to improve the systems' performance when they are applied in buildings with distributed PV systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various factors that may operate at the individual, household, or community level and control the supply of public health service facilities. These factors acted as barriers of non-acceptance of skilled antenatal care service (ANC). This study made an attempt to examine the interdependent relationship of supply/contextual side and demand side variables which are responsible for non-utilization of ANC among indigenous population. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 248 married Lodha (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups) women of West Bengal, Eastern India. Participants were aged between 15 and 44 years, had pregnancy during the last five years prior to the time of the fieldwork. Supply/contextual side and demand side barrier of ANC care were collected. Hierarchical Cluster analysis was done to find out the interdependent relationship among the barriers of non-utilization of skilled ANC. Two hierarchical clusters (HC), one for supply/contextual side and other for demand side barriers, were formed. Dendogram resulted from hierarchical clusters revealed several individual and household characteristics as demand side barriers forming one cluster. Another cluster was formed by factors that controlled health service facilities. We conclude from this study that the utilization of maternal health care is still a challenge in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost and schedule overruns, as well as substandard works, are common factors that fail organisations' objectives within the construction industry. Particularly, these factors affect public road construction projects and cost taxpayers. Researchers continue scanning the environment to establish why construction projects are ever behind schedule and over budget with substandard works and contract variations to identify significant factors for successful project implementation. This study expands the debate by looking at demand side perception in establishing success factors for implementing public road construction projects motivated by governments' high expenditure on construction projects without meeting objectives. A cross-sectional research design with a structured self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain views from three public entities representing the demand side. Results were analysed following partial least square structural modelling (PLS-SEM) in Smart-PLS3. The research design enabled statistical tests to be conducted on validity, reliability, normality, multicollinearity, correlations and regression. The PLS algorithm and bootstrapping resampling approach were employed to determine the relationship between variables by estimating path coefficients and significance. Path coefficients helped to determine strength, direction and significance, and examine the variance of dependent variables explained by combined independent variables. Results revealed that the professionalism of the staff, compliance with the public procurement regulatory framework, monitoring activities and contractors' resistance to non-compliance are significant success factors in enhancing public road implementation. Hence, adopting these factors would be a game changer in implementing complex road construction projects. In addition, complex construction projects in a dynamic construction industry require continuous scanning to establish more factors and cope with industry dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the large-scale grid integration of new energy sources, the power relationship between source and demand side is becoming more and more complex, the flexibility requirements of the distribution network are increasing, and new requirements for system safety and reliability are put forward, and it can't meet the peak regulating requirements of grid by relying solely on source side to cope with variable loads. In view of this, to make the grid operation flexibility improved by using an adjustable load capacity, the study first constructs a load classifying method on the foundation of fuzzy style K-plane clustering method to understand the interaction information of the load devices. Then the adjustable value of the load is analyzed from the demand response and standby perspectives, respectively, and an improved dynamic time-bending-based source-load similarity inscription method is proposed, which aims to unify the multiple load information obtained by clustering. The proposed clustering algorithm takes the highest value of 0.096 for the Davies-Bouldin index index, which is 0.012 and 0.014 higher than the K-plane clustering algorithm and the K-means algorithm, respectively. In addition, the load demand response regulation with the improved dynamic time bending method has a higher capacity for new energy consumption than the variance method, with a difference of 2.0 kW. This indicates that using load regulation to consume new energy to exploit the load curve will stimulate the active participation of customer-side load in maintaining power balance between the electricity consumption side and the demand side, and form an interest community between power supplying and demanding sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Dalian University of Technology / Dalian Ligong Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Dalian University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the global pursuit of renewable energy and carbon neutrality, hydrogen-based microgrids have also become an important area of research, as ensuring proper design and operation is essential to achieve optimal performance from hybrid systems. This paper proposes a distributed control strategy based on multiagent self-triggered model predictive control (ST-MPC), with the aim of achieving demand-side control of hydrogen-based microgrid systems. This architecture considers a hybrid energy storage system with renewable energy as the main power source, supplemented by fuel cells based on electrolytic hydrogen. The primary objective of this architecture is aiming at the supply and demand balance problem under the supply and demand relationship of microgrid, the service life of hydrogen-based microgrid energy storage equipment can be increased on the basis of realizing demand-side control of hydrogen energy microgrid system. To accomplish this, model predictive controllers are implemented within a self-triggered framework that dynamically adjusts the counting period. The simulation results demonstrate that the ST-MPC architecture significantly reduces the frequency of control action changes while maintaining an acceptable level of set-point tracking. These findings highlight the viability of the proposed solution for microgrids equipped with multiple types of electrochemical storage, which contributes to improved sustainability and efficiency in renewable-based microgrid systems.

This paper commences by assessing the current landscape of power system development, focusing on the theory, principles, and structures of demand-side flexible resources and their aggregation technology. Utilizing network crawler technology within a knowledge graph framework, the research data pertinent to demand-side flexible resources and aggregation technology are extracted. These data undergo a meticulous cleaning process before being stored, culminating in the development of a knowledge graph tailored to the imaging and technology of demand-side flexible resources. The findings reveal a response rate of 7.25% ± 1.15%, with an uncertainty interval of 2.33%. Variations in air-conditioning load states appear to exert minimal impact on the response time lag. Following the issuance of a response signal, all systems can rapidly initiate appropriate response actions, demonstrating an uncertainty interval of approximately 52s±11s and 22s. The duration of the responses averages around 75s±11s, with an uncertainty interval of about 30s. This study fulfills the power system criteria for standards of demand-side flexible resources and augments the competitiveness of China’s power market.

The industrial sector is the main source of carbon emissions in most developing countries. Little research has been conducted on demand-side factors and how the demand side affects industrial emissions through the supply side. Therefore, this article selects 2004–2019 panel data on Zhejiang Province, and a multiple linear regression model and a multiple mediating effects model are adopted to explore the impact mechanism and relationship between demand and industrial emissions. We find the following: (i) There is a significant positive influence of demand on emissions, and (ii) demand has an indirect inhibitory effect on industrial emissions through factor market distortion and an indirect promoting effect through technological innovation and energy consumption. (iii) There are two chain intermediary paths led by factor market distortion that have a negative impact on industrial emissions and a chain path led by technological innovation that has a positive impact.

Smart grids provide many benefits to the technological era, although they need to be optimized. The smart grid uses many optimizing methods to save energy, reduce costs, and address security issues in the generation, transmission, and distribution of energy in each domain area. The smart grid can be optimized by controlling cost minimization, distribution side, energy management, protection systems, and so on. This paper studies the optimization techniques used in the smart grid demand sector (Heuristics and Meta heuristics). The demand side management of the grid operations are clearly explained with its protection systems and control techniques. Among all the control methodologies and analysis smart meter-based systems are delivers high output rather than others.

The benefits of financial inclusion could be particularly important in Latin America, where the levels of ownership and use of different instruments lag behind those of developed countries. An improvement in the ownership and use of formal financial instruments could result in a reduction in informality, the promotion of formal savings and productive credit, and, therefore, an inclusive economic growth. The objective of this paper is to analyze the financial inclusion of a group of Latin American countries in order to detect the most used financial instruments and the main socioeconomic determinants that explain their ownership or use. At the same time, the evolution of the main variables was also studied for the years 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2021. Micro-data from the Global Findex database was examined (except for 2021, in which only macro-data are available). Statistical models and multivariate econometrics are applied to understand the individual socioeconomic characteristics of people who are still very unlikely to own and use formal financial instruments. Finally, the main reasons for not having an account were analyzed in order to delve into the main restrictions on which the financial market must focus to achieve greater financial inclusion.

With the increase in application of solar PV systems, it is of great significance to develop and investigate direct current (DC)-powered equipment in buildings with flexible operational strategies. A promising piece of building equipment integrated in PV-powered buildings, DC inverter heat pump systems often operate with strategies either focused on the power supply side or on the building demand side. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate the operational strategy of a DC inverter heat pump system for application in an office building with a PV power system. Firstly, the PV power fluctuation and demand-side load characteristics were analyzed. Then, a series of heat transfer and heat pump system models were developed. A reference building model was developed for simulating the performance of the system. A control logic of the DC inverter heat pump was proposed with a certain level of flexibility and capability considering both the characteristics of the PV power generation and the demand-side heating load. MATLAB/Simulink 2021 software was used for simulation. The simulation results show that the DC inverter heat pump is able to regulate its own power according to the change signal of the bus voltage such that the DC distribution network can achieve power balance and thus provide enough energy for a room. This study can provide a reference for developing flexible operational strategies for DC inverter heat pump systems. The proposed strategy can also help to improve the systems’ performance when they are applied in buildings with distributed PV systems.

Copyright of Economic Science / Jingji Kexue is the property of Economic Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The experiment was to investigate the effect of pig epidemic on stability of pork supply chain in China. A total of 12 listed pig companies were selected as a sample and uses panel Tobit estimation to analyze. The results showed that the overall stability of pork supply chain was on the rise in China. By comparison, the stability of the upstream pork supply chain was stronger than that of the downstream pork supply chain. After the outbreak of the pig epidemic, the prices of piglets and corn were significantly negatively correlated with the upstream stability of pork supply chain, while the level of large-scale pig breeding was significantly positively correlated with the upstream stability of pork supply chain. The prices of piglets and corn were negatively correlated with the downstream stability of pork supply chain, while the prices of chicken and beef were positively correlated with the downstream stability of pork supply chain. The experiment indicates that on premise of effectively controlling pig epidemic, the government and enterprises should take differentiated measures to address different factors affecting the stability of upstream and downstream pork supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of financial inclusion could be particularly important in Latin America, where the levels of ownership and use of different instruments lag behind those of developed countries. An improvement in the ownership and use of formal financial instruments could result in a reduction in informality, the promotion of formal savings and productive credit, and, therefore, an inclusive economic growth. The objective of this paper is to analyze the financial inclusion of a group of Latin American countries in order to detect the most used financial instruments and the main socioeconomic determinants that explain their ownership or use. At the same time, the evolution of the main variables was also studied for the years 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2021. Micro-data from the Global Findex database was examined (except for 2021, in which only macro-data are available). Statistical models and multivariate econometrics are applied to understand the individual socioeconomic characteristics of people who are still very unlikely to own and use formal financial instruments. Finally, the main reasons for not having an account were analyzed in order to delve into the main restrictions on which the financial market must focus to achieve greater financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a multicultural country with a diversity of flora and fauna, which makes Indonesia one of the most attractive tourist destinations in the world. In 2019, the Indonesian tourism industry became the second-largest foreign exchange contributor. However, there is not yet a competitive advantage model for tourist destinations that are in accordance with the unique geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics of Indonesia. The aim and novelty of this research is to formulate a competitive advantage model for Indonesian tourist destinations by providing dimensions/indicators based on an analysis of the intersection of the supply side and demand sides of the six super-priority destinations. This study used mixed research methods; data analysis was carried out using the Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA), Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and the Measurement model using SmartPLS 3 software. The data were obtained from 190 respondents from the supply side and 808 respondents from the demand side using multistage sampling techniques. The study provides 63 indicators in 12 dimensions of competitive advantage for Indonesian tourist destinations. Thus, these indicators are able to provide more efficient guidance to stakeholders in managing cost-effective strategies to improve the competitive advantage of their tourist destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carbon emission flows of distribution networks are traced considering power loss and reactive power. • Individuals and the overall customers are harmonized by the proposed low-carbon allocation method at the demond side. • The decarbonization potential of shared PVs and ESSs is exploited based on CEF calculation and carbon quota mechanism. • Optimal amounts and locations of shared PVs and ESSs are obtained via the proposed method with the limited investment. With the targets of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, carbon emission reduction measures have become significant issues in new-type power systems. Distribution networks (DNs), which multiple power sources and flexible loads access to, play an essential role in exploiting the potential of reducing carbon emissions on the demand side. To achieve a global carbon emission reduction considering the carbon quota of each customer, shared photovoltaics (PVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) are allocated with a centralized calculation and optimization conducted by DNs. To solve two key points in demand-side planning of shared PVs and ESSs in distribution networks, i.e., the accuracy of carbon emission flow (CEF) calculation and carbon quota-oriented optimization planning, this paper proposes a low-carbon oriented planning method for shared PVs and ESSs via CEF tracing. Firstly, a novel CEF calculation method is proposed based on the forward current sweep and backward voltage sweep algorithm, which considers the tracing of reactive power and power losses. Next, carbon emission index and economic index of allocating shared PVs and ESSs are defined. Subsequently, a bi-level optimization model is presented, considering the excess carbon emissions of each load based on carbon accounting and carbon quotas. Finally, the superiority of the proposed method is verified through a modified IEEE 33-node distribution network, and the effects of various investment constraints and carbon quotas are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, demand-side variables affecting the use of institutional finance with small-scale growers of roots and tubers profitability in Cameroon's southwest are investigated. Using a multi-step stratified and straightforward random sample process, 837 respondents were chosen. In study was found that as farm size grows, so does the likelihood of loan need. A farmer with more years of farming expertise has more opportunities to use and demand finance. Credit institutions are more willing to lend to couples because they believe they will be able to repay the loans collectively. Educated farmers are certain that using borrowing to grow their investment will yield output that will cover their loan repayments due to their knowledge of production processes and record keeping. Further, the profitability of institutional credit users for cassava, cocoyam, and yam was higher than that of non-users of institutional credit. New techniques for identifying financially disadvantaged rural poor in the Region should be created by focusing on metrics that would increase the efficiency of entrepreneurs and take them closer to the production frontier. One of these solutions may be for the government to encourage microfinance institutions to lend to businesses in the form of inputs rather than cash.

Since the start of the reform and opening up in 1978 China’s economy has grown rapidly, but the quality of development is relatively low. With the transformation of the principal social contradiction, lowquality development cannot respond to the needs of this situation. The central authorities proposed a new development pattern whereby domestic circulation and international circulation can boost each other, with domestic circulation as the mainstay. In the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the CPC Central Committee stressed that we should promote high-quality development as the theme to meet the growing needs of people for a better life. To solve the problem of inconsistent economic growth rate and quality of development, this paper starts by adjusting the relationship between domestic circulation and international circulation with domestic circulation as the mainstay, discusses how to create conditions for consumption upgrading and industrial upgrading from both supply and demand ends, and expounds on how to use international circulation to promote domestic circulation and better bring in international forces, so as to explore how to achieve high-quality economic development under the double-circulation pattern. Besides, the paper puts forward corresponding countermeasure suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Digitalisation potentials in the electricity sector are frequently discussed around the world, especially in Europe which has the largest interconnected continental electricity grid in the world. The analysis and comparison of electricity ecosystems between countries can help to enhance international understanding and cooperation. It can also enable businesses to expand. However, little literature has covered the cross-national comparisons of digitalisation potentials in the electricity sector. This paper uses the business ecosystem architecture development methodology to identify commonalities and differences between two electricity ecosystems: Germany and Denmark. The result shows that there are many similarities between the two countries, but the roles of market framework provider, market supervision, and metering point operator are performed by different actors. By comparing the value chain segments, the main differences between Denmark and Germany are the share of renewable energy generation, the organisation of the transmission system, smart meter installation & operations, and the national electricity data hub. Based on the comparisons, six recommendations for the digitalisation of the electricity ecosystem are proposed: digitalisation for enabling more renewable energy resources for electricity generation, digitalisation in the electricity grids, digitalisation ib. the electricity markets, digitalisation on the demand side, especially the transport sector, and regulation-driven digitalisation of the electricity ecosystem.

This paper focuses on the impact of high-speed rail (HSR) on the enterprise capacity utilization. Based on the data of China's listed companies, the capacity utilization rate is calculated from the production side and consumption side. Difference in difference (DID) model result show that HSR can significantly improve capacity utilization. The impact of HSR on the capacity utilization of supply side is higher than that of demand side. The higher the grade of HSR station, the easier to promote the capacity utilization of enterprises. By matching the distance between the enterprise and the nearest HSR station, it is found that the closer the distance, the easier it is to improve the capacity utilization. Further heterogeneity test shows that HSR has a higher promotion effect on the capacity utilization of eastern enterprises, non-state-owned enterprises and labor-intensive enterprises. On the supply side, HSR can improve the capacity utilization by improving labor quality, financing scale and innovation capacity; on the demand side, HSR can improve the capacity utilization by stimulating consumption, investment efficiency and export scale. [Display omitted] • Opening of high-speed rail (HSR) can increase capacity utilization (CU). • Use ArcGIS software to measure the distance between enterprises and the nearest HSR. • CU of production side (PCU) is lower than that of consumption side (CCU). • Use DID models to test the impact of HSR on CU, PCU and CCU. • HSR can increase CU more as the enterprises nearer to HSR station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable Development Goal 2030 that aims to ensure Financial Inclusion for all has been adopted by India. There are nearly 310 million accounts have been opened by banks under PMJDY. A large unbanked population in emerging economies necessitates an analysis of demand and supply factors. These variables affect programme outcomes. The present article attempts to look into the factors influencing financial inclusion in India. The authors examine the impact of various demand side as well as supply side factors that impact the achievement of financial Inclusion in India. Data for supply side factors, ATMs and commercial bank branches has been taken from IMF source and information about demand side factors have been taken from World Bank Gallup Findex surveys from 2004 to 2017. A multivariate Logit regression model has been used to study relationship between financial behaviour and financial account ownership. This research output will help policymakers and bankers identify gaps in India's financial initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study attempts to evaluate the challenges of sports businesses in the COVID-19 pandemic crisis and introduce their resilience solutions. This research was qualitative, with the Delphi method used to conduct it. In the first phase, 9 challenges and 88 business resilience strategies were extracted in the form of a questionnaire. In the second phase, these challenges and strategies were provided to the Delphi panel consisting of 18 professors of sports management and sports business managers, who were selected in a purposeful manner through snowball sampling method. Finally, 11 challenges in the two categories of supply side challenges and demand side challenges were identified. In addition, 94 sports business resilience strategies for COVID and post-COVID eras were identified in four categories, namely marketing mix management, process management, organizational resource management, and strategic action management. These operational strategies can save sports businesses from the risk of bankruptcy and exclusion from the sports ecosystem and strengthen these firms for future crises by increasing their resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a way of understanding to analyze the performance of SME credit both from the demand and supply sides. Both primary and secondary data are used which are collected from entrepreneurs of SMEs and the head office of Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank, a leading SME loan providing government-owned agricultural development bank in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. Some descriptive statistics, accounting and financial techniques, and a regression model are used to analyze the data. The study finds that the average ROA of SMEs is 35.87% and the ROE of SMEs is 62.81%. It indicates that the SMEs are earning more than the cost of the fund collected from the institutional sources. It is also observed that there is a significant effect of institutional credit on ROE of SMEs but not on ROA. On the other hand, the growth rate of SME NPL is higher than the total NPL during the study years that is of course alarming regarding SME loan recovery. The institutional SME credit should be increased by applying proper strategies for increasing loan recovery performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid the growing popularity of food tourism, many national and local governments have been developing food tourism-centered destination management. However, few studies have examined whether such strategies have been effective. This study analyzes the behavioral and psychological patterns of food tourists at the demand side, with the focus on the period from 2015 to 2018, when the Korean government initiated food tourism-intensive strategies on the supply side (i.e., 'K-Food'). This study has found that the psychological and behavioral patterns of food tourists display some changes, both positive and negative, that follow changes in the government's policy strategies over the last 4 years. The study discusses the implications of this finding for food tourism strategies, particularly in terms of the importance of cultural attributes embedded in food tourism and the availability and accessibility of diverse local food tourism resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitalisation potentials in the electricity sector are frequently discussed around the world, especially in Europe which has the largest interconnected continental electricity grid in the world. The analysis and comparison of electricity ecosystems between countries can help to enhance international understanding and cooperation. It can also enable businesses to expand. However, little literature has covered the cross-national comparisons of digitalisation potentials in the electricity sector. This paper uses the business ecosystem architecture development methodology to identify commonalities and differences between two electricity ecosystems: Germany and Denmark. The result shows that there are many similarities between the two countries, but the roles of market framework provider, market supervision, and metering point operator are performed by different actors. By comparing the value chain segments, the main differences between Denmark and Germany are the share of renewable energy generation, the organisation of the transmission system, smart meter installation & operations, and the national electricity data hub. Based on the comparisons, six recommendations for the digitalisation of the electricity ecosystem are proposed: digitalisation for enabling more renewable energy resources for electricity generation, digitalisation in the electricity grids, digitalisation ib. the electricity markets, digitalisation on the demand side, especially the transport sector, and regulation-driven digitalisation of the electricity ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on natural gas supply reliability. Natural gas supply reliability is defined as the ability to satisfy the market demand and is determined by both supply-side and demand-side policy. To evaluate the gas supply reliability of the natural gas pipeline system, we have applied the method of gas supply capacity calculation based on the results of the previous gas supply reliability studies. The method combines the unsteady flow hydraulic analysis, simulation of the state transition process, and the forecasting analysis of the demand and consumption. The analysis presents a case study based on the gas pipeline system in China. The analysis results indicate that the COVID-19 consequences will cause a decrease in gas supply reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the genesis of populism in Spain between 2011 and 2013 within a context of acute economic and institutional crisis. Focusing on social demand, it enquires whether there are any populist attitudes, from the perspective of ideational theory and using qualitative methodology. The study demonstrates how populist attitudes have a latent, manifest or borderline existence, depending on complex ideological factors. The conclusion is that prior to the appearance of Podemos, there were explicit populist minority attitudes, many of them located in an ambivalent border area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the penetration of renewable energy sources increases, the growing renewable power variability brings ramping issues to power systems. Meanwhile, the development of distributed energy resources (DERs) makes the distribution systems to provide both energy and ancillary services. To incentivise individual resources and customers to alleviate ramping issues on the demand side, a two-stage distribution locational marginal price (DLMP) calculation and decomposition method is developed to formulate the marginal power ramping price for DERs. In the first stage of the proposed method, a distribution system operator market scheduling model based on AC optimal power flow is designed to estimate the optimal operating point of the distribution system. Subsequently, the voltage and power flow constraints are linearised in stage two to calculate DLMP. Finally, based on the Lagrange function and sensitivity factors, DLMP is decomposed to the marginal costs for active/reactive power, voltage management, power loss and power variability. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively smooth the power fluctuation and reduce the ramping flexibility requirements of distribution systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accountability and transparency have been on the top of lists of the agenda about local governance. Unfortunately, a significant number of studies have tended to view accountability through the traditional model of public administration (supply side of accountability) at the expense of the demand side of accountability. Based on the experience with decentralization in Tanzania for the past four decades, this article argues that both the demand and supply sides are important for effective service delivery by local governments. In this arrangement, the fundamental principle of democracy is attained when citizens have the right to demand accountability and public officials are held accountable. The demand side, which is bottom up driven by non–state actors, or the supply side, which encompasses legal and fiscal governmental checks and balances may lead to effective local good governance. This article is based on these assumptions and therefore attempts to discuss the main avenues and challenges for exercising effective supply and demand sides of accountability in local governments in Tanzania. The study seeks to answer the question of how the demand and supply sides of accountability have been implemented in Tanzania, regarding local governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

China is the largest producer and consumer of cement worldwide, and cement production entails the release of substantial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. As the cement sector is a crucial sector of the Chinese economy, understanding the role of supply‐ and demand‐side factors may help accelerate efforts to mitigate CO2 emissions. However, few studies have analyzed the critical factors affecting CO2 emissions in the sector based on a combined supply‐ and demand‐side perspective. In this study, we developed an integrated framework that included eleven indicators covering both the supply and demand sides. Results revealed that improving cement production technology cannot offset CO2 emissions from the growth in demand for cement. Improving technology on the supply side would considerably reduce CO2 emissions from Chinese cement production; nevertheless, the combination of rapid urbanization, GDP growth, and an ultra‐high fixed capital formation ratio on the demand side increased CO2 emissions nearly 25‐fold from 1990 to 2015. Notably, some demand‐side factors also had an effect that reduced CO2 emissions. The in‐use stock per unit of fixed capital formation and output per in‐use stock reduced CO2 emissions by 332 million metric tons, which is comparable to the contribution of technological progress. Based on these results, we examine why these demand‐side factors substantially influence CO2 emissions in the Chinese cement sector, and we provide recommendations for policy‐makers on carbon‐reduction measures in this CO2‐intensive sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the opening of the Chinese electricity market, as a retailer that provides energy services to consumers, the park-integrated energy system (PIES) not only serves as an effective way to earn benefits and reduce carbon emissions but also impacts the energy consumption characteristics of consumers. The PIES implements this function by adjusting the energy selling price in free energy markets. The pricing mechanism model (P-M model) is established to obtain the energy selling price in the planning and design stages. In this model, the impact of the demand response on the energy configuration and the impact of the changes in energy configuration on the energy cost price are both considered. Additionally, the optimal result ensures that both the consumers and the PIES benefit simultaneously. The reactive demand response zone, which represents a consumer trap, is found in numerical studies. The results indicate the following: (1) from the perspective of P-M model optimization, the benefit exclusive point of the PIES is the optimal solution in the short term; (2) from the perspective of the long-term benefit, the ultimate result in the relationship between the PIES and consumers is that the PIES will share its profits with consumers; in other words, benefit sharing point is the optimal solution for the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China US trade war had been looming since January 2018, effectively started on 6 July 2018, calmed down since December 2018 until April 2019, has now entered a second stage after the US decided to increase previous tariffs of 10% levied in US $200 billion worth of Chinese goods to 25% on 10 May 2019. This study reviews the policy response from the Chinese authorities during January 2018–April 2019 by looking at the fiscal stimulus, monetary stimulus and other institutional reforms. Finally, this study concludes that the Chinese government has changed its policy focus from the traditional demand-side economics such as the 2008–09, 2012 and 2015–16 stimulus to supply-side economics such as the 2018–19 stimulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street vending has become an increasingly common feature of urban centres for several decades, with a relatively high proportion of developing countries' populations depending on it for employment, income or survival. Taking a supply-side approach, studies have shown that the responses of urban planners to street vending have followed the modernism theory. In this paper, we take a demand-side (buyer-focused) approach to studying street vending, which has received little attention to date from the academic community. Employing data from Lagos state, Nigeria, we report four explanations underpinning the demand side of street vending: formal economy failures, social/redistributive explanations, financial gains and a multifeature explanation. These are, in turn, explained by the marital status, level of education and perception of individuals. Our findings highlight the need for urban planners to embrace pragmatic policies in addressing these demand-side drivers of street vending and use of urban space, rather than criminalising its actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]